Heterotrophic flagellates (Protista) from marine sediments of Botany Bay, Australia

Journal of Natural History

Volumn 34, Issue 4, 2000, Pages 483-562

  Lee, Won Je ^a   Patterson, David J ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SYDNEY   (Australia)

Author keywords

Biogeography; Endemic Biota; Heterotrophic Flagellates; Protists; Taxonomy

Indexed keywords

CARPEDIEMONAS BIALATA; CERCOMONAS GRANULATUS; CLAUTRIAVIA CAVUS; DINEMA PLATYSOMUM; HETERONEMA LARSENI; NOTOSOLENUS ADAMAS; NOTOSOLENUS BROTHERNIS; NOTOSOLENUS HEMICIRCULARIS; NOTOSOLENUS LASHUE; PETALOMONAS CALYCIMONOIDES; PETALOMONAS CHRISTENI; PETALOMONAS INTORTUS; PETALOMONAS IUGOSUS; PETALOMONAS LABRUM; PETALOMONAS PHYSALOIDES; PETALOMONAS PLANUS; PETALOMONAS QUINQUECARINATA; PETALOMONAS SPINIFERA; PETALOMONAS VIRGATUS;

EID: 0034070753     PISSN: 00222933     EISSN: 14645262     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/002229300299435     Document Type: Article

References (131)

1. Alongi, D. M., 1991. “Flagellates of benthic communities:characteristics and methods of study”. In The Biology of Free-living Heterotrophic Flagellates, Edited by:Patterson, D. J., and Larsen, J., 57–75. Oxford University Press:Systematics Association. special volume No
2. Azam, F., Fenchel, T., Field, J. G., Gray, J. S., Meyer-Reil, L. A., and Thingstad, F., 1983. The ecological role of water-column microbes in the sea. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 10:257–263.
3. Bak, R. P. M., and Nieuwland, G., 1989. Seasonal fluctuations in benthic protozoan populations at different depths in marine sediments. Netherlands Journal of Sea Research, 24:37–44.
4. Bernard, C., Simpson, A. G. B., and Patterson, D. J., 1999. Some free-living flagellates from anoxic sediments. Ophelia, in press
5. Boucaud-Camou, E., 1967. Les choanoflagellés des cotes de la Manche:I. Systématique. Bulletin de la société linnéenne de Normandie, 10:191–209.
6. Burzell, L. A., 1973. Observations on the proboscis-cytopharynx complex and flagella of Rhynchomonas metabolita Pshenin, 1964 (Zoomastigophorea:Bodonidae). Journal of Protozoology, 20:385–393.
7. Bütschli, O., 1878. Beiträge zur Kenntniss der flagellaten und einiger verwandten Organismen. Zeitschrift für wissenschaftliche Zoologie, 30:219–281.
8. Cann, J. P., and Pennick, N. C., 1986. Observations on Petalomonas cantuscygni, n. sp., a new halo-tolerant strain. Archiv für Protistenkunde, 132:63–71.
9. Caullery, M., 1909. Sur un protozoaire marine du genre Ciliophrys Cienkowsky (C. marina N.S.P.). Association Francaise pour l'avancement des Sciences Congres de Lille,:708–709.
10. Chen, Y. T., 1950. Investigations of the biology of Peranema trichophorum (Euglenineae). Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science, 91:279–308.
11. Christen, H. R., 1959. New colorless Eugleninae. Journal of Protozoology, 6:292–303.
12. Christen, H. R., 1962a. Zur Taxonomie der farblosen Eugleninen. Nova Hedwigia, 4:437–465.
13. Christen, H. R., 1962b. Neue oder weing bekannte Eugleninen und Volvocalen. Revue Algologie, 6:162–202. new series
14. Clarke, K. R., 1993. Non-parametric multivariate analysis of changes in community structure. Australian Journal of Ecology, 18:117–143.
