Pyruvate: Metabolic protector of cardiac performance

Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine

Volumn 223, Issue 2, 2000, Pages 136-148

  Mallet, Robert T ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF NORTH TEXAS HEALTH SCIENCE CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

PYRUVATE DEHYDROGENASE; PYRUVIC ACID;

CALCIUM TRANSPORT; DRUG EFFECT; GLYCOLYSIS; HEART FAILURE; HEART FUNCTION; HEART MUSCLE CELL; HEART MUSCLE METABOLISM; HUMAN; INOTROPISM; MEMBRANE PERMEABILITY; MITOCHONDRIAL MEMBRANE; MITOCHONDRION; NONHUMAN; SHORT SURVEY;

EID: 0034042444     PISSN: 00379727     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1046/j.1525-1373.2000.22319.x     Document Type: Short Survey

References (130)

1. Majerus TC, Dasta JF, Bauman JL, Danziger LH, Ruffolo RR. Dobutamine: 10 years later. Pharmacotherapy 9:245-259, 1989.
2. Ito BR, Tate H, Kobayashi M, Schaper W. Reversibly injured, postischemic canine myocardium retains normal contractile reserve. Circ Res 61:834-846, 1987.
3. Ellis SG, Wynne J, Braunwald E, Henschke CI, Sandor T, Kloner RA. Response of reperfusion-salvaged, stunned myocardium to inotropic stimulation. Am Heart J 107:13-19, 1984.
4. Becker LC, Levine JH, DiPaula AF, Guarnieri T, Aversano T. Reversal of dysfunction in postischemic stunned myocardium by epinephrine and postextrasystolic potentiation. J Am Coll Cardiol 7:580-589, 1986.
5. Ko W, Zelano JA, Fahey AL, Herman K, Lang D, Isom OW, Krieger KH. The effects of amrinone versus dobutamine on myocardial mechanics and energetics after hypothermic global ischemia. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 105:1015-1024, 1993.
6. Zhou Z, Lasley RD, Hegge JO, Bünger R, Mentzer RM. Myocardial stunning: A therapeutic conundrum. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 110:1391-1401, 1995.
7. Singal PK, Kapur N, Dhillon KS, Beamish RE, Dhalla NS. Role of free radicals in catecholamine-induced cardiomyopathy. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 60:1390-1397, 1982.
8. Mallet RT, Hunger R. Metabolic protection of postischemic phosphorylation potential and ventricular performance. Adv Exp Med Biol 346:233-241, 1993.
9. Häggendal J, Jönsson L, Johansson G, Bjurström S, Carlsten J, Thorén-Tolling K. Catecholamine-induced free radicals in myocardial cell necrosis on experimental stress in pigs. Acta Physiol Scand 131:447-452, 1987.
10. Persoon-Rothert M, van der Valk-Kokshoorn EJM, Egas-Kenniphaas JM, Mauve I, van der Laarse A. Isoproterenol-induced cytotoxicity in neonatal rat heart cell cultures is mediated by free radical formation. J Mol Cell Cardiol 21:1285-1291, 1989.
11. Owen OE, Mozzoli MA, Boden G, Patel MS, Reichard GA Jr., Trapp V, Shuman CR, Felig P. Substrate, hormone, and temperature responses in males and females to a common breakfast. Metabolism 29:511-523, 1980.
12. Meierhenrich R, Jedicke H, Voigt A, Lange H. The effect of erythropoietin on lactate, pyruvate, and excess lactate under physical exercise in dialysis patients. Clin Nephrol 45:90-96, 1996.
13. Matwichuk CL, Taylor SM, Shmon CL, Kass PH, Shelton GD. Changes in rectal temperature and hematologic, biochemical, blood gas, and acid-base values in healthy labrador retrievers before and after strenuous exercise. Am J Vet Res 60:88-92, 1999.
