Annual cycle and ENSO in a coupled ocean-atmosphere general circulation model

Monthly Weather Review

Volumn 125, Issue 5, 1997, Pages 680-702

  Schneider, Edwin K ^a   Zhu, Zhengxin ^a   Giese, Benjamin S ^a,b   Huang, Bohua ^a   Kirtman, Ben P ^a   Shukla, J ^a   Carton, James A ^a,c  

^a Ctr Ocean Land Atmosphere Studs   (United States)

^b TEXAS A AND M UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0001493830     PISSN: 00270644     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1175/1520-0493(1997)125<0680:ACAEIA>2.0.CO;2     Document Type: Article

References (56)

1. Alpert, J. C., M. Kanamitsu, P. M. Caplan, J. G. Sela, G. H. White, and E. Kalnay, 1988: Mountain induced gravity wave drag parameterization in the NMC medium-range forecast model. Proc. Eighth Conf. on Numerical Weather Prediction, Baltimore, MD, Amer. Meteor. Soc., 726-733.
2. Battisti, D. S., and A. C. Hirst, 1989: Interannual variability in a tropical atmosphere-ocean model: Influence of the basic state, ocean geometry, and nonlinearity. J. Atmos. Sci., 46, 1687-1712.
3. Bretherton, C. S., C. Smith, and J. M. Wallace, 1992: An intercomparison of methods for finding coupled patterns in climate data. J. Climate, 5, 561-576.
4. Bryan, K., and L. Lewis, 1979: A water mass model of the world ocean. J. Geophys. Res., 84, 2503-2517.
5. Cane, M. A., and S. E. Zebiak, 1987: Prediction of El Niño events using a physical model. Atmospheric and Oceanic Variability, H. Cattel, Ed., Roy. Meteor. Soc., 153-182.
6. Chao, Y., and S. G. H. Philander, 1993: On the structure of the Southern Oscillation. J. Climate, 6, 450-469.
7. ECMWF Research Department, 1988: Research Manual 3. ECMWF Forecast Model Physical Parameterization. European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts, 138 pp.
8. Fennessy, M. J., and Coauthors, 1994: The simulated Indian monsoon: A GCM sensitivity study. J. Climate, 7, 33-43.
9. Goldenberg, S. B., and J. J. O'Brien, 1981: Time and space variability of the tropical Pacific wind stress. Mon. Wea. Kev., 109, 1190-1207.
10. Harshvardhan, R. Davies, D. A. Randall, and T. G. Corsetti, 1987: A fast radiation parameterization for atmospheric circulation models. J. Geophys. Res., 92(D1), 1009-1016.
11. Hou, Y.-T., 1990: Cloud-radiation-dynamics interactions. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Maryland at College Park, 209 pp.
12. Huang, B., and E. K. Schneider, 1995: The response of an ocean general circulation model to surface wind stress produced by an atmospheric general circulation model. Mon. Wea. Rev., 123, 3059-3085.
13. Ji, M., A. Kumar, and A. Leetmaa, 1994: An experimental coupled forecast system at the National Meteorological Center: Some early results. Tellus, 46A, 398-418.
14. _, A. Leetmaa, and J. Derber, 1995: An ocean analysis system for seasonal to interannual climate studies. Mon. Wea. Rev., 123, 460-481.
15. Kinter, J. L., III, J. Shukla, L. Marx, and E. K. Schneider. 1988: A simulation of the winter and summer circulation with the NMC global spectral model. J. Atmos. Sci., 45, 2486-2522.
16. Kirtman, B. P., J. Shukla, B. Huang, Z. Zhu, and E. K. Schneider, 1997: Multiseasonal predictions with a coupled tropical oceanglobal atmosphere system. Mon. Wea. Rev., 125, 789-808.
17. Kuo, H. L., 1965: On the formation and intensification of tropical cyclones through latent heat release by cumulus convection. J. Atmos. Sci., 22, 40-63.
18. Lacis, A. A., and J. E. Hansen, 1974: A parameterization for the absorption of solar radiation in the earth's atmosphere. J. Atmos. Sci., 31, 118-133.
19. Latif, M., A. Sterl, E. Maier-Reimer, and M. M. Junge, 1993: Climate variability in a coupled GCM. Part I: The tropical Pacific. J. Climate, 6, 5-21.
20. _, T. Stockdale, J. Wolff, G. Burgers. E. Maier-Reimer, M. M. Junge, K. Arpe, and L. Bengtsson, 1994: Climatology and variability in the ECHO coupled GCM. Tellus, 46A, 351-366.
21. Lau, N.-C., S. G. H. Philander, and M. J. Nath, 1992: Simulation of ENSO-like phenomena with a low-resolution coupled GCM of the global ocean and atmosphere. J. Climate, 5, 284-307.
22. Levitus, S., 1982: Climatological Atlas of the World Ocean. U.S. Govt. Printing Office, 173 pp.
23. Manabe, S., and K. Bryan, 1969: Climate calculations with a combined ocean-atmosphere model. J. Atmos. Sci., 26, 786-789.
24. McCarty, M. E., and M. J. McPhaden, 1993: Mean seasonal cycles and interannual variations at 0°, 165°E during 1986-1992. NOAA Tech. Memo. ERL PMEL-98, 64 pp. [Available from U.S. Dept. of Commerce Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, 7600 Sand Point Way, N.E., Seattle, WA 98115.]
25. McPhaden, M. J., and M. E. McCarty, 1992: Mean seasonal cycles and interannual variations at 0°, 110°W and 0°, 140°W during 1980-1991. NOAA Tech. Memo. ERL PMEL-95, 118 pp. [Available from U.S. Dept. of Commerce Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, 7600 Sand Point Way, N.E., Seattle, WA 98115.]
