Aggregated flowering phenologies among three sympatric legumes: The degree of non-randomness and the effect of overlap on fruit set

Plant Ecology

Volumn 148, Issue 1, 2000, Pages 13-21

  Gross, C L ^a,b   Mackay, D A ^a   Whalen, M A ^a  

^a FLINDERS UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

^b UNIVERSITY OF NEW ENGLAND   (Australia)

Author keywords

Convergent flowering phenologies; Fruit set; Fruit to flower ratios; Guild; Monte Carlo simulations; Sympatric species

Indexed keywords

COMPARATIVE STUDY; FLOWERING; FRUIT SET; LEGUME; PHENOLOGY;

DILLWYNIA HISPIDA; DILLWYNIA UNCINATA; PULTENAEA DENSIFOLIA;

EID: 0034080771     PISSN: 13850237     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1023/A:1009844303932     Document Type: Article

References (42)

1. Armbruster, W. S. & McGuire, A. D. 1991. Experimental assessment of reproductive interactions between sympatric Aster and Erigeron (Asteraceac) in interior Alaska. Am. J. Bot. 78: 1449-1457.
2. Beattie, A. J., Breedlove, D. E. & Ehrlich, P. R. 1973. The ecology of the pollinators and predators of Frasera speciosa. Ecology 54: 81-91.
3. Bobisud, L. E. & Neuhaus, R. J. 1975. Pollinator constancy and survival of rare species. Occologia 21: 263-272.
4. Brody, A. K. 1997. Effects of pollinators, herbivores, and seed predators on flowering phenology. Ecology 78: 1624-1631.
5. Campbell, D. R. 1985. Pollinator sharing and seed-set of Stellaria pubera: competition for pollination. Ecology 66: 544-553.
6. Campbell, D. R. & Motten, A. F. 1985. The mechanism of competition for pollination between two forest herbs. Ecology 66: 554-563.
7. Carey, K. 1983. Breeding system, genetic variability and response to selection in Plestrites (Valerianaceae). Evolution 37: 947-956.
8. Cole, B. J. 1981. Overlap, regularity and flowering phenologies. Am. Nat. 1 1 7: 993-997.
9. Copland, B. J. & Whelan, R. J. 1989. Seasonal variation in flowering intensity and pollination limitation and fruit-set in three co-occurring Banksia species. J. Ecol. 77: 509-523.
10. Diekmann, M. 1996. Relationship between flowering phenology of perennial herbs and meterological data in deciduous forests of Sweden. Canadian Journal of Botany 74: 528-537.
11. Evans, W. J., Smith, C. C. & Gendron, R. P. 1989. Timing of reproduction in a prarie legume: seasonal impacts of insects consuming flowers and seeds. Oecologia 78: 220-230.
12. Feinsinger, P. 1978. Ecological interactions between plants and hummingbirds in a successional tropical community. Ecol. Mono. 48: 269-287.
13. Fox, G. A. & Kelly, C. K. 1993. Plant phenology: selection and neutrality. Trends in Evolution and Ecology 8: 34-35.
14. Frankie, G. W., Baker, H. G. & Opler, P. A. 1974. Comparative phenological studies of trees in tropical wet and dry forests in the lowlands of Costa Rica. J. of Ecol. 62: 881-913.
15. Gleeson, S. K. 1981. Character displacement in flowering phenologies. Oecologia 51: 294-295.
16. Godley, E. J. 1979. Flower biology in New Zealand. New Zeal. J. Bot. 17: 441-466.
17. Gross, C. L. 1990a. The breeding systems of three co-occurring legumes: Dillwynia hispida, D. uncinata and Pultenaea densifolia. Aust. J. Bot. 38: 207-215.
18. Gross, C. L. 1990b. The Reproductive Ecology of Three Sympatric Legumes Dillwynia hispida, D. uncinata and Pultenaea densifolia (Leguminosae: Papilionoideae). Ph.D. thesis, The Flinders University of South Australia