15. Clay, B., and Kugrens, P., 1999. Systematics of the enigmatic kathablepharids, including EM characterization of the type species, Kathablepharis phoenikoston, and new observations on K. remigera comb. nov. Protist, 150:43–59.
16. Czosnowski, J., 1948. “Matériaux à la connaissance des flagellates de la Pologne”. In Poznanskie Towarzystwo Przyjaciol Nauk, Vol. 11, 1–57. Sociètè des amis des sciences et des lettres se Poznan.
17. Davidson, L. A., 1982. Ultrastructure, behavior, and algal flagellate affinities of the helioflagellate Ciliophrys marina, and the classification of the helioflagellates (Protista, Actinopoda, Heliozoea). Journal of Protozoology, 29:19–29.
18. De Faria, G., Da Cunha, A. M., and Pinto, C., 1922. Estudos sobre Protozoarios do mar. Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz Rio de Janeiro, 15:186–208.
19. Ekebom, J., Patterson, D. J., and V⊘rs, N., 1996. Heterotrophic flagellates from coral reef sediments (Great Barrier Reef, Australia). Archiv für Protistenkunde, 146:251–272.
20. Ekelund, F., and Patterson, D. J., 1997. Some heterotrophic flagellates from a cultivated garden soil in Australia. Archiv für Protistenkunde, 148:461–478.
21. Elbrächter, M., Schepf, E., and Balzer, I., 1996. Hemistasia phaeocysticola (Scherffel) comb. nov., redescription of a free-living, marine, phagotrophic kinetoplastid flagellate. Archiv für Protistenkunde, 147:125–136.
22. Ellis, W. N., 1930. Recent researches on the Choanoflagellata (Craspedomonadines). Annales de la Société royale zoologique de Belgique, 60:49–88.
23. Epstein, S. S., 1997a. Microbial food webs in marine sediment. I. Trophic interactions and grazing rates in two tidal flat community. Microbial Ecology, 34:188–198.
24. Epstein, S. S., 1997b. Microbial food webs in marine sediment. II. Seasonal changes in trophic interactions in a sandy tidal flat community. Microbial Ecology, 34:199–209.
25. Farmer, M., and Triemer, R. E., 1988. A redescription of the genus Ploeotia Duj. (Euglenophyceae). Taxon, 37:319–325.
26. Farmer, M., and Triemer, R. E., 1994. An ultrastructural study of Lentomonas applanatum (Preisig) n. g. (Euglenida). Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology, 41:112–119.
27. Fenchel, T., 1967. The ecology of marine microbenthos. I. The quantitative importance of ciliates as compared with metazoans in various types of sediments. Ophelia, 4:121–137.
28. Fenchel, T., 1968a. The ecology of marine microbenthos. II. The food of marine benthic ciliates. Ophelia, 5:73–121.
29. Fenchel, T., 1968b. The ecology of marine microbenthos. III. The reproductive potential of ciliates. Ophelia, 5:123–136.
30. Fenchel, T., 1969. The ecology of marine microbenthos. IV. Structure and function of the benthic ecosystem, its chemical and physical factors and the microfauna communities with special reference to the ciliated protozoa. Ophelia, 6:1–182.
31. Fenchel, T., 1982. Ecology of heterotrophic microflagellates. IV. Quantitative occurrence and importance as bacterial consumers. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 9:35–42.
32. Fenchel, T., Bernard, C., Esteban, G., Finlay, B. J., Hansen, P. J., and Iversen, N., 1995. Microbial diversity and activity in a Danish fjord with anoxic deep water. Ophelia, 43:45–100.
33. Fenchel, T., and Patterson, D. J., 1988. Cafeteria roenbergensis nov.gen., nov.sp., a heterotrophic microflagellate from marine plankton. Marine Microbial Food Webs, 3:9–19.
34. Finlay, B. J., 1998. The global diversity of protozoa and other small species. International Journal of Parasitology, 28:29–48.
35. Finlay, B. J., Esteban, G. F., and Fenchel, T., 1998. Protozoan diversity:converging estimates of the global number of free-living ciliate species. Protist, 149:29–37.