14. Elia M, Folmer P, Schlatmann A, Goren A, Austin S. Carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism in muscle and in the whole body after mixed meal ingestion. Metabolism 37:542-551, 1988.
15. Dennis SC, Kohn MC, Anderson GJ, Garfinkel D. Kinetic analysis of monocarboxylate uptake into perfused rat hearts. J Mol Cell Cardiol 17:987-995, 1985.
16. Poole RC, Halestrap AP. Transport of lactate and other monocarboxylates across mammalian plasma membranes. Am J Physiol 264:C761-C782, 1993.
17. Poole RC, Halestrap AP, Price SJ, Levi AJ. The kinetics of transport of lactate and pyruvate into isolated cardiac myocytes from guinea pig: Kinetic evidence for the presence of a carrier distinct from that in erythrocytes and hepatocytes. Biochem J 264:409-418, 1989.
18. Wuntch T, Chen RF, Vesell ES. Lactate dehydrogenase isozymes: Kinetic properties at high enzyme concentration. Science 167:63-65, 1970.
19. 4) isozymes. J Biol Chem 241:1462-1467, 1966.
20. Ji LL, Stratman FW, Lardy HA. Chronic exercise training alters kinetic properties of rat skeletal muscle and myocardial lactate dehydrogenase. FEBS Lett 208:297-300, 1986.
21. Tienhaara R, Meany JE. The lactate dehydrogenase catalyzed reduction of pyruvate: Active substrate and substrate inhibition. Biochemistry 12:2067-2070, 1973.
22. Saier MH, Jenkins WT. Alanine aminotransferase. I. Purification and properties. J Biol Chem 242:91-100, 1967.
23. DeRosa G, Swick RW. Metabolic implications of the distribution of the alanine aminotransferase isoenzymes. J Biol Chem 250:7961-7967, 1975.
24. Taegtmeyer H, Peterson MB, Ragavan W, Ferguson AG, Lesch M. De nova alanine synthesis in isolated oxygen-deprived rabbit myocardium. J Biol Chem 252:5010-5018, 1977.
25. Mallet RT, Sun J. Mitochondrial metabolism of pyruvate is required for its enhancement of cardiac function and energetics. Cardiovasc Res 42:149-161, 1999.
26. Peuhkurinen KJ, Hassinen IE. Pyruvate carboxylation as an anaplerotic mechanism in the isolated perfused rat heart. Biochem J 202:67-76, 1982.
27. Peuhkurinen KJ, Hiltunen JK, Hassinen IE. Metabolic compartmentation of pyruvate in the isolated perfused rat heart. Biochem J 210:193-198, 1983.
28. Bünger R. Compartmented pyruvate in perfused working heart. Am J Physiol 249:H439-H449, 1985.
29. 13C]pyruvate. FEBS Lett 303:247-250, 1992.
30. Damico LA, White LT, Yu X, Lewandowski ED. Chemical versus isotopic equilibrium and the metabolic fate of glycolytic end products in the heart. J Mol Cell Cardiol 28:989-999, 1996.
31. Mowbray J. A mitochondrial monocarboxylate transporter in rat liver and heart and its possible function in cell control. Biochem J 148:41-47, 1975.
32. Halestrap AP, Scott RD, Thomas AP. Mitochondrial pyruvate transport and its hormonal regulation. Int J Biochem 11:97-105, 1980.
33. Halestrap AP. Pyruvate and ketone-body transport across the mitochondrial membrane: Exchange properties, pH-dependence and mechanism of the carrier. Biochem J 172:377-387, 1978.
34. Halestrap AP. The mitochondrial pyruvate carrier: Kinetics and specificity for substrates and inhibitors. Biochem J 148:85-96, 1975.
35. Bünger R, Mallet RT. Mitochondrial pyruvate transport in working guinea-pig heart: Work-related versus carrier-mediated control of pyruvate oxidation. Biochim Biophys Acta 1151:223-236, 1993.
