A coupled air-sea mesoscale model: Experiments in atmospheric sensitivity to marine roughness

Monthly Weather Review

Volumn 128, Issue 1, 2000, Pages 208-228

  Powers, Jordan G ^a   Stoelinga, Mark T ^b  

^a NATIONAL CENTER FOR ATMOSPHERIC RESEARCH   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AIR-SEA INTERACTION; COUPLING; MESOSCALE METEOROLOGY; MODELING;

NORTH AMERICA;

EID: 0034068569     PISSN: 00270644     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1175/1520-0493(2000)128<0208:ACASMM>2.0.CO;2     Document Type: Article

References (49)

1. Anctil, F., and M. A. Donelan, 1996: Air-water momentum flux over shoaling waves. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 26, 1344-1353.
2. Battisti, D.S., 1988: The dynamics and thermodynamics of a warming event in a coupled in a coupled atmosphere-ocean model. J. Atmos. Sci., 45, 2889-2919.
3. Blackadar, A. K., 1979: High resolution models of the planetary boundary layer. Advances in Environmental Science and Engineering, J. Pfafflin and E. Ziegler. Eds., Vol. 1. Gordon and Breach, 50-85.
4. Blumberg, A. E. and G. L. Mellor, 1987: A description of a three-dimensional coastal ocean model. Three Dimensional Coastal Ocean Models, N. S. Heaps. Ed., Amer. Geophys. Union, 1-16.
5. Carlson, T. N., and F. E. Boland, 1978: Analysis of urban-rural canopy using a surface heat flux/temperature model. J. Appl. Meteor., 17, 998-1013.
6. Charnock, H., 1955: Wind stress on a water surface. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 81, 639-640.
7. Chen, Y.-Q., D. S. Battisti, T. N. Palmer, J. Barsugli, and E. S. Sarachik, 1997: A study of the predictability of tropical Pacific SST in a coupled atmosphere-ocean model using singular vector analysis: The role of the annual cycle and the ENSO cycle. Mon. Wea. Rev., 125, 831-845.
8. Donelan, M. A., 1977: A simple numerical model for wave and wind stress prediction. National Water Research Institute Rep., 28 pp. [Available from National Water Research Institute, Canada Centre for Inland Waters, 867 Lakeshore Road, P.O. Box 5050, Burlington, ON L7R 4A6, Canada.]
9. _, 1982: The dependence of the aerodynamic drag coefficient on wave parameters. Preprints, First Int. Conf. on Meteorology and Air-Sea Interaction of the Coastal Zone, The Hague, Netherlands, Amer. Meteor. Soc., 381-387.
10. _, 1990: Air-sea interaction. The Sea, B. Le Méhauté and D. M. Danes, Eds., Vol. 9B, Wiley, 239-292.
11. _, 1993: On the dependence of sea surface roughness on wave development. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 23, 2143-2149.
12. Doyle, J. D., 1995: Coupled ocean-wave/atmosphere mesoscale model simulations of cyclogenesis. Tellus, 47A, 766-778.
13. Dudhia, J., 1993: A nonhydrostatic version of the Penn State-NCAR mesoscale model: Validation tests and simulation of an Atlantic cyclone and cold front. Mon. Wea. Rev., 121, 1493-1513.
14. Frey, H., M. Latif. and T. Stockdale, 1997: The coupled GCM ECHO-2. Part I: The tropical Pacific. Mon. Wea. Rev.. 125, 703-720.
15. Geernaert, G. L., and W. E. Plant. 1990: Surface Waves and Fluxes. Vol. 1. Kluwer Academic, 337 pp.
16. _, K. B. Katsaros. and K. Richter, 1986: Variation of the drag coefficient and its dependence on sea state. J. Geophys. Res., 91, 7667-7679.
17. Ginis, I., M. A. Bender, and Y. Kurihara, 1997: Development of a coupled hurricane-ocean forecast system in the North Atlantic. Preprints. 22d Conf. on Hurricanes and Tropical Meteorology, Fort Collins. CO. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 443-444.
18. Grell, G. A., 1993: Prognostic evaluation of assumptions used by cumulus parameterizations. Mon. Wea. Rev., 121, 764-787.
19. _, J. Dudhia, and D. R. Stauffer. 1995: A description of the fifthgeneration Penn State/NCAR Mesoscale Model (MM5). NCAR Tech. Note TN-398 + STR, 122 pp. [Available from UCAR Communications. P.O. Box 3000, Boulder. CO 80307.]
20. Haagenson, P. L., J. Dudhia. G. A. Grell, and D. R. Stauffer, 1994: The Penn State/NCAR Mesoscale Model (MM5) source code documentation. NCAR Tech. Note TN-392 + STR. 99 pp. [Available from UCAR Communications. P.O. Box 3000. Boulder, CO 80307.]
21. Hasselmann, K., and Coauthors. 1973: Measurements of wind-wave growth and swell decay during the Joint North Sea Wave Project (JONSWAP). Dtsch. Hydrogr. Z, 8 (Suppl. A). 22 pp.
22. Hasselmann, S., and Coauthors, 1988: The WAM model-A third generation ocean wave prediction model. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 18, 1775-1810.
23. Hodur, R. M., 1997: The Naval Research Laboratory's Coupled Ocean/Atmosphere Mesoscale Prediction System (COAMPS). Mon. Wea. Rev., 125, 1414-1430.
24. Hsu, S. A., 1974: A dynamic roughness equation and its application to wind stress determination at the air-sea interface. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 4, 1 16-120.