36. Fresenius, G., 1858. Beiträge zur Kenntnis mikroskopischer Organismen. Abhandlunge n herausgegeben. von der Senckenbergischen Naturforschenden Geselleschaft, 2:1–34.
37. Frolov, A. O., Mylnikov, A. P., and Malysheva, M. N., 1996. Description and electron microscopical study of the free-living cryptobiid flagellate Dimastigella mimosa sp. n. (Kinetoplastida, Cryptobiidae). Tsitologiya, 11:442–448.
38. Gasol, J. M., 1993. Benthic flagellates and ciliates in fine freshwater sediments:calibration of a live counting procedure and estimation of their abundances. Microbial Ecology, 25:247–262.
39. Goldschmidt, R., 1907. Lebensgeschichte der Mastigamöben Mastigella vitrea n. sp. u. Mastigina setosa n. sp. Archiv für Protistenkunde, 1:83–165. suppl
40. Greuter, W., Barrie, F. R., Burdet, H. M., Chaloner, W. G., Demoulin, V., Hawksworth, D. L., J⊘rgensen, P. M., Nicolson, D. H., Silva, P. C., Trehane, P., and McNeill, J., eds. “1994, International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (Tokyo Code)”. In Regnum Vegetabile Vol. 131, 1–389.
41. Griessmann, K., 1913. Über marine Flagellaten. Archiv für Protistenkunde, 32:1–78. year 1914
42. Hollande, A., 1942. Etude cytologique et biologique de quelques flagellés libres. Volvocales, Cryptomonadines, Eugléniens, Promastigines. Archives de Zoologie expérimentale et générale, 83:1–268.
43. Hondeveld, B. J. M., Bak, R. P. M., and Van Duyl, F. C., 1992. Bacterivory by heterotrophic nanoflagellates in marine sediments measured by uptake of fluorescently labelled bacteria. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 89:63–71.
44. Hondeveld, B. J. M., Nieuwland, G., Van Duyl, F. C., and Bak, R. P. M., 1994. Temporal and spatial variations in heterotrophic nanoflagellate abundance in North Sea sediments. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 109:235–243.
45. Hondeveld, B. J. M., Nieuwland, G., Van Duyl, F. C., and Bak, R. P. M., 1995. Impact of nanoflagellate bacterivory on benthic bacterial production in the North Sea. Netherlands Journal of Sea Research, 34:275–287.
46. Huber-Pestalozzi, G., 1955. “Das Phytoplankton des Süsswassers”. In Euglenophyceen, Vol. 4, 606gart:Schweizerbartsche.
47. International Commission of Zoological Nomenclature, 1985, International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, 3rd edn, 338London:International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature in association with the British Museum.
48. Jürgens, K., and Güde, H., 1990. Incorporation and release of phosphorous by planktonic bacteria and phagotrophic flagellates. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 58:271–284.
49. Kahl, A., 1928. Die Infusorien (Ciliata) der Oldesloer Salzwasserstellen. Archiv für Hydrobiology, 19:189–246.
50. Kent, W. S., 1880-1882. A Manual of the Infusoria, London:Bogue. 3 volumes
51. Kirchman, D. L., 1994. The uptake of inorganic nutrients by heterotrophic bacteria. Microbial Ecology, 28:255–271.
52. Klebs, G., 1893. Flagellatenstudien. Zeitschrift für Wissenschaftliche Zoologie, 55:265–445.
53. Lackey, J. B., 1962. Three new colorless euglenophyceae from marine situations. Archiv für Mikrobiologie, 42:190–195.
54. Lackey, J. B., and Lackey, E. W., 1970. A late summer checklist of the marine microbiota around Logy Bay, Newfoundland. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 48:789–795.
55. Larsen, J., 1985a. Ultrastructure and taxonomy of Actinomonas pusilla, a hetrotrophic member of the Pedinellales (Chrysophyceae). British Phycological Journal, 20:341–355.
