The global diversity of protozoa and other small species

International Journal for Parasitology

Volumn 28, Issue 1, 1998, Pages 29-48

  Finlay, B J ^a  

^a CENTRE FOR ECOLOGY AND HYDROLOGY   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Aggregate; Biodiversity; Ciliate; Cosmopolitan; Micro organisms; Morphospecies; Protozoa; Species richness; Ubiquity

Indexed keywords

BIODIVERSITY; CILIATE; PROTOZOA; TAXONOMY;

BIODIVERSITY; CONFERENCE PAPER; GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION; NONHUMAN; PROTOZOON; SEDIMENT; SPECIES DIFFERENCE; TAXONOMY;

ANIMALS; CILIOPHORA; GEOGRAPHY; PROTOZOA; WATER;

EID: 0031940875     PISSN: 00207519     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0020-7519(97)00167-7     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (85)

1. [1] Gaston KJ. Regional numbers of insect and plant species. Functional Ecol. 1992; 6: 243-247.
2. [2] May RM. How many species? Phil Trans R Soc Lond 1990; 330: 293-304.
3. [3] Vickerman K. The diversity and ecological significance of protozoa. Biodivers Conserv 1992; 1: 334-341.
4. [4] Fenchel T. There are more small than large species? Oikos 1993; 68: 375-378.
5. [5] O'Donnell AG, Goodfellow M, Hawksworth DL. Theoretical and practical aspects of the quantification of biodiversity among microorganisms. Phil Trans R Soc Lond B 1994; 345: 65-73.
6. [6] Boucher G, Lambshead JD. Ecological biodiversity of marine nematodes in samples from temperate, tropical, and deep-sea regions. Conserv Biol 1995; 9: 1594-1604.
7. [7] UNEP. In: Heywood VH, executive editor. Global biodiversity assessment. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995.
8. [8] Corliss JO. The ciliated protozoa. Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1979.
9. [9] Dragesco J, Dragesco-Kernéis A. Ciliés libres de l'Afrique intertropicale. Collection faune tropicale No. 26. Paris: ORSTOM, 1986.
10. [10] Lynn, D. Systematics of ciliates. In: Hausmann K, Bradbury PC, editors. Ciliates: cells as organisms. Stuttgart: Gustav Fischer, 1996;51-72.
11. [11] Lynn DH, Corliss JO. Ciliophora. In: microscopic anatomy of invertebrates, vol 1, Protozoa. Wiley-Liss, 1991; 333-467.
12. [12] Finlay BJ, Corliss JO, Esteban GF, Fenchel T. Biodiversity at the microbial level: the number of free-living ciliates in the biosphere. Q Rev Biol 1996; 71: 221-237.
13. [13] Sonneborn TM. The Paramecium aurelia complex of 14 sibling species. Trans Am Microsc Soc 1975; 94: 155-178.
14. [14] Grell KG. Protozoology. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1973.
15. [15] Preparata RM, Meyer EB, Preparata FP, Simon EM, Vossbrinck CR, Nanney DL. Ciliate evolution: the ribosomal phylogenies of the tetrahymenine ciliates. J Mol Evol 1989; 28: 427-441.
16. [16] Khadem N, Gibson I. Enzyme variation in Paramecium caudatum. J Protozool 1985; 32: 622-626.
17. [17] Dini F, Nyberg D. Sex in ciliates. Adv Microb Ecol 1993; 13: 85-153.
18. [18] Valbonesi A, Ortenzi C, Luporini P. The species problem in a ciliate with a high multiple mating type system, Euplotes crassus. J Protozool 1992; 39: 45-54.
19. [19] Nanney DL, Meyer EB, Simon EM, Preparata R-M. Comparison of ribosomal and isozymic phylogenies of tetrahymenine ciliates. J Protozool 1989; 36: 1-8.
20. [20] Jerome CA, Lynn DH. Identifying and distinguishing sibling species in the Tetrahymena pyriformis complex (Ciliophora, Oligohymenophorea) using PCR/RFLP analysis of nucleolar ribosomal DNA. J Eukaryot Microbiol 1996; 43: 492-497.
