Dr Louis T. Wright and the NAACP: Pioneers in hospital racial integration

American Journal of Public Health

Volumn 90, Issue 6, 2000, Pages 883-892

  Reynolds, P Preston ^a  

^a JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

HUMAN RIGHTS; MEDICAL EDUCATION; MEDICAL PRACTICE; RACE; REVIEW;

EID: 0034041183     PISSN: 00900036     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.90.6.883     Document Type: Review

References (127)

1. L. T. Wright, address for the 28th NAACP annual convention (1937), 3, box 130-6, folder 19, Louis T. Wright Papers, Moorland-Spingarn Research Center, Howard University.
2. L. T. Wright, "I Remember," 1, 2, box 130-1, folder 12, Wright Papers, Moorland-Spingarn Research Center.
3. C. W. McMahon to Professor K.E. Bisbee, 7 November 1878, box 1, file 1, folder: Wright, Ceah Kentchen, Wright Papers, Moorland-Spingarn Research Center.
4. C. K. Wright, Meharry Medical College valedictorian address, box 1, file 1, folder: Wright, Ceah Kentchen, Wright Papers, Moorland-Spingarn Research Center.
5. Ibid.
6. L. T. Wright, "I Remember," 2, 3.
7. Ibid., 3; J. P. Brawley, The Clark College Legacy: An Interpretative History of Relevant Education, 1869-1975 (Atlanta, Ga: Clark College, 1977), 1-63.
8. Ibid., 3; J. P. Brawley, The Clark College Legacy: An Interpretative History of Relevant Education, 1869-1975 (Atlanta, Ga: Clark College, 1977), 1-63.
9. L. T. Wright, "I Remember" 3.
10. Biographical clipping, box 1, file 2, folder: William Fletcher Penn, Wright Papers, Moorland-Spingarn Research Center.
11. Biographical clipping, box 1, file 4, folder: William Fletcher Penn, Wright Papers, Moorland-Spingarn Research Center.
12. Biographical clipping, box 1, file 2, folder: William Fletcher Penn, Wright Papers, Moorland-Spingarn Research Center.
13. Ibid.
14. L. T. Wright, "I Remember," 9.
15. Ibid., 9, 10; A. del Maynard, Surgeons for the Poor (New York, NY: Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1978), 97.
16. Ibid., 9, 10; A. del Maynard, Surgeons for the Poor (New York, NY: Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1978), 97.
17. L. T. Wright, "I Remember," 13.
18. Ibid., 10, 11, 13.
19. J. Arthur Turner to "Dear Louis," 24 June 1911, box 5, folder 77, Wright Papers, Countway Library, Harvard University.
20. L. T. Wright, "I Remember," 16-32.
21. L. T. Wright, "I Remember," 23; W. M. Cobb, "Louis Tompkins Wright, 1891-1952," Journal of the National Medical Association 45 (1953): 130-148; R. Wilkins, "Louis T. Wright: Fighter for Equality and Excellence," The Crisis, May 1963, 261-269.
22. L. T. Wright, "I Remember," 23; W. M. Cobb, "Louis Tompkins Wright, 1891-1952," Journal of the National Medical Association 45 (1953): 130-148; R. Wilkins, "Louis T. Wright: Fighter for Equality and Excellence," The Crisis, May 1963, 261-269.
23. L. T. Wright, "I Remember," 23; W. M. Cobb, "Louis Tompkins Wright, 1891-1952," Journal of the National Medical Association 45 (1953): 130-148; R. Wilkins, "Louis T. Wright: Fighter for Equality and Excellence," The Crisis, May 1963, 261-269.
24. L. T. Wright, "I Remember," 25.
25. Ibid., 44-46; A. del Maynard, Surgeons for the Poor, 97; Wilkins, "Fighter for Equality and Excellence."
26. Ibid., 44-46; A. del Maynard, Surgeons for the Poor, 97; Wilkins, "Fighter for Equality and Excellence."
27. Ibid., 44-46; A. del Maynard, Surgeons for the Poor, 97; Wilkins, "Fighter for Equality and Excellence."
28. E. H. Bradford, dean, to Mr I. Garland Penn, 14 September 1916, box 5, folder 80, Wright Papers, Countway Library.
29. L. T. Wright, "I Remember," 43, 44, 46, 55; A. del Maynard, Surgeons for the Poor, 96; Andrew Weinberger to W. Montague Cobb, 14 April 1953; W. Montague Cobb to Andrew D. Weinberger, 16 April 1953, NAACP group II, box A149, General Office File, file: Board of Directors, Louis T. Wright, Death of, 1952, Library of Congress Manuscript Collection.