56. Larsen, J., 1985b. Algal studies of the DanishWadden Sea. II. A taxonomic study of psammobious dinoflagellates. Opera Botanica, 79:14–37.
57. Larsen, J., 1987. Algal studies of the interstitial euglenoid flagellates. Nordic Journal of Botany, 7:589–607.
58. Larsen, J., and Patterson, D. J., 1990. Some flagellates (Protista) from tropical marine sediments. Journal of Natural History, 24:801–937.
59. Leadbeater, B. S. C., 1979. Developmental studies on the loricate choanoflagellate Stephanoeca diplocostata Ellis. II. Cell division and lorica assembly. Protoplasma, 98:311–328.
60. Leadbeater, B. S. C., 1994. Developmental studies on the loricate choanoflagellate Stephanoeca diplocostata Ellis. VII. Dynamics of costal strip accumulation and lorica assembly. European Journal of Protistology, 30:111–124.
61. Lee, J. J., 1985. “Cercomonadida Vickerman”. In An Illustrated Guide to the Protozoa, Edited by:Lee, J. J., Hunter, S. H., and Bovee, E. C., 117Kansas:Society of Protozoologists.
62. Lee, W. J., Blackmore, R., and Patterson, D. J., 1999. Australian records of two lesser known genera of heterotrophic euglenids—Chasmostoma Massart, 1920 and Jenningsia Schaeffer, 1918. Protistology, in press
63. Lee, W. J., and Patterson, D. J., 1998. Diversity and geographical distribution of free-living heterotrophic flagellates—analysis by PRIMER. Protist, 149:229–243.
64. Lemmermann, E., 1913. “Chrysomonadinae, Cryptomonadinae, Eugleninae, Chloromonadinae und Gefarbte Flagellaten Unsicherer Stellung”. In Die Süsswasserflora Deutschlands, Österreich und der Schweiz, II, Edited by:Pascher, A., 115–174. Jena:Fischer Verlag.
65. Lemmermann, E., 1914. “Pantostomatinae, Promastiginae, Distomatinae”. In Die Süsswasserflora Deutschlands, Österreich und der Schweiz, I, Edited by:Pascher, A., 28–133. Jena:Fischer Verlag.
66. Massart, J., 1900. Clautriavia, un nouveau genre de flagellates. Bulletin des Séances, Societé royale des sciences médicales at naturelles de Bruxelles, 58:133–134.
67. Mignot, J. P., 1965. Étude ultrastructuale de (Cyathomonas truncata) from (Flagellè cryptomonadine). Journal de Microscopie, 4:239–252.
68. Mignot, J. P., and Brugerolle, G., 1975. Étude ultrastructurale de Cercomonas Dujardin (=Cercobodo Krassilstchick). Protiste Flagellé, Protistologica, 11:547–554.
69. Molina, F. I., and Nerad, T. A., 1991. Ultrastructure of Amastigomonas bermudensis ATCC 50234 sp.nov.—a new heterotrophic marine flagellate. European Journal of Protistology, 27:386–396.
70. Noble, E. R., 1968. The flagellate Cryptobia in two species of deep sea fishes from the Eastern Pacific. Journal of Parasitology, 54:720–724.
71. Norris, R. E., 1965. Neustonic marine Craspemonadales (Choanoflagellates) from Washington and California. Journal of Protozoology, 12:589–602.
72. Novarino, G., Warren, A., Kinner, N. E., and Harvey, R. W., 1994. Protists from a sewage contaminated aquifer on Cape Cod, Massachusetts. Geomicrobiology Journal, 12:23–36.
73. O'Kelly, C., and Nerad, T. A., 1998. Kinetid architecture and bicosoecid affinities of the marine heterotrophic nanoflagellate Caecitellus parvulus (Griessmann, 1913) Patterson et al. 1993. European Journal of Protistology, 34:369–375.
74. Pace, M. L., and Vaquè, D., 1994. The importance of Daphnia in determining mortality rates of protozoans and rotifers in lakes. Limnology and Oceanograph y, 39:985–996.