21. [21] Nanney DL. Genes and phenes in Tetrahymena. Bioscience 1982; 32: 783-788.
22. [22] Finlay BJ, Fenchel T. Ecology: role of ciliates in the natural environment. In: Hausmann K, Bradbury PC, editors. Ciliates: cells as organisms. Stuttgart: Gustav Fischer, 1996;417-440.
23. [23] Frankel J. An analysis of the spatial distribution of ciliary units in a ciliate, Euplotes minuta. J Embryol Exp Morphol 1975; 33: 553-580.
24. [24] Boltovskoy D, Alder VA, Spinelli F. Summer Weddell Sea microplankton: assemblage structure, distribution and abundance, with special emphasis on the tintinnina. Polar Biol 1989; 9: 447-456.
25. [25] Finlay BJ. Physiological ecology of free-living protozoa. Adv Microb Ecol 1990; 11: 1-35.
26. [26] Görtz H-D. Symbiosis in ciliates. In: Hausmann K, Bradbury PC, editors. Ciliates: cells as organisms. Stuttgart: Gustav Fischer, 1996;441-462.
27. [27] Stoecker DK, Michaels AE, Davis LH. Large proportion of marine planktonic ciliates found to contain functional chloroplasts. Nature 1987; 326: 790-792.
28. [28] Jonsson PR. Photosynthetic assimilation of inorganic carbon in marine oligotrich ciliates (Ciliophora, Oligotrichina). Mar Microb Food Webs 1987; 2: 55-68.
29. [29] Fenchel T, Finlay BJ. In: May RM, Harvey P, editors. Ecology and evolution in anoxic worlds. Oxford series in ecology and evolution. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995;276.
30. [30] Quackenbush RL. Endosymbionts of killer paramecia. In: Görtz H-D, editor. Paramecium. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1988;406-418.
31. [31] Fenchel T, Finlay BJ. Kentrophoros: a mouthless ciliate with a symbiotic kitchen garden. Ophelia 1989; 30: 75-93.
32. [32] Finlay BJ, Berninger U-G, Clarke KJ, Cowling AJ, Hindle RM, Rogerson A. On the abundance and distribution of protozoa and their food in a productive freshwater pond. Eur J Protistol 1988; 23: 205-217.
33. [33] Finlay BJ. Oxygen availability and seasonal migrations of ciliated protozoa in a freshwater lake. J Gen Microbiol 1981; 123: 173-178.
34. [34] Finlay BJ. Nitrate respiration by protozoa (Loxodes spp.) in the hypolimnetic nitrite maximum of a freshwater pond. Freshw Biol 1985; 15: 333-346.
35. [35] Finlay BJ, Fenchel T. Photosensitivity in the ciliated protozoon Loxodes: pigment granules, absorption and action spectra, blue light perception and ecological significance. J Protozool 1986; 33: 534-542.
36. [36] Finlay BJ, Maberly SC, Esteban G. Spectacular abundance of ciliates in anoxic pond water: contribution of symbiont photosynthesis to host respiratory requirements. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 1996; 20: 229-235.
37. [37] Wagener S, Bardele CF, Pfennig N. Functional integration of Methanobacterium formicicum into the anaerobic ciliate Trimyema compressum. Arch Microbiol 1990; 153: 496-501.
38. [38] Heywood VH. The "species aggregate" in theory and practice. In: Symposium on biosystematics. Utrecht: International Bureau for Plant Taxonomy and Nomenclature, 1963.
39. [39] Jones TC, Gates MA. A morphometric analysis of the Euplotes charon morphotype (Ciliophora: Euplotida). J Eukaryot Microbiol 1994; 41: 441-450.
40. [40] Esteban G, Fenchel T, Finlay BJ. Diversity of free-living morphospecies in the ciliate genus Metopus. Arch Protistenk 1995; 146: 137-164.