30. L. T. Wright, "I Remember," 43, 44, 46, 55; A. del Maynard, Surgeons for the Poor, 96; Andrew Weinberger to W. Montague Cobb, 14 April 1953; W. Montague Cobb to Andrew D. Weinberger, 16 April 1953, NAACP group II, box A149, General Office File, file: Board of Directors, Louis T. Wright, Death of, 1952, Library of Congress Manuscript Collection.
31. L. T. Wright, "I Remember," 55.
32. L. T. Wright, "The Effect of Alcohol in the Rate of Discharge From the Stomach," Boston Medical and Surgical Journal 175 (1916): 627-629.
33. L. T. Wright, "I Remember," 32, 33.
34. L. T. Wright to Commissioner S. McKenney, Fair Employment Practice Commission, 4 June 1947, box 5, folder 91; Malcolm T. MacEachern to Louis T. Wright, 15 April 1915, box 5, folder 79, Wright Papers, Countway Library.
35. L. T. Wright, "I Remember," 57.
36. Walter Van Sweringen to Mr Garland Penn, 8 September 1916, box 5, folder 80, Wright Papers, Countway Library.
37. L. T. Wright, "The Schick Test: With Especial Reference to the Negro," Journal of Infectious Diseases 21 (1917): 265-268.
38. "Dr Louis T. Wright, Fought for Rights," New York Amsterdam News, 25 April 1953, box 7, folder 121, Wright Papers, Countway Library.
39. W. M. Cobb, "Progress and Portents for the Negro in Medicine," The Crisis. April 1948, 107-122; see statistics, 108.
40. A. Flexner, "The Medical Education of the Negro," in Medical Education in the United States and Canada: A Report to the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching (Boston, Mass: The Merrymount Press, 1910), 180-181.
41. W. M. Cobb, "Progress and Portents for the Negro in Medicine," statistics, 109.
42. W. M. Cobb, Medical Care and the Plight of the Negro (New York, NY: National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, August 1947), 1-39; E. H. L. Corwin and G. E. Sturges, Opportunities for the Medical Education of Negroes (New York, NY: Charles Scribner & Sons, 1936), 1-14; G. Myrdal, An American Dilemma: The Negro Problem and Modern Democracy (New York, NY: Harper & Row, 1944, reissued 1962), 322-325, 635.
43. W. M. Cobb, Medical Care and the Plight of the Negro (New York, NY: National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, August 1947), 1-39; E. H. L. Corwin and G. E. Sturges, Opportunities for the Medical Education of Negroes (New York, NY: Charles Scribner & Sons, 1936), 1-14; G. Myrdal, An American Dilemma: The Negro Problem and Modern Democracy (New York, NY: Harper & Row, 1944, reissued 1962), 322-325, 635.
44. W. M. Cobb, Medical Care and the Plight of the Negro (New York, NY: National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, August 1947), 1-39; E. H. L. Corwin and G. E. Sturges, Opportunities for the Medical Education of Negroes (New York, NY: Charles Scribner & Sons, 1936), 1-14; G. Myrdal, An American Dilemma: The Negro Problem and Modern Democracy (New York, NY: Harper & Row, 1944, reissued 1962), 322-325, 635.
45. W. M. Cobb, Medical Care and the Plight of the Negro, 32-33.
46. Ray Springle story no. 15, "A Marble Monument to Cruelty," NAACP group II, box 73, General Office File, file: Articles, Springle, Ray, "In the Land of Jim Crow, 1948," Library of Congress Manuscript Collection; reports from studies of basic civil rights for negroes (1935), box 8, folder 138, Wright Papers, Countway Library; Corwin and Sturges, Opportunities, 1-14; Myrdal, American Dilemma, 169, 635-636, 795-796; P. P. Reynolds, "Hospitals and Civil Rights, 1945-1963: The Case of Simkins v. Moses H. Cone Memorial Hospital," Annals of Internal Medicine 126(1997): 898-906;
47. Ray Springle story no. 15, "A Marble Monument to Cruelty," NAACP group II, box 73, General Office File, file: Articles, Springle, Ray, "In the Land of Jim Crow, 1948," Library of Congress Manuscript Collection; reports from studies of basic civil rights for negroes (1935), box 8, folder 138, Wright Papers, Countway Library; Corwin and Sturges, Opportunities, 1-14; Myrdal, American Dilemma, 169, 635-636, 795-796; P. P. Reynolds, "Hospitals and Civil Rights, 1945-1963: The Case of Simkins v. Moses H. Cone Memorial Hospital," Annals of Internal Medicine 126(1997): 898-906;