36. Reed LJ. Regulation of mammalian pyruvate dehydrogenase complex by a phosphorylation-dcphosphorylation cycle. Curr Top Cell Regul 18:95-106, 1981.
37. Olson MS. Regulation of the mitochondrial multienzyme complexes in complex metabolic systems. Ann N Y Acad Sci 573:218-229, 1989.
38. Tsai CS, Burgett MW, Reed LJ. α-Keto acid dehydrogenase complexes. XX. A kinetic study of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex from bovine kidney. J Biol Chem 248:8348-8352, 1973.
39. Cooper RH, Randle PJ, Denton RM. Stimulation of phosphorylation and inactivation of pyruvate dehydrogenase by physiological inhibitors of the pyruvate dehydrogenase reaction. Nature 257:808-809, 1975.
40. Kerbey AL, Randle PJ, Cooper RH, Whitehouse S, Pask HT, Denton RM. Regulation of pyruvate dehydrogenase in rat heart: Mechanism of regulation of proportions of dephosphorylated and phosphorylated enzyme by oxidation of fatty acids and ketone bodies and of effects of diabetes: Role of coenzyme A, acetyl-coenzyme A, and reduced and oxidized nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide. Biochem J 154:327-348, 1976.
41. Kobayashi K, Neely JR. Mechanism of pyruvate dehydrogenase activation by increased cardiac work. J Mol Cell Cardiol 15:369-382, 1983.
42. Linn TC, Pettit FH, Reed LJ. α-Keto acid dehydrogenase complexes. X. Regulation of the activity of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex from beef kidney mitochondria by phosphorylation and dephosphorylation. Proc Nat Acad Sci U S A 62:234-241, 1969.
43. Pettit FH, Pelley JW, Reed LJ. Regulation of pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase and phosphatase by acetyl CoA/CoA and NADH/NAD ratios. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 65:575-582, 1975.
44. Cooper RH, Randle PJ, Denton RM. Regulation of heart muscle pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase. Biochem J 143:625-641, 1974.
45. Olson MS, Dennis SC, DeBuysere MS, Padma A. The regulation of pyruvate dehydrogenase in the isolated perfused rat heart. J Biol Chem 253:7369-7375, 1978.
46. Linn TC, Pettit FH, Hucho F, Reed LJ. α-Keto acid dehydrogenase complexes. XI. Comparative studies of regulatory properties of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complexes from kidney, heart, and liver mitochondria. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 64:227-234, 1969.
47. Saiki Y, Lopaschuk GD, Dodge K, Yamaya K, Morgan C, Rebeyka IM. Pyruvate augments mechanical function via activation of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex in reperfused ischemic immature rabbit hearts. J Surg Res 79:164-169, 1998.
48. 2+ concentration and the control of pyruvate dehydrogenase in isolated cardiac myocytes. Biochem J 241:145-151, 1987.
49. 2+ of inotropism and pyruvate dehydrogenase in perfused heart. Am J Physiol 247:C45-C52, 1984.
50. Weiland O, Siess E. Interconversion of phospho- and dephosphoforms of pig heart pyruvate dehydrogenase. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 65:947-954, 1970.
51. Peuhkurinen KJ. Regulation of the tricarboxylic acid cycle pool size in heart muscle. J Mol Cell Cardiol 16:487-495, 1984.
52. 13C NMR spectroscopy. J Biol Chem 263:6964-6971, 1988.
53. Davis EJ, Spydevold O, Bremer J. Pyruvate carboxylase and propionyl-CoA carboxylase as anaplerotic enzymes in skeletal muscle mitochondria. Eur J Biochem 110:255-262, 1980.
54. Brdiczka D, Pette D. Intra- and extramitochondrial isozymes of (NADP) malate dehydrogenase. Eur J Biochem 19:546-551, 1971.
55. Sundqvist KE, Hiltunen JK, Hassinen IE. Pyruvate carboxylation in the rat heart: Role of biotin-dependent enzymes. Biochem J 257:913-916, 1989.