75. Pascher, A., 1912. Über Rhizopoden- und Palmellastadien bei Flagellaten (Chrysomonaden), nebst einer Übersicht über die braunen Flagllaten. Archiv für Protistenkunde, 25:153–200.
76. Patterson, D. J., 1982. Photomicrography using a dedicated electronic flash. Microscopy, 34:437–442.
77. Patterson, D. J., 1994. “Protozoa:evolution and systematics”. In Progress in Protozoology Edited by:Hausmann, K., and Hülsmann, N., 1–14. Stuttgart
78. Patterson, D. J., and Fenchel, T., 1985. Insights into the evolution of heliozoa (Protozoa, Sarcodina) as provided by ultrastructural studies on a new species of flagellate from the genus Pteridomonas. Biological Journal of Linnean Society, 34:381–403.
79. Patterson, D. J., and Fenchel, T., 1990. Massisteria marina Larsen and Patterson 1990, a widespread and abundant bacterivorous protist associated with marine detritus. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 62:11–19.
80. Patterson, D. J., Larsen, J., and Corliss, J. O., 1989. The ecology of heterotrophic flagellates and ciliates living in marine sediments. Progress in Protistology, 3:185–277.
81. Patterson, D. J., and Lee, W. J., 1999. “Geographic distribution and diversity of free-living heterotrophic flagellates”. In The Flagellates, Edited by:Leadbeater, B. S. C., and Green, J. C., London:Chapman and Hall. in press
82. Patterson, D. J., Nygaard, K., Steinberg, G., and Turley, C., 1993. Heterotrophic flagellates and other protists associated with oceanic detritus throughout the water column in the mid North Atlantic. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 73:67–95.
83. Patterson, D. J., and Simpson, A. G. B., 1996. Heterotrophic flagellates from coastal marine and hypersaline sediments in Western Australia. European Journal of Protistology, 32:423–448.
84. Patterson, D. J., and Zölffel, M., 1991. “Heterotrophic flagellates of uncertain taxonomic position”. In The Biology of Free-living Heterotrophic Flagellates, Edited by:Patterson, D. J., and Larsen, J., Vol. 45, 505Oxford University Press:Systematics Association.
85. Penard, E., 1890. Über einige neue oder wenig bekannte Protozoën. Jahrbucher-Nassuischen Verein fur Naturkunde, 43:73–91.
86. Playfair, G. I., 1921. Australian freshwater flagellates. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, 44:99–146.
87. Porter, D., 1973. Isonema papillatum sp. n., a new colorless marine flagellate:a light- and electronmicroscopic study. Journal of Protozoology, 20:351–356.
88. Porter, K. G., Sherr, E. B., Sherr, B. F., Pace, M., and Sanders, W., 1985. Protozoans in planktonic food webs. Journal of Protozoology, 32:409–415.
89. Preisig, H. R., 1979. Zwei neue Vertreter der farblosen Euglenophyta. Schweizenrische Zeitschrift für Hydrologie, 41:155–160.
90. Roskin, G., 1931. Neue Flagellatenarten. Archiv für Protistenkunde, 73:204–205.
91. Ruinen, J., 1938. Notizen über Salzflagellaten. II. Über die Verbereitung der Salzflagellaten. Archiv für Protoistenkunde, 90:210–258.
92. Scherffel, A., 1900. Phaeocystis globosa nov. spec. nebst einign Betrachtungen über die Phylogenie niederer, insbesondere brauner Organismen. Wissenschaftliche Meeresuntersuchungen, Abteilung Helgoland, 4:1–29.
93. Schouteden, H., 1907. Notes sur quelques flagellés. Archiv für Protistenkunde, 9:108–136.
94. Schuster, F. L., 1968. The gullet and trichocysts of Cyathomonas truncata. Experimental Cell Research, 49:277–284.
95. Shawhan, F. M., and Jahn, T. L., 1947. A survey of the genus Petalomonas Stein (Protozoa:Euglenida). Transactions of the American Microscopical Society, 66:182–189.