48. Ray Springle story no. 15, "A Marble Monument to Cruelty," NAACP group II, box 73, General Office File, file: Articles, Springle, Ray, "In the Land of Jim Crow, 1948," Library of Congress Manuscript Collection; reports from studies of basic civil rights for negroes (1935), box 8, folder 138, Wright Papers, Countway Library; Corwin and Sturges, Opportunities, 1-14; Myrdal, American Dilemma, 169, 635-636, 795-796; P. P. Reynolds, "Hospitals and Civil Rights, 1945-1963: The Case of Simkins v. Moses H. Cone Memorial Hospital," Annals of Internal Medicine 126(1997): 898-906;
49. Ray Springle story no. 15, "A Marble Monument to Cruelty," NAACP group II, box 73, General Office File, file: Articles, Springle, Ray, "In the Land of Jim Crow, 1948," Library of Congress Manuscript Collection; reports from studies of basic civil rights for negroes (1935), box 8, folder 138, Wright Papers, Countway Library; Corwin and Sturges, Opportunities, 1-14; Myrdal, American Dilemma, 169, 635-636, 795-796; P. P. Reynolds, "Hospitals and Civil Rights, 1945-1963: The Case of Simkins v. Moses H. Cone Memorial Hospital," Annals of Internal Medicine 126(1997): 898-906;
50. Ray Springle story no. 15, "A Marble Monument to Cruelty," NAACP group II, box 73, General Office File, file: Articles, Springle, Ray, "In the Land of Jim Crow, 1948," Library of Congress Manuscript Collection; reports from studies of basic civil rights for negroes (1935), box 8, folder 138, Wright Papers, Countway Library; Corwin and Sturges, Opportunities, 1-14; Myrdal, American Dilemma, 169, 635-636, 795-796; P. P. Reynolds, "Hospitals and Civil Rights, 1945-1963: The Case of Simkins v. Moses H. Cone Memorial Hospital," Annals of Internal Medicine 126(1997): 898-906;
51. P. P. Reynolds, "The Federal Government's Use of Title VI and Medicare to Racially Integrate Hospitals in the United States, 1963 Through 1965," American Journal of Public Health 87 (1997): 1850-1858.
52. The University of the State of New York, 5 November 1915, box 5, folder 79; Joseph S. Forrester, Jr, Sec'y of medical school fraternity, to "Dear Brother," 21 February 1916, box 5, folder 80, Wright Papers, Countway Library; F. Kingdom, "Patriot and Physician," The Crisis, January 1940, 14, 15, 27.
53. L. T. Wright, "I Remember," 68-72; remarks by Louis T. Wright at the dedication of the Louis Tompkins Wright Library of Harlem Hospital, 30 April 1952, NAACP group II, box A149, General Office File, Board of Directors, Louis T. Wright - General, May 1950-1952, Library of Congress Manuscript Collection; Wilkins, "Fighter for Equality and Excellence."
54. L. T. Wright, "I Remember," 68-72; remarks by Louis T. Wright at the dedication of the Louis Tompkins Wright Library of Harlem Hospital, 30 April 1952, NAACP group II, box A149, General Office File, Board of Directors, Louis T. Wright - General, May 1950-1952, Library of Congress Manuscript Collection; Wilkins, "Fighter for Equality and Excellence."
55. L. T. Wright, "I Remember," 74; L. T. Wright, The Crisis, December 1919, 65.
56. L. T. Wright, "I Remember," 74; L. T. Wright, The Crisis, December 1919, 65.
57. L. T. Wright, "I Remember," 74-92; "Honors: Louis T. Wright," Harvard Medical Alumni Bulletin 26 (1952): 143-145, biographical file: Wright, Louis T., Robert W. Woodruff Archives and Special Collections, Atlanta University Center; F. Kingdom, "Patriot and Physician," 14-15, 27; A. del Maynard, Surgeons for the Poor, 5, 97.
58. L. T. Wright, "I Remember," 74-92; "Honors: Louis T. Wright," Harvard Medical Alumni Bulletin 26 (1952): 143-145, biographical file: Wright, Louis T., Robert W. Woodruff Archives and Special Collections, Atlanta University Center; F. Kingdom, "Patriot and Physician," 14-15, 27; A. del Maynard, Surgeons for the Poor, 5, 97.
