Role of leukocytes in spinal cord injury in rats

Journal of Neurotrauma

Volumn 17, Issue 3, 2000, Pages 219-229

  Taoka, Yuji ^a   Okajima, Kenji ^a  

^a KUMAMOTO UNIV SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (Japan)

Author keywords

Leukocyte activation; Therapeutic intervention; Traumatic spinal cord injury

Indexed keywords

ACTIVATED PROTEIN C; CELL ADHESION MOLECULE; ELASTASE; GABEXATE MESILATE; GANGLIOSIDE GM1; METHYLPREDNISOLONE; PROSTACYCLIN DERIVATIVE; REACTIVE OXYGEN METABOLITE; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR ALPHA;

ANIMAL EXPERIMENT; ANIMAL MODEL; ARTICLE; CELL ACTIVATION; CELL DAMAGE; CELL FUNCTION; ENDOTHELIUM CELL; LEUKOCYTE; NEUROPATHOLOGY; NONHUMAN; PATHOGENESIS; RAT; SPINAL CORD INJURY;

EID: 0034063626     PISSN: 08977151     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1089/neu.2000.17.219     Document Type: Article

References (76)

1. ABE, H., OKAJIMA, K., and OKABE, H. (1994). Granulocyte proteases and hydrogen peroxide synergistically inactivate thrombomodulin of endothelial cells in vitro. J. Lab. Clin. Med. 23, 874-881.
2. BARTHOLDI, D., and SCHWAB, M.E. (1997). Expression of pro-inflammatory cytokine mRNA upon experimental spinal cord injury in mouse: an in situ hybridization study. Eur. J. Neurosci. 9, 1422-1438.
3. BLIGHT, A.R. (1992). Macrophages and inflammatory damage in spinal cord injury. J. Neurotrauma 9, 83-91.
4. BRACKEN, M.B., SHEPARD, M.J., COLLINS, W.F., et al. (1990). A randomized, controlled trial of methylprednisolone or naloxone in the treatment of acute spinal-cord injury. N. Engl. J. Med. 322, 1405-1411.
5. BUCHER, M., MALFERTHEINER, P., and UHL, W. (1993). Gabexate mesilate in human acute pancreatitis. Gastroenterology 104, 1165-1170.
6. CAMPBELL, E.J., SENIOR, R.M., McDONALD, J.A., and COX, D.L. (1982). Proteolysis by neutrophils. J. Clin. Invest. 70, 845-852.
7. CARLOS, T.M., and HARLAN, J.M. (1994). Leukocyte-endothelial adhesion molecules. Blood 84, 2068-2101.
8. DEMOPOULOS, H.B., YODER, M., GUTMAN, E.G., SELIGMAN, M.L., FLAMM, E.S., and RANSOHOFF, J. (1978). The fine structure of endothelial surfaces in the microcirculation of experimentally injured feline spinal cords. Scanning Electron Microsc. 2, 677-680.
9. DEMOPOULOS, H.B., FLAMM, E.S., PIETRONIGRO, D.D., and SELIGMAN, M.L. (1980). The free radical pathology and the microcirculation in the major central nervous system disorders. Acta. Physiol. Scand. Suppl. 492, 91-119.
10. EISENHUT, T., SINHA, B., and GROTTRUP-WOLFERS, E. (1993). Prostacyclin analog suppress the synthesis of tumor necrosis factor-α in LPS-stimulated human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Immunopharmacology 26, 259-264.
11. ESMON, C.T. (1992). The protein C anticoagulant pathway. Arterioscler. Thromb. 12, 135-145.
12. FRISBIE, J.H., and SHARMA, G.V.R.K. (1992). Circadian rhythm of pulmonary embolism in patients with acute SCI. Am. J. Cardiol. 70, 847-848.
13. GEISLER, F.H., DORSEY, F.C., and COLEMAN, W.P. (1991). Recovery of motor function after SCI: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial with GM-1 gangkioside. N. Engl. J. Med. 324, 1829-1838.
14. GOEBELL, H. (1988). Multicenter double-blind study of gabexate mesilate (FOY) given intravenously in low dose in acute pancreatitis. Digestion 40, 83.
15. GRANT, S.M., and GOA, K.L. (1992). Iloprost, a review of its pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties, and therapeutic potential in peripheral vascular diseases, mucocardial ischemia and extracorporeal circulation procedures. Drugs 43, 889-924.
16. GREY, S., HAU, H., SALEM, H.H., and HANCOCK, W.W. (1993). Selective effects of protein C on activation of human monocytes by lipopolysaccharide, interferon-g, or PMA: modulation of effects on CD11b and CD14 but not CD25 or CD54 induction. Transplant. Proc. 25, 2913-2914.