41. [41] Gislén T. Aerial plankton and its conditions of life. Biol Rev 1948; 23: 109-126.
42. [42] Tailing JF. The element of chance in pond populations. Naturalist 1951;Oct-Dec:157-170.
43. [43] Maguire B. The passive dispersal of small aquatic organisms and their colonization of isolated bodies of water. Ecol Monogr 1963; 33: 161-185.
44. [44] Kristiansen J. Dispersal of freshwater algae - a review. Hydrobiology 1996; 336: 151-157.
45. [45] Dragesco J. On the biology of sand-dwelling ciliates. Sci Prog 1962; 50: 353-363.
46. [46] Levandowsky M, Corliss JO. Arguments with Hutner, or why there are so few kinds of protozoa. J Protozool 1977; 24: 481-483.
47. [47] Sandon H. The composition and distribution of the protozoan fauna of the soil. Edinburgh: Oliver & Boyd, 1927.
48. [48] Lackey JB. A study of some ecologic factors affecting the distribution of protozoa. Ecol Monogr 1938; 8: 503-527.
49. [49] Bary BM. Studies on the freshwater ciliates of New Zealand. Part II. An annotated list of species from the neighbourhood of Wellington. Proc R Soc NZ 1950; 78: 311-323.
50. [50] Stout JD. Reaction of ciliates to environmental factors. Ecology 1956; 37: 178-191.
51. [51] Ogden CG, Hedley RH. An atlas of freshwater testate amoebae. Oxford: British Museum/Oxford University Press, 1980.
52. [52] Larsen J, Patterson DJ. Some flagellates (Protista) from tropical marine sediments. J Nat Hist 1990; 24: 801-937.
53. [53] Bowers NJ, Pratt JR. Estimation of genetic variation among soil ciliates of Colpoda inflata (Stokes) (Protozoa: Ciliophora) using thepolymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis. Arch Protistenkd 1995; 145: 29-36.
54. [54] Ekebom J, Patterson DJ, Vørs N. Heterotrophic flagellates from coral reef sediments (Great Barrier Reef, Australia). Arch Protistenkd 1996; 146: 251-272.
55. [55] Tyler PA. Endemism in freshwater algae. Hydrobiologia 1996; 336: 127-135.
56. [56] Patterson DJ, Simpson AGB. Heterotrophic flagellates from coastal marine and hypersaline sediments in Western Australia. Eur J Protistol 1996; 32: 423-448.
57. [57] Smith HG. The distribution and ecology of terrestrial protozoa of sub-Antarctic and maritime Antarctic islands. Sci Rep Br Antarct Surv, No 95. Cambridge: BAS/NERC, 1978.
58. [58] Finlay BJ, Esteban GF, Fenchel T. Global diversity and body size. Nature 1996; 383: 132-133.
59. [59] Fenchel T, Esteban GF, Finlay, BJ. Local versus global diversity of microorganisms: cryptic diversity of ciliated protozoa. Oikos 1997; 80: 220-225.
60. [60] Parsons WM, Schlichting HE, Stewart KW. In-flight transport of algae and protozoa by selected Odonata. Trans Am Microsc Soc 1966; 85: 520-527.
61. [61] Maguire B, Belk D. Paramecium transport by land snails. J Protozool 1967; 14: 445-447.
62. [62] Schlichting HE, Sides SL. The passive transport of aquatic microorganisms by selected Hemiptera. J Ecol 1969; 57: 759-764.
63. [63] Finlay BJ, Téllez C, Esteban G. Diversity of free-living ciliates in the sandy sediment of a Spanish stream in winter. J Gen Microbiol 1993; 139: 2855-2863.
64. [64] Scourfield DJ. The nannoplankton of bomb-crater pools in Epping Forest. Essex Nat 1944; 27(9): 231-241.
65. [65] Holmberg O, Pejler B. On the terrestrial microfauna of Surtsey during the summer of 1970. Surtsey Res Prog Rep 1972; 6: 69-72.