56. Russell RR III, Taegtmeyer H. Pyruvate carboxylation prevents the decline in contractile function of rat hearts oxidizing acetoacetate. Am J Physiol 261:H1756-H1762, 1991.
57. Zweier JL, Jacobus WE. Substrate-induced alterations of high-energy phosphate metabolism and contractile function in the perfused heart. J Biol Chem 262:8015-8021, 1987.
58. van Bilsen M, van der Vusse GJ, Snoeckx LHEH, Arts T, Coumans WA, Willemsen PHM, Reneman RS. Effects of pyruvate on postischemic myocardial recovery at various workloads. Pflügers Arch 413:167-173, 1988.
59. 2+ uptake. Biochim Biophys Acta 1224:22-32, 1994.
60. 19F nuclear magnetic resonance study. Circ Res 83:898-907, 1998.
61. Liedtke AJ, Nellis SH, Neely JR, Hughes HC. Effects of treatment with pyruvate and tromethamine in experimental myocardial ischemia. Circ Res 39:378-387, 1976.
62. Liedtke AJ, Nellis SH. Effects of buffered pyruvate on regional cardiac function in moderate, short-term ischemia in swine heart. Circ Res 43:189-199, 1978.
63. Mentzer RM Jr., van Wylen DGL, Sodhi J, Weiss RJ, Lasley RD, Willis J, Bünger R, Flint LM. Effect of pyruvate on regional ventricular function in normal and stunned myocardium. Ann Surg 209:629-633, 1989.
64. Bünger R, Mallet RT, Hartman DA. Pyruvate-enhanced phosphorylation potential and inotropism in normoxic and postischemic isolated working heart: Near-complete prevention of reperfusion contractile failure. Eur J Biochem 180:221-233, 1989.
65. Tejero-Taldo MI, Sun J, Caffrey JL, Mallet RT. Pyruvate potentiates β-adrenergic inotropism of stunned guinea-pig myocardium. J Mol Cell Cardiol 30:2327-2339, 1998.
66. Tejero-Taldo MI, Caffrey JL, Sun J, Mallet RT. Antioxidant properties of pyruvate mediate its potentiation of β-adrenergic inotropism in stunned myocardium. J Mol Cell Cardiol 31:1863-1872, 1999.
67. Bolli R. Postischemic myocardial "stunning": Pathogenesis, pathophysiology, and clinical relevance. In: Yellon DM, Jennings RB, Eds. Myocardial Protection: The Pathophysiology of Reperfusion and Reperfusion Injury. New York: Raven Press, pp105-149, 1992.
68. Macdonald VW, Jacobus WE. Substrate-dependent functional defects and altered mitochondrial respiratory capacity in hearts from guinea pigs with iron deficiency anemia. Biochim Biophys Acta 891:103-114, 1987.
69. Fabiato A, Fabiato F. Effects of pH on the myofilaments and the sarcoplasmic reticulum of skinned cells from cardiac and skeletal muscles. J Physiol 276:233-255, 1978.
70. Solaro RJ, Lee JA, Kentish JC, Allen DG. Effects of acidosis on ventricular muscle from adult and neonatal rats. Circ Res 63:779-787, 1988.
71. Metzger JM. pH dependence of myosin binding-induced activation of the thin filament in cardiac myocytes and skeletal fibers. Am J Physiol 270:H1008-H1014, 1996.
72. Berger DS, Fellner SK, Robinson KA, Vlasica K, Godoy IE, Shroff SG. Disparate effects of three types of extracellular acidosis on left ventricular function. Am J Physiol 276:H582-H594, 1999.
73. Lasley RD, Hunger R, Zhou Z, Mentzer RM Jr. Metabolically based treatment of stunned myocardium. J Card Surg 9(Suppl):469-473, 1994.
74. eq of the creatine kinase reaction and other phosphate hydrolyses and phosphate transfer reactions. J Biol Chem 254:6528-6537, 1979.