25. Huang, B., and E. K. Schneider, 1995: The response of an ocean general circulation model to surface wind stress produced by an atmospheric general circulation model. Mon. Wea. Rev., 123, 3059-3085.
26. _, J. S. Hobgood, K. W. Bedford, and D. J. Schwab. 1998: Generation of three-dimensional lake model forecasts for Lake Erie. Wea. Forecasting, 13, 659-687.
27. Liu, P. C., D. J. Schwab, and J. R. Bennett, 1984: Comparison of a two-dimensional wave prediction model with synoptic measurements in Lake Michigan. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 14, 1514-1518.
28. Longuet-Higgins, M. S., 1977: Some effects of finite steepness on the generation of waves by wind. Deep-Sea Research: George Deacon 70th Anniversary Volume, M. Angel. Ed.. Pergamon Press. 393-403.
29. Makin, V. K., V. N. Kundryavtsev, and C. Mastenbroek, 1995: Drag of the sea surface. Bound.-Layer Meteor., 73, 159-182.
30. Manning, K. W., and P. L. Haagenson, 1992: Data ingest and objective analysis for the PSU/NCAR modeling system: Programs datagrid and Rawins. NCAR Tech. Note NCAR/TN-376+IA. 209 pp. [Available from UCAR Communications, P.O. Box 3000, Boulder, CO 80307.]
31. Marks, F. D., and Coauthors, 1998: Landfalling tropical cyclones: Forecast problems and associated research opportunities. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 79, 305-323.
32. Mechoso, C. R., and Coauthors. 1995: The seasonal cycle over the tropical Pacific in coupled ocean-atmosphere general circulation models. Mon. Wea. Rev., 123, 2825-2838.
33. Mellor, G. L., 1996: User's guide for a three-dimensional, primitive equation, numerical ocean model. Program in the Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences. Princeton University, 40 pp. [Available from Department of Geological and Geophysical Sciences, Program in Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, P.O. Box CN710, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544-0710.]
34. Nordeng, T. E., 1991: On the wave age dependent drag coefficient and roughness length at sea. J. Geophys. Res., 96, 7167-7174.
35. O'Connor, W. P., 1991: A user's manual for the Princeton Numerical Ocean Model. Institute for Naval Oceanography. Stennis Space Center, MS. 69 pp. [Available from Institute for Naval Oceanography, Bldg. 1103, Rm. 233, Stennis Space Center, Bay St. Louis, MS 39529-5005.]
36. Oncley, S. P., and J. Dudhia. 1995: Evaluation of surface fluxes from MM5 using observations. Mon. Wea. Rev., 123, 3344-3357.
37. Powers, J. G., M. T. Stoelinga. and W. S. Boyd, 1997: Distributed numerical weather prediction via satellite. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 78, 2755-2770.
38. Ramp, S. R., P. F. Jessen, K. H. Brink, P. P. Niiler, F. L. Daggett. and J. S. Best, 1991: The physical structure of cold filaments near Point Arena, California, during June 1987. J. Geophys. Res., 96, 14 859-14883.
39. Reisner, J., R. T. Bruintjes, and R. M. Rasmussen, 1993: Preliminary comparisons between MM5 NCAR/Penn State model generated icing forecasts and observations. Preprints, Fifth Int. Conf, on Aviation Weather Systems, Vienna, VA, Amer. Meteor. Soc., 65-69.
40. Rosmond, T. E., 1992: A prototype fully coupled ocean-atmosphere prediction system. Oceanography, 5, 25-30.
41. Schneider, E. K., Z. Zhu, B. S. Giese, B. Huang, B. P. Kirtman, J. Shukla, and J. A. Carton. 1997: Annual cycle and ENSO in a coupled ocean-atmosphere general circulation model. Mon. Wea. Rev., 125, 680-702.
42. Schwab, D. J., J. R. Bennett, P. C. Liu, and M. A. Donelan,1984: Application of a simple wave prediction model to Lake Erie. J. Geophys. Res., 89, 3586-3592.
43. Smith, S. D., and Coauthors, 1992: Sea surface wind stress and drag coefficients: The HEXOS results. Bound.-Laver Meteor., 60, 109-142.
44. Taylor, R A., and P. R. Gent. 1978: A numerical investigation of variations in the drag coefficient for air flow above water waves. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc..,104, 979-988.
45. Toba, Y. N. Iida, H. Kawamura, N. Ebuchi, and I.S.F. Jones. 1990: Wave dependence of sea-surface wind stress. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 20,705-721.
46. Volkov, Y. A., 1970: Turbulent flux of momentum and heat in the atmospheric surface layer over a disturbed sea surface, Izv. Atmos. Oceanic Phys., 6, 770-774.
47. Wu, J., 1980: Wind-stress coefficients over sea surface near neutral conditions-A revisit. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 10, 727-740.
48. Zebiak, S. E., and M. A. Cane. 1987: A model El Nino-Southern Oscillation. Mon. Wea. Rev., 115, 2262-2278.
49. Zhang, D., and R. A. Anthes, 1982: A high-resolution model of the planetary boundary layer-Sensitivity tests and comparisons with SESAME-79 data. J. Appl. Meteor., 21, 1594-1609.