66. [66] Nyberg, D. The species concept and breeding systems. In: Görtz H-D, editor. Paramecium. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1988;41-58.
67. [67] Nanney DL, McCoy JW. Characterization of the species of the Tetrahymena pyriformis complex. Trans Am Microsc Soc 1976; 95: 664-682.
68. [68] Corliss JO, Daggett P-M. "Paramecium aurelia" and "Tetrahymena pyriformis"; current status of the taxonomy and nomenclature of these popularly known and widely used ciliates. Protistologica 1983; 19: 307-322.
69. [69] Ammermann D, Schlegel M, Hellmer K-H. North American and Eurasian strains of Stylonychia lemnae (Ciliophora, Hypotrichida) have a high genetic identity, but differ in the nuclear apparatus and in their mating behavior. Eur J Protistol 1989; 25: 67-74.
70. [70] Esteban G, Finlay BJ, Embley TM. New species double the diversity of anaerobic ciliates in a Spanish lake. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1993; 109: 93-100.
71. [71] Petz W, Song W, Wilbert N. Taxonomy and ecology of the ciliate fauna (Protozoa, Ciliophora) in the endopagial and pelagial of the Weddell Sea, Antarctica. Stapfia 1995; 40: 1-223.
72. [72] Agatha S, Spindler M, Wilbert N. Ciliated protozoa (Ciliophora) from Arctic sea ice. Acta Protozool 1993; 32: 261-268.
73. [73] Wilbert N, Kahan D. Ciliates of Solar Lake on the Red Sea shore. Arch Protistenkd 1981; 124: 70-95.
74. [74] Foissner W. Bryometopus hawaiiensis sp n., a new colpodid ciliate from a terrestrial biotope of the Hawaiian Archipelago. Ann Naturhist Mus Wien 1994; 96B: 19-27.
75. [75] Olmo JL, Téllez C. An European population of Bryometopus hawaiiensis Foissner, 1994 (Protozoa: Ciliophora). Acta Protozool 1996; 35: 317-320.
76. [76] Fenchel T, Bernard C, Esteban G, Finlay BJ, Hansen PJ, Iversen N. Microbial diversity and activity in a Danish fjord with anoxic deep water. Ophelia 1995; 43: 45-100.
77. [77] Simpson AGB, van den Hoff J, Bernard C, Burton HR, Patterson DJ. The ultrastructure and systematic position of the euglenozoon Postgaardi mariagerensis Fenchel et al. Arch Protistenkd 1997; 147: 213-225.
78. [78] Andersen RA. Diversity of eukaryotic algae. Biodivers Conserv 1992; 1: 267-292.
79. [79] MacArthur RH, Wilson, EO. The theory of island biogeography. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1967.
80. [80] Finlay BJ, Berninger U-G. Coexistence of congeneric ciliates (Karyorelictida: Loxodes) in relation to food resources in two freshwater lakes. J Anim Ecol 1984; 53: 929-943.
81. [81] Fenchel T. The ecology of marine microbenthos, IV. Structure and function of the benthic ecosystem, its chemical and physical factors and the microfauna communities with special reference to the ciliated protozoa. Ophelia 1969; 6: 1-182.
82. [82] Finlay BJ. Temporal and vertical distribution of ciliophoran communities in the benthos of a small eutrophic loch with particular reference to the redox profile. Freshw Biol 1980; 10: 15-34.
83. [83] Finlay BJ. Effects of seasonal anoxia on the community of benthic ciliated protozoa in a productive lake. Arch Protistenkd 1982; 125: 215-222.
84. [84] Finlay B, Bannister P, Stewart J. Temporal variation in benthic ciliates and the application of association analysis. Freshw Biol 1979; 9: 45-53.
85. [85] Finlay BJ, Esteban GF, Fenchel T. Protozoan diversity: converging estimates of the global number of free-living ciliate species. Protist 1998 (in press).