96. Sherr, B. F., and Sherr, E. B., 1988. Role of microbes in pelagic food webs:a revised concept. Limnology and Oceanograph y, 33:1225–1226.
97. Simpson, A. G. B., 1997. The identity and composition of the Euglenozoa. Archiv für Protistenkunde, 148:318–328.
98. Simpson, A. G. B., Bernard, C., Fenchel, T., and Patterson, D. J., 1997a. The organisation of Mastigamoeba schizophrenia n. sp.:more evidence of ultrastructural idiosyncrasy and simplicity in pelobiont protists. European Journal of Protistology, 33:87–98.
99. Simpson, A. G. B., Hoff, J., Bernard, C., Burton, H. R., and Patterson, D. J., 1997b. The ultrastructure and systematic position of the euglenozoan Postgaardi mariagerensis Fenchel et al. Archiv für Protistenkunde, 147:213–225.
100. Skvortzov, B. W., 1957. New and rare Flagellata from Manchuria, Eastern Asia. Phillipine Journal of Science, 86:139–202.
101. Skvortzov, B. W., 1977. The flagellates of clear and polluted waters on new taxa of genus Cercobodo Krassil. A colourless flagellata of Rhizimastigaceae, Pantostomatineae. Quarterly Journal of the Taiwan Museum, 30:89–121.
102. Skuja, H., 1939. Beitrag zur Algenflora Lettlands II. Acta Horti botanici Universitatis latviensis, 11-12:41–169.
103. Skuja, H., 1948. Taxonomie des Phytoplanktons einiger Seen in Uppland, Schweden. Symbolae Botanicae Upsalienses, 9:5–399.
104. Skuja, H., 1956. Taxonomische und Biologische Studien das Phytoplankton Schwedischer Binnengewasser. Nova Acta Regiae Societatis Scientiarum Uppsaliensis, 16:1–403. 4th series
105. Starink, M., Bär-Gilissen, M.-J., Bak, R. P. M., and Cappenberg, T. E., 1996a. Bacterivory by heterotrophic nanoflagellates and bacterial production in sediments of a freshwater littoral system. Limnology and Oceanography, 41:62–69.
106. Starink, M., Bär-Gilissen, M.-J., Bak, R. P. M., and Cappenberg, T. E., 1996b. Seasonal and spatial variation in heterotrophic nanoflagellate and bacteria abundances in sediments of a freshwater littoral zone. Limnology and Oceanography, 41:234–242.
107. Stein, F. R., 1878. “Der Organismus der Infusionsthiere. III”. In Der Organismus der Flagellaten I, 154Leipzig:Wilhelm Engelmann.
108. Stokes, A. C., 1884. Fresh water Infusoria. American Journal of Science, 28:38–49. 3rd series
109. Suxena, M. R., 1955. Fresh-water Euglenineae from Hyderabad, India—I. The Journal of the Indian Botanical Society, 34:429–450.
110. Teal, T. H., Guillemette, T., Chapman, M., and Margulis, L., 1998. Acronema sippewissettensis gen. nov. sp. nov., microbial mat bicosoecid (Bicosoecales=Bicosoecida). European Journal of Protistology, 34:402–414.
111. Thomsen, H. A., 1973. Studies on marine choanoflagellates I. Silicated choanoflagellates of the Isefjord (Denmark). Ophelia, 12:1–26.
112. Thomsen, H. A., Buck, K. R., and Chavez, F. P., 1991. Choanoflagellates of the central California waters:taxonomy, morphology and species assemblages. Ophelia, 33:131–164.
113. Thomsen, H. A., Garrison, D. L., and Kosman, C., 1997. Choanoflagellates (Acanthoecidae, Choanoflagellida) from the Weddell Sea, Antarctica, taxonomy and community structure with particular emphasis on the Ice biota; with preliminary remarks on choano-flagellates from Arctic Sea Ice (Northeast water Polynya, Greenland). Archiv für Protistenkunde, 148:77–114.