17. GREY, S.T, TSUCHIDA, A., HAU, H., ORTHNER, C.L., SALEM, H.H., and HANCOCK, W.W. (1994). Selective inhibitory effects of the anticoagulant activated protein C on the ponses of human mononuclear phagocytes to LPS, IFN-g, or phorbolester. J. Immunol. 153, 3664-3672.
18. GRINNELL, B.W., HERMANN, R.B., and YAN, S.B. (1994). Human protein C inhibits selectin-mediated cell adhesion: role of unique fucosylated oligosaccharide. Glycobiology 4, 221-225.
19. HAMADA, Y., IKATA, T., KATOH, S., et al. (1996). Involvement of an intracellular adhesion molecule 1-dependent pathway in the pathogenesis of secondary changes after SCI in rats. J. Neurochem. 66, 1525-1531.
20. 2 in rats. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 231, 52-55.
21. HARADA, N., OKAJIMA, K., and KUSHIMOTO, S. (1999). Gabexate mesilate, a synthetic protease inhibitor, reduces ischemia/reperfusion injury of rat liver by inhibiting leukocyte activation. Crit. Care Med. 27, 1958-1964.
22. HARLAN, J.M. (1987). Consequences of leukocytes-vessel wall interactions in inflammatory and immune reactions. Semin. Thromb. Hemost. 13, 425-433.
23. HOLTZ, A., NYSTROM, B., and GERDIN, B. (1989). Spinal cord injury in rats: inability of nimodipine or anti-neutrophil serum to improve spinal cord blood flow or neurologic status. Acta Neurol. Scand. 79, 460-467.
24. IWASA, K., IKATA, T., and FUKUZAWA, K. (1989). Protective effect of vitamin E on spinal cord injury by compression and concurrent lipid peroxidation. Free Radical Biol. Med. 6, 599-606.
25. KLEBANOFF, S.J., VADAS, M.A., and HARLAN, J.M. (1986). Stimulation of neutrophils by tumor necrosis factor. J. Immunol. 136, 4220-4225.
26. KOGA, S., OGAWA, S., KUWABATA, K., et al. (1992). Synthesis and release of interleukin 1 by reoxygenated human mononuclear phagocytes. J. Clin. Invest. 90, 1007-1015.
27. KUBES, P., JUTILA, M., and PAYNE, D. (1995). Therapeutic potential of inhibiting leukocyte rolling in ischemia/reperfusion. J. Clin. Invest. 95, 2510-2519.
28. KUSNER, D.J., and KING, C.H. (1989). Protease-modulation of neutrophil superoxide response. J. Immunol. 143, 1696-1702.
29. 2 production, adenine nucleotide release, and responses to vasoactive agents. J. Clin. Invest. 74, 1003-1010.
30. LIU, S., ADCOCK, I.M., OLD, R.V., BARNES, P.J., and EVANS, T.W. (1993). Lipopolysaccharide treatment in vivo induces wide-spread tissue expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase m-RNA. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 196, 1208-1213.
31. MARIA-RIVA, C., MORGANROTH, M.L., and LJUNGMAN, A.G. (1990). Iloprost inhibits neutrophil-induced lung injury and neutrophil adherence to endothelial monocytes. Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. 3, 301-309.
32. MEANS, E.D., and ANDERSON, D. (1983). Neuronophagia by leukocytes in experimental SCI. J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol. 42, 707-719.
33. MESSORI, A., RAMPAZZO, R., and SCROCCARO, G. (1995). Effectiveness of gabexate mesilate in acute pancreatitis. Dig. Dis. Sci. 40, 734-738.
34. MIYATA, M., UENO, Y., SEKINE, H., et al. (1996). Protective effect of beraprost sodium, a stable prostacyclin analogue, in development of monocrotaline-induced pulmonary hypertension. J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. 27, 20-26.
35. MONCADA, S., and VANE, J.R. (1979). Arachidonic acid metabolites and their interactions between platelets and blood vessel walls. N. Engl. J. Med. 300, 1142-1147.
36. MÜLLER, B., STURZEBECHR, S., and KRAIS, T. (1989). The experimental and clinical pharmacology of iloprost, in: The Pathophysiology of Critical Limb Ischaemia and Pharmacological Intervention with a Stable Prostacyclin Analogue, Iloprost. International Congress and Symposium Series No. 159, J.A. Dormandy (ed), Royal Society of Medicine Services Limited: London, pps. 33-50.