75. Veech RL, Lawson JWR, Cornell NW, Krebs HA. Cytosolic phosphorylation potential. J Biol Chem 254:6538-6547, 1979.
76. Hunger R, Mukohara N, Kang YH, Mallet RT. Combined glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase/phosphoglycerate kinase in catecholamine-stimulated guinea-pig heart muscle: Comparison with mass-action ratio of creatine kinase. Eur J Biochem 202:913-921, 1991.
77. Laughlin MR, Heineman FW. The relationship between phosphorylation potential and redox state in the isolated working rabbit heart. J Mol Cell Cardiol 26:1525-1536, 1994.
78. Scholz TD, Laughlin MR, Balaban RS, Kupriyanov VV, Heineman FW. Effect of substrate on mitochondrial NADH, cytosolic redox state, and phosphorylated compounds in isolated hearts. Am J Physiol 268:H82-H91, 1995.
79. Kobayashi K, Neely JR. Effects of ischemia and reperfusion on pyruvate dehydrogenase activity in isolated rat hearts. J Mol Cell Cardiol 15:359-367, 1983.
80. Patel TR, Olson MS. Regulation of pyruvate dehydrogenase complex in ischemic rat heart. Am J Physiol 246:H858-H864, 1984.
81. Vary TC, Randle PJ. The effect of ischaemia on the activity of pyruvate dehydrogenase complex in rat heart. J Mol Cell Cardiol 16:723-733, 1984.
82. Wahr JA, Olszanski D, Childs KF, Bolling SF. Dichloroacetate enhanced myocardial functional recovery post-ischemia: ATP and NADH recovery. J Surg Res 63:220-224, 1996.
83. Lewandowski ED, White LT. Pyruvate dehydrogenase influences postischemic heart function. Circulation 91:2071-2079, 1995.
84. Barak C, Reed MK, Maniscalco SP, Sherry AD, Malloy CR, Jessen ME. Effects of dichloroacetate on mechanical recovery and oxidation of physiologic substrates after ischemia and reperfusion in the isolated heart. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 31:336-344, 1998.
85. Mazer CD, Cason BA, Stanley WC, Shnier CB, Wisneski JA, Hickey RF. Dichloroacetate stimulates carbohydrate metabolism but does not improve systolic function in ischemic pig heart. Am J Physiol 268:H879-H885, 1995.
86. Bersin RM, Stacpoole PW. Dichloroacetate as metabolic therapy for myocardial ischemia and failure. Am Heart J 134:841-855, 1997.
87. Mallet RT, Hartman DA, Bünger R. Glucose requirement for postischemic recovery of perfused working heart. Eur J Biochem 188:481-493, 1990.
88. Whitehouse S, Cooper RH, Randle PJ. Mechanism of activation of pyruvate dehydrogenase by dichloroacetate and other halogenated carboxylic acids. Biochem J 141:761-774, 1974.
89. Stanley WC, Hernandez LA, Spires D, Bringas J, Wallace S, McCormack JG. Pyruvate dehydrogenase activity and malonyl CoA levels in normal and ischemic swine myocardium: Effects of dichloroacetate. J Mol Cell Cardiol 28:905-914, 1996.
90. Matsuoka S, Toshima K, Naito E, Nakatsu T, Kuroda Y, Miyao M. Effects of dichloroacetate on the mechanical function of the isolated ischemic heart. Jpn Heart J 28:531-537, 1987.
91. Herzig JW, Peterson JW, Rüegg JC, Solaro RJ. Vanadate and phosphate ions reduce tension and increase cross-bridge kinetics in chemically skinned heart muscle. Biochim Biophys Acta 672:191-196, 1981.
92. Kentish JC. The effects of inorganic phosphate and creatine phosphate on force production in skinned muscles from rat ventricle. J Physiol 370:585-604, 1986.