19. Gross, C. L. 1992. Floral traits and pollinator constancy: foraging by native bees among three sympatric legumes. Aust. J. Ecol. 17: 67-74.
20. Gross, C. L. 1996. Is resource overlap disadvantageous to three sympatric legumes? Aust. J. Ecol. 21: 133-143.
21. Heinrich, B. 1976. Flowering phenologies: bog, woodland and disturbed habitats. Ecology 57: 890-899.
22. Heithaus, E. R. 1974. The role of plant-pollinator interactions in determining community structure. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 61: 675-691.
23. Kochmer, J. P. & Handel, S. N. 1986. Constraints and competition in the evolution of flowering phenology. Ecol. Mono. 56: 303-325.
24. Krebs, C. J. 1989. Ecological Methodology. Harper-Collins, New York.
25. Manly, B. F. J. 1997. Randomization, Bootstrap and Monte Carlo Methods in Biology. Second edition. Chapman and Hall, London.
26. Milton, K., Windsor, D. M., Morrison, D. W. & Estribii, M. A. 1982. Fruiting phenologies of two neotropical Ficus sp. Ecology 63: 752-762.
27. Mosquin, T. 1971. Competition for pollinators as a stimulus for the evolution of flowering time. Oikos 22: 398-402.
28. Murfet, I. C. 1977. Environmental interactions and genetics of flowering. Ann. Rev. P1. Physiology 28: 253-278.
29. Ollerton, J. & Lack, A. J. 1992. Flowering phenology: an example of relaxation in natural selection? Trends in Ecology and Evolution 7: 274-276.
30. Ollerton, J. & Lack, A. J. 1993. Reply from Ollerton and Lack. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 8: 35.
31. Poole, R. & Rathcke, B. J. 1979. Regularity, randomness and aggregation in flowering phenologies. Science 203: 470-471.
32. Pors, B. & Werner, P. A. 1989. Individuals flowering time in a gold-enrod (Solidago canadensis): field experiment shows genotype more important than environment. Am. J. Bot. 76: 1681-1688.
33. Rathcke, B. J. 1983. Competition and facilitation among plants for pollination. Pp. 305-329. In Real. L (Ed.): Pollination Biology. Academic Press, Orlando, Florida.
34. Rathcke, B. J. 1984. Patterns of flowering phenologies: testability and causal inferences using a random model. Pp. 383-393. In Strong, D. R., Simberloff, D., Abele, L. G. & Thistle, A. B., (eds), Ecological Communities: Conceptual Issues and the Evidence. Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey.
35. Rathcke, B. J. 1988. Flowering phenology in a shrub community: competition and constraints. J. of Ecol. 76: 975-994.
36. Schemske, D. W. 1981. Floral convergence and pollinator sharing in two bee-pollinated tropical herbs. Ecology 62: 946-954.
37. Schoener, T. W. 1968. The Anolis lizards of Bimini: resource partitioning in a complex fauna. Ecology 49: 704-726.
38. Stiles, F. G. 1977. Coadapted competitors: the flowering seasons of hummingbird pollinated plants in a tropical forest. Science 198: 1177-1178.
39. Stiles, F. G. 1979. Reply to Poole and Rathcke. Science 203: 471.
40. Waser, N. M. 1983. Competition for pollination and floral character differences among sympatric plant species: A review of evidence. Pp. 277-293. In Jones, C. E., Little, R. J. (Eds) Handbook of Experimental Pollination Biology. Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York.
41. Whelan, R. J. & Burbidge, A. H. 1980. Flowering phenology, seed-set and bird pollination of five Western Australian Banksia species. Aust. J. Ecol. 5: 1-7.
42. Zimmerman, J. K., Roubik, D. W & Ackerman, J. D. 1989. Asynchronous phenologies of a neotropical orchid and its euglossine bee pollinator. Ecology 70: 1192-1195.