37. MULLIGAN, M.S., VARANI, J., and DAME, M.K. (1991). Role of endothelial-leukocyte adhesion molecule 1 (ELAM-1) in neutrophil-mediated lung injury in rats. J. Clin. Invest. 88, 1396-1406.
38. MURAKAMI, K., OKAJIMA, K., and UCHIBA, M. (1996a). Gabexate mesilate, a synthetic protease inhibitor, attenuates endotoxin-induced pulmonary vascular injury by inhibiting activated leukocytes. Crit. Care. Med. 24, 1047-1053.
39. MURAKAMI, K., OKAJIMA, K., UCHIBA, M., et al. (1996b). Activated protein C attenuates endotoxin-induced pulmonary vascular injury by inhibiting activated leukocytes in rats. Blood 87, 642-647.
40. MURAKAMI, K., OKAJIMA, K., UCHIBA, M., et al. (1997). Activated protein C prevents LPS-induced pulmonary vascular injury by inhibiting cytokine production. Am. J. Physiol. 272, L197-L202.
41. MYLLYNEN, P., KAMMONEN, M., and ROKKANEN, P. (1985). Deep venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism in patients with acute SCI: a comparison with non-paralyzed patients immobilized due to spinal fracture. J. Trauma 25, 541-546.
42. NAKAUCHI, K., IKATA, T., KATOH, S., HAMADA, Y., TSUCHIYA, K., and FUKUZAWA, K. (1996). Effects of lecithinized superoxide dismutase on rat SCI. J. Neurotrauma 13, 573-582.
43. NESHEIM, M.E., KETTNER, C., SHAW, E., and MANN, K.G. (1981). Cofactor dependence of factor Xa incorporation into the prothrombinase complex. J. Biol. Chem. 256, 6537-6540.
44. NYSTROM, B., and BERGLUND, J.-E. (1988). Spinal cord restitution following compression injuries in rats. Acta Neurol. Scand. 78, 467-472.
45. OKAMURA, T., NIHO, Y., ITOGA, T., et al. (1993). Treatment of disseminated intravascular coagulation and its prodromal stage with gabexate mesilate (FOY): a multi-center trial. Acta Haematol. (Basel) 90, 120-124.
46. OKUYAMA, M., KAMBAYASHI, J., SAKON, M., KAWASAKI, T., and MONDEN, M. (1995). PG12 analogue, sodium deraprost, suppresses superoxide generation in human neutrophils by inhibiting p47phox phosphorylation. Life Sci. 57, 1051-1059.
47. PEDERZOLI, P., CAVALLINI, G., and FALCONI, M. (1993). Gabexate mesilate vs aprotinin in human acute pancreatitis. Int. J. Pancreatol. 14, 117-124.
48. ROSSI, E.C., GREEN, D., and ROSEN, J.S. (1980). Sequential change in factor VIII and platelets preceding deep vein thrombosis in patients with SCI. Br. J. Haematol. 45, 143-151.
49. SCHRECK, R., ALBERMANN, K., and BAEUERLE, P.A. (1992). Nuclear factor kappa B: an oxidative stress-responsive transcription factor of eukaryotic cells (a review). Free Radic. Res. Commun. 12, 221-237.
50. SCHUTZE, S., MACHLEIDT, T., and KRONKE, M. (1994). The role of diacylglycerol and ceramide in tumor necrosis factor and interleukin-1 signal transduction. J. Leukoc. Biol. 56, 533-541.
51. SILVER, J.R. (1974). Prophylactic use of anticoagulant therapy in prevention of pulmonary emboli in one hundred consecutive spinal injury patients. Paraplegia 12, 188-196.
52. SIMPSON, P.J., MICKELSON, J., and FANTONE, J. (1987). Iloprost inhibits neutrophil function in vitro and in vivo and limits experimental infarct size in canine heart. Circ. Res. 60, 666-673.
53. STEPHENS, K.E., ISHIZAKA, A., and LARRICK, J.W. (1988). Tumor necrosis factor causes increased pulmonary permeability and edema. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 137, 1364-1370.
54. TAENAKA, N., SHIMADA, Y., and HIRATA, T. (1983). Gabexate mesilate (FOY) therapy of disseminated intravascular coagulation due to sepsis. Crit. Care. Med. 9, 735-738.
55. TAMURA, K., HIRADO, M., and OKAMURA, K. (1977). Synthetic inhibitors of trypsin, plasmin, kallikrein, thrombin, C1r, and C1 esterase. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 484, 417-422.