93. Kawai M. Güth K, Winnikes K, Haist C, Rüegg JC. The effect of inorganic phosphate on the ATP hydrolysis rate and the tension transients in chemically skinned rabbit psoas fibers. Pflügers Arch 408:1-9, 1987.
94. Ebus JP, Stienen GJM, Elzinga G. Influence of phosphate and pH on myofibrillar ATPase activity and force in skinned cardiac trabeculae from rat. J Physiol 476:501-516, 1994.
95. Strauss JD, Bletz C, Rüegg JC. The calcium sensitizer EMD 53998 antagonizes phosphate-induced increases in energy cost of isometric tension in cardiac skinned fibres. Eur J Pharmacol 252:219-224, 1994.
96. Laughlin MR, Taylor J, Chesnick AS, DeGroot M, Balaban RS. Pyruvate and lactate metabolism in the in vivo dog heart. Am J Physiol 264:H2068-H2079, 1993.
97. Garland PB, Randle PJ, Newsholme EA. Citrate as an intermediary in the inhibition of phosphofructokinase in rat heart muscle by fatty acids, ketone bodies, pyruvate, diabetes, and starvation. Nature 200:169-170, 1963.
98. Cheng H, Lederer WJ, Cannell MB. Calcium sparks: Elementary events underlying excitation-contraction coupling in heart muscle. Science 262:740-744, 1993.
99. Martin BJ, Valdivia HH, Bünger R, Lasley RD, Mentzer RM Jr. Pyruvate augments calcium transients in rat ventricular myocytes. Am J Physiol 274:H8-H17, 1998.
100. Jeremy RW, Koretsune Y, Marban E, Becker LC. Relation between glycolysis and calcium homeostasis in postischemic myocardium. Circ Res 70:1180-1190, 1992.
101. Jeremy RW, Ambrosio G, Pike MM, Jacobus WE, Becker LC. The functional recovery of postischemic myocardium requires glycolysis during early reperfusion. J Mol Cell Cardiol 25:261-276, 1993.
102. 2+ transport. Circ Res 77:88-97, 1995.
103. Bolli R, Patel BS, Jeroudi MO, Lai EK, McCay PB. Demonstration of free radical generation in "stunned" myocardium of intact dogs with the use of the spin trap phenyl N-tert-butyl nitrone. J Clin Invest 82:476-485, 1988.
104. Bolli R. Causative role of oxyradicals in myocardial stunning: A proven hypothesis. Basic Res Cardiol 93:156-162, 1998.
105. Zweier JL, Flaherty JT, Weisfeldt ML. Direct measurement of free radical generation following reperfusion of ischemic myocardium. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 84:1404-1407, 1987.
106. Zweier JL, Kuppusamy P, Williams R, Rayburn BK, Smith D, Weisfeldt ML, Flaherty JT. Measurements and characterization of postischemic free radical generation in the isolated perfused heart. J Biol Chem 264:18890-18895, 1989.
107. Chatham JC, Gilbert HF, Radda GK. The metabolic consequences of hydroperoxide perfusion on the isolated rat heart. Eur J Biochem 184:657-662, 1989.
108. Brodie AE, Reed DJ. Cellular recovery of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase activity and thiol status after exposure to hydroperoxides. Arch Biochem Biophys 276:212-218, 1990.
109. Banerjee A, Grosso MA, Brown JM, Rogers KB, Whitman GJR. Oxygen metabolite effects on creatine kinase and cardiac energetics after reperfusion. Am J Physiol 261:H590-H597, 1991.
110. Crestanello JA, Kamelgard J, Whitman GJR. The cumulative nature of pyruvate's dual mechanism for myocardial protection. J Surg Res 59:198-204, 1995.
111. +-ATPase: Inactivation by neutrophil-derived free radicals and oxidants. Am J Physiol 259:H1330-H1336, 1990.
112. + pump current in isolated rabbit ventricular myocytes using the whole-cell voltage-clamp technique: Inhibition of the pump by oxidant stress. Circ Res 72:91-101, 1993.