114. Throndsen, J., 1969. Flagellates of Norwegian coastal waters. Nytt Magasin for Botanik, 16:161–216.
115. Throndsen, J., 1970. Flagellates from Arctic waters. Nytt Magasin for Botanik, 19:49–57.
116. Tong, S. M., 1994. The taxonomy and seasonal dynamics of heterotrophic flagellates in Southampton Water, 263UK:University of Southampton. U.K. PhD thesis
117. Tong, S. M., 1995. Developayella elegans gen. nov., spec. nov., a new type of heterotrophic flagellates from marine plankton. European Journal of Protistology, 31:24–31.
118. Tong, S. M., 1997a. Heterotrophic flagellates from the water column in Shark Bay, Western Australia. Marine Biology, 128:517–536.
119. Tong, S. M., 1997b. Heterotrophic flagellates and other protists from Southampton water, U.K. Ophelia, 47:71–131.
120. Tong, S. M., 1997c. Choanoflagellates in Southampton water, including the description of three new species. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 77:929–958.
121. Tong, S. M., Nygaard, K., Bernard, C., V⊘rs, N., and Patterson, D. J., 1998. Heterotrophic flagellates from the water column in Port Jackson, Sydney, Australia. European Journal of Protistology, 34:162–194.
122. Tong, S. M., V⊘rs, N., and Patterson, D. J., 1997. Heterotrophic flagellates, centrohelid heliozoa and filose amoebae from marine and freshwater sites in the Antarctic. Polar Biology, 18:91–106.
123. Turley, C. M., and Carstens, M., 1991. Pressure tolerance of oceanic flagellates:implications for reminealization of organic matter. Deep-Sea Research, 38:403–413.
124. Ulehla, V., 1911. Die stellung der Gattung Cyathomonas From. in System der Flagellaten. Berichte Deutschen Botanische Gessellschaft, 29:284–292.
125. V⊘rs, N., 1988. Discocelis saleuta gen.nov.et.sp.nov. (Protista incertae sedis). A new heterotrophic marine flagellate. European Journal of Protistology, 23:297–308.
126. V⊘rs, N., 1992a. Heterotrophic amoebae, flagellates and heliozoa from the Tvärminne area, Gulf of Finland in 1988–1990. Ophelia, 36:1–109.
127. V⊘rs, N., 1992b. “Heterotrophic protists (excl. dinoflagellates, loricate choanoflagellates, and ciliates)”. In Plankton from Inner Danish Waters. An Analysis of the Autotrophic and Heterotrophic Plankton in Kattegat, Havsforskning fra Miljüstyrelsen, 11 Edited by:Thomsen, H. A., 195–246. Danish National Agency for Environmental Protection. HAV 90 Rapport, in Danish
128. V⊘rs, N., 1992c. Ultrastructure and autecology of the marine, heterotrophic flagellate Leucocryptos marina (Braarud) Butcher 1967 (Katablepharidaceae/Kathablepharidae), with a discussion of the genera Leucocryptos and Katablepharis/Kathablepharis. European Journal of Protistology, 28:369–389.
129. V⊘rs, N., 1993a. Heterotrophic amoebae, flagellates and heliozoa from arctic marine waters (North West Territories Canada and West Greenland). Polar Biology, 13:113–126.
130. V⊘rs, N., 1993b. Marine heterotrophic amoebae, flagellates and heliozoa from Belize (Central America) and Tenerife (Canary Islands), with descriptions of new species, Luffsphaera bulbochaete n. sp., L. longihastis n. sp., L. turriformis n. sp. and Paulinella intermedia n. sp. Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology, 40:272–287.
131. V⊘rs, N., Buck, K. R., Chavez, F. P., Eikrem, W., Hansen, L. E., Østergaard, J. B., and Thomsen, H. A., 1995. Nanoplankton of the equatorial Pacific with emphasis on the heterotrophic protists. Deep-Sea Research, 42:585–602.