56. TAOKA, Y., NARUO, M., KOYANABI, E., URAKADO, M., and INOUE, M. (1995). Superoxide radicals play important roles in the pathogenesis of spinal cord injury. Paraplegia 33, 450-453.
57. TAOKA, Y., OKAJIMA, K., UCHIBA, M., et al. (1997a). Role of neutrophils in spinal I cord injury in the rat. Neuroscience 79, 1177-1182.
58. TAOKA, Y., OKAJIMA, K., UCHIBA, M., et al. (1997b). Reduction of SCI by administration of iloprost, a stable prostacyclin analog. J. Neurosurg. 86, 1007-1011.
59. TAOKA, Y., OKAJIMA, K., UCHIBA, M., et al. (1997c). Gabexate mesilate, a synthetic protease inhibitor, prevents compression-induced spinal cord injury by inhibiting activated leukocytes. Crit. Care Med. 25, 874-879.
60. TAOKA, Y., OKAJIMA, K., UCHIBA, M., et al. (1998a). Role of neutrophil elastase in compression-induced SCI in rats. Brain Res. (in press).
61. TAOKA, Y., OKAJIMA, K., UCHIBA, M., et al. (1998b). Activated protein C reduces the severity of compression-induced SCI in rats by inhibiting activation of leukocytes. J. Neurosci. 18, 1393-1398.
62. 125I-fibrinogen scanning, impedance plethysmorgraphy, and venography. Paraplegia 14, 50-57.
63. VALDERRAMA, R., PERREZ-MATEO, M., and NAVARRO, S. (1992). Multicenter double-blind trial of gabexate mesilate (FOY) in unselected patients with acute pancreatitis. Digestion 51, 65-70.
64. WALKER, F.J., SEXTON, P.W., and ESMON, C.T. (1979). The inhibition of blood coagulation by activated protein C through the selective inactivation of activated factor V. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 571, 333-342.
65. WANG, C.X., NUTTIN, B., HEREMANS, H., and GYBELS, R. (1996). Production of tumor necrosis factor in spinal cord following traumatic injury in rats. J. Neuroimmunol. 89, 151-156.
66. WATSON, M.L., LEWIS, G.P., and WESTWICK, J. (1989). Increased vascular permeability and polymorphonuclear leukocyte accumulation in vivo in response to recombinant cytokine and supernatant from cultures of human synovial cells treated with interleukin-1. Br. J. Exp. Pathol. 70, 93-101.
67. WEKSLER, B.B., JAFFE, E.A., BROWER, M.S., and COLE, O.F. (1989). Human leukocyte cathepsin G and elastase specifically suppress thrombin-induced prostacyclin production in human endothelial cells. Blood 74, 1627-1634.
68. WEYRICH, A.S., McINTYRE, T.M., McEVER, R.P., PRESCOTT, S.N., and ZIMMERMAN, G.A. (1995). Monocyte tethering by P-selectin regulates monocyte chemotactic protein-1 and tumor necrosis factor-α secretion. J. Clin. Invest. 95, 2297-2302.
69. WOODMAN, R.C., REINHARDT, P.H., KANWAR, S., JOHNSTON, F.L., and KUBES, P. (1993). Effects of human neutrophil elastase (HNE) on neutrophil function in vitro and in inflamed microvessels. Blood 82, 2188-2195.
70. XU, J., HSU, C.Y., LIU, T.H., HOGAN, E.L., PEROT, E., and TAI, H. (1990). Leukotriene B4 release and polymorphonuclear cell infiltration in SCI. J. Neurochem. 55, 907-912.
71. XU, J., QU, Z.X., HOGAN, E.L., and PEROT, J., P.L. (1992). Protective effect of methylprednisolone on vascular injury in rat SCI. J. Neurotrauma 9, 245-253.
72. YAKOVLEV, A.G., and FADEN, A.I. (1994). Sequential expression of c-fos protooncogene, TNF-alpha, and dynorphin genes in spinal cord following experimental traumatic injury. Mol. Chem. Neuropathol. 23, 179-190.
73. YANG, C.Y., CHANG-CHIEN, C.S., and LIAW, Y.F. (1987). Controlled trial of protease inhibitor gabexate mesilate (FOY) in the treatment of acute pancreatitis. Pancreas 6, 698-700.
74. YOUNG, W. (1988). Secondary CNS injury. J. Neurotrauma 5, 219-221.
75. ZHENG, H., CROWLEY, J.J., and CHAN, J.C. (1990). Attenuation of tumor necrosis factor-induced endothelial cell cytotoxicity and neutrophil chemiluminescence. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 142, 1073-1078.
76. ZIMMERMAN, B.J., and GRANGER, D.N. (1990). Reperfusion-induced leukocyte infiltration: role of elastase. Am. J. Physiol. 259, H390-H394.