113. Yanagida S, Luo CS, Doyle M, Pohost GM, Pike MM. Nuclear magnetic resonance studies of cationic and energetic alterations with oxidant stress in the perfused heart: Modulation with pyruvate and lactate. Circ Res 77:773-783, 1995.
114. Marcengill MB, Puri S, Puri SK, Mohanram A, Leonova E, Raymond RM, Watts. JA. Antioxidant effects of pyruvate in isolated rat hearts. J Mol Cell Cardiol 27:2059-2067, 1995.
115. Constantopoulos G, Barranger JA. Nonenzymatic decarboxylation of pyruvate. Anal Biochem 139:353-358, 1984.
116. DeBoer LWV, Bekx PA, Han L, Steinke L. Pyruvate enhances recovery of rat hearts after ischemia and reperfusion by preventing free radical generation. Am J Physiol 265:H1571-H1576, 1993.
117. Drummond GI. Inactivation of cardiac adenylate cyclase by oxidation, trivalent arsenicals, and N-ethylmaleimide. Arch Biochem Biophys 211:30-38, 1981.
118. Kaneko M, Chapman DC, Ganguly PK, Beamish RE, Dhalla NS. Modification of cardiac adrenergic receptors by oxygen free radicals. Am J Physiol 260:H821-H826, 1991.
119. Persad S, Takeda S, Panagia V, Dhalla NS. β-Adrenoceptor-linked signal transduction in ischemic-reperfused heart and scavenging of oxyradicals. J Mol Cell Cardiol 29:545-558, 1997.
120. Hori M, Koretsune Y, Kagiya T, Watanabe Y, Iwakura K, Iwai K, Kitabatake A, Yoshida H, Inoue M, Kamada T. An increase in myocardial β-adrenoceptors to compensate for postischaemic dysfunction following micro-embolisation in dogs. Cardiovasc Res 23:424-431, 1989.
121. Kiuchi K, Shen YT, Vatner SF. Mechanisms mediating responsiveness to β-adrenergic stimulation after coronary reperfusion in conscious dogs. Am J Physiol 267:H1578-H1588, 1994.
122. Halestrap AP, Kerr PM, Javadov S, Woodfield K-Y. Elucidating the molecular mechanism of the permeability transition pore and its role in reperfusion injury of the heart. Biochim Biophys Acta 1366:79-94, 1998.
123. Reed DJ, Savage MK. Influence of metabolic inhibitors on mitochondrial permeability transition and glutathione status. Biochim Biophys Acta 1271:43-50, 1995.
124. 2+-induced mitochondrial membrane permeabilization: Role of coenzyme Q redox state. Am J Physiol 269:C141-C147, 1995.
125. 2+ ions: A proposed model for phosphate-stimulated lipid peroxidation. J Biol Chem 271:2929-2934, 1996.
126. Kerr PM, Suleiman M-S, Halestrap AP. Reversal of permeability transition during recovery of hearts from ischemia and its enhancement by pyruvate. Am J Physiol 276:H496-H502, 1999.
127. Bindoli A, Callegaro MT, Barzon E, Benetti M, Rigobello MP. Influence of the redox state of pyridine nucleotides on mitochondrial sulfhydryl groups and permeability transition. Arch Biochem Biophys 342:22-28, 1997.
128. Rigobello MP, Turcato F, Bindoli A. Inhibition of rat liver mitochondrial permeability transition by respiratory substrates. Arch Biochem Biophys 319:225-230, 1995.
129. Hermann H-P, Pieske B, Schwarzmüller E, Keul J, Just H, Hasenfuss G. Haemodynamic effects of intracoronary pyruvate in patients with congestive heart failure: An open study. Lancet 353:1321-1323, 1999.
130. Gutterman DD, Chilian WM, Eastham CL, Inou T, White CW, Marcus ML. Failure of pyruvate to salvage myocardium after prolonged ischemia. Am J Physiol 250:H114-H120, 1986.