26. Mechoso, C. R., and Coauthors, 1995: The seasonal cycle over the tropical Pacific in coupled ocean-atmosphere general circulation models. Mon. Wea. Rev., 123, 2825-2838.
27. Mellor, G. L., and T. Yamada, 1982: Development of a turbulence closure model for geophysical fluid processes. Rev. Geophys. Space Phys., 20, 851-875.
28. Miyakoda, K., and J. Sirutis, 1977: Comparative integrations of global spectral models with various parameterized processes of subgrid scale vertical transports. Beitr. Phys. Atmos., 50, 445-447.
29. Nagai, T., T. Tokioka, M. Endoh, and Y. Kitamura, 1992: El Niño-Southern Oscillation simulated in an MRI atmosphere-ocean coupled general circulation model. J. Climate, 5, 1202-1233.
30. Neelin, J. D., and Coauthors, 1992: Tropical air-sea interaction in general circulation models. Climate Dyn., 7, 73-104.
31. Pacanowski, R., and S. G. H. Philander, 1981: Parameterization of vertical mixing in numerical models of tropical oceans. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 11, 1443-1451.
32. Philander, S. G. H., R. C. Pacanowski, N.-C. Lau, and M. J. Nath, 1992: Simulation of ENSO with a global atmospheric GCM coupled to a high-resolution, tropical Pacific Ocean GCM. J. Climate, 5, 308-329.
33. Phillips, N. A., 1957: A coordinate system having some special advantages for numerical forecasting. J. Meteor., 14, 184-185.
34. Robertson, A. W., C.-C. Ma, C. R. Mechoso, and M. Ghil, 1995a: Simulation of the tropical Pacific climate with a coupled oceanatmosphere general circulation model. Part I: The seasonal cycle. J. Climate, 8, 1178-1198.
35. _, _, M. Ghil, and C. R. Mechoso, 1995b: Simulation of the tropical Pacific climate with a coupled ocean-atmosphere general circulation model. Part II: Interannual variability. J. Climate, 8, 1199-1216.
36. Ropelewski, C. F., and M. S. Halpert, 1987: Global and regional scale precipitation associated with El Niño/Southern Oscillation. Mon. Wea. Rev., 115, 1606-1626.
37. _, J. E. Janowiak, and M. S. Halpert, 1985: The analysis and display of real time surface climate data. Mon. Wea. Rev., 113, 1101-1107.
38. Sato, N., P. J. Sellers, D. A. Randall. E. K. Schneider, J. Shukla, J. L. Kinter III, Y.-T. Hou, and E. Albertazzi, 1989a: Effects of implementing the simple biosphere model (SiB) in a general circulation model. J. Atmos. Sci., 46, 2752-2782.
39. _, _, _, _, _, _, _, and _, 1989b: Implementing the simple biosphere model (SiB) in a general circulation model: Methodology and results. NASA Contractor Rep. NASA CR-185509, 80 pp. [Available from National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA 22161.]
40. Schneider, E. K., 1984: Response of the annual and zonal mean winds and temperatures to variation in the heat and momentum sources. J. Atmos. Sci., 41, 1093-1115.
41. _, 1987: A simplified model of the modified Hadley circulation. J. Atmos. Sci., 44, 3311-3328.
42. _. and J. L. Kinter III, 1994: An examination of internally generated variability in long climate simulations. Climate Dyn., 10, 181-204.
43. _, B. Huang, and J. Shukla, 1995: Ocean wave dynamics and El Niño. J. Climate, 8, 2415-2439.
44. Schopf, P. S., and M. J. Suarez, 1988: Vacillations in a coupled oceanatmosphere model. J. Atmos. Sci., 45, 549-566.
45. Sela, J. G., 1980: Spectral modeling at the National Meteorological Center. Mon. Wea. Rev., 108, 1279-1292.
46. Sellers, P. J., Y. Mintz, Y. C. Sud, and A. Dalcher, 1986: A simple biosphere model (SiB) for use within general circulation models. J. Atmos. Sci., 43, 505-531.
47. Slingo, J. M., 1987: The development and verification of a cloud prediction scheme for the ECMWF model. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 113, 899-927.
48. Spencer, R., 1993: Global oceanic precipitation from the MSU during 1979-1991 and comparisons to other climatologies. J. Climate, 6, 1301-1326.
49. Stockdale, T., M. Latif, G. Burgers, and J.-O. Wolff, 1994: Some sensitivities of a coupled ocean-atmosphere GCM, Tellus, 46A, 367-380.
50. Suarez, M. J., and P. S. Schopf, 1988: A delayed action oscillator for ENSO. J. Atmos. Sci., 45, 3283-3287.
51. Tiedtke, M., 1984: The effect of penetrative cumulus convection on the large-scale flow in a general circulation model. Beitr. Phys. Atmos., 57, 216-239.
52. Trenberth, K. E., and D. J. Shea, 1987: On the evolution of the Southern Oscillation. Mon. Wea. Rev., 115, 3078-3096.
53. Vernekar, A., B. Kirtman, J. Zhou, and D. DeWitt, 1992: Orographic gravity-wave drag effects on medium-range forecasts with a general circulation model. Physical Processes in Atmospheric Models, D. R. Sikka and S. S. Singh, Eds., Wiley Eastern Limited, 295-307.
54. Wallace, J. M., and D. S. Gutzler, 1981: Teleconnections in the geopotential height field during the Northern Hemisphere winter. Mon. Wea. Rev., 109, 784-812.
55. Weare, B. C., and J. S. Nasstrom, 1982: Examples of extended empirical orthogonal function analysis. Mon. Wea. Rev., 110, 481-485.
56. Xue, Y., P. J. Sellers, J. L. Kinter III, and J. Shukla, 1991: A simplified model for global climate studies. J. Climate, 4, 345-364.