59. L. T. Wright, "I Remember," 74-92; "Honors: Louis T. Wright," Harvard Medical Alumni Bulletin 26 (1952): 143-145, biographical file: Wright, Louis T., Robert W. Woodruff Archives and Special Collections, Atlanta University Center; F. Kingdom, "Patriot and Physician," 14-15, 27; A. del Maynard, Surgeons for the Poor, 5, 97.
60. L. T. Wright, "I Remember," 74-92; "Honors: Louis T. Wright," Harvard Medical Alumni Bulletin 26 (1952): 143-145, biographical file: Wright, Louis T., Robert W. Woodruff Archives and Special Collections, Atlanta University Center; F. Kingdom, "Patriot and Physician," 14-15, 27; A. del Maynard, Surgeons for the Poor, 5, 97.
61. L. T. Wright, "I Remember," 74-92; "Honors: Louis T. Wright," Harvard Medical Alumni Bulletin 26 (1952): 143-145, biographical file: Wright, Louis T., Robert W. Woodruff Archives and Special Collections, Atlanta University Center; F. Kingdom, "Patriot and Physician," 14-15, 27; A. del Maynard, Surgeons for the Poor, 5, 97.
62. L. T. Wright, The Crisis, December 1919, 65; L. T. Wright, "I Remember," 92, 93.
63. L. T. Wright, The Crisis, December 1919, 65; L. T. Wright, "I Remember," 92, 93.
64. "Honors: Louis T. Wright"; L. T. Wright, "I Remember," 92-94; T. Edwards and M. Gitlin, "Surgeon for Democracy," Coronet, April 1946, 118-120; A. del Maynard, Surgeons for the Poor, 18-22.
65. "Honors: Louis T. Wright"; L. T. Wright, "I Remember," 92-94; T. Edwards and M. Gitlin, "Surgeon for Democracy," Coronet, April 1946, 118-120; A. del Maynard, Surgeons for the Poor, 18-22.
66. "Honors: Louis T. Wright"; L. T. Wright, "I Remember," 92-94; T. Edwards and M. Gitlin, "Surgeon for Democracy," Coronet, April 1946, 118-120; A. del Maynard, Surgeons for the Poor, 18-22.
67. "Honors: Louis T. Wright"; L. T. Wright, "I Remember," 92-94; T. Edwards and M. Gitlin, "Surgeon for Democracy," Coronet, April 1946, 118-120; A. del Maynard, Surgeons for the Poor, 18-22.
68. Edwards and Gitlin, "Surgeon for Democracy."
69. L. T. Wright, "I Remember," 96; Edwards and Gitlin, "Surgeon for Democracy"; A. del Maynard, Surgeons for the Poor, 98; score card for civil service examination, box 6, folder 106, Wright Papers, Countway Library.
70. L. T. Wright, "I Remember," 96; Edwards and Gitlin, "Surgeon for Democracy"; A. del Maynard, Surgeons for the Poor, 98; score card for civil service examination, box 6, folder 106, Wright Papers, Countway Library.
71. L. T. Wright, "I Remember," 96; "1st Refused Seat Then Appointed as Police Surgeon - Waited Until 1/29," memorandum for Mr Arthur B. Spingarn, presiding, June 29, NAACP group I, box B12, Annual Conference File, Baltimore, 25 June 1929, Library of Congress Manuscript Collection.
72. L. T. Wright, "I Remember," 96; "1st Refused Seat Then Appointed as Police Surgeon -Waited Until 1/29," memorandum for Mr Arthur B. Spingarn, presiding, June 29, NAACP group I, box B12, Annual Conference File, Baltimore, 25 June 1929, Library of Congress Manuscript Collection.
73. A. del Maynard, draft text, file: Louis T. Wright - Miscellaneous, A. del Maynard Papers, New York Academy of Medicine; A. del Maynard, "Internship and Houseship," in Surgeons for the Poor, 22, 40-55, 94; L. T. Wright, remarks at the dedication of the Louis T. Wright Library of Harlem Hospital, NAACP group II, box A149, General Office File, Board of Directors, Louis T. Wright - General, 1945-1947, Library of Congress Manuscript Collection; L. T. Wright, remarks at the Louis T. Wright Testimonial Dinner of the Harlem Surgical Society, 28 November 1946, NAACP group II, box A149, General Office File, Board of Directors, Louis T. Wright - General, 1945-1947, Library of Congress Manuscript Collection; L. T. Wright, "Memorandum, Graduate Training in Surgery - Tentative Plan," box 4, folder 61, Wright Papers, Countway Library.
74. A. del Maynard, draft text, file: Louis T. Wright - Miscellaneous, A. del Maynard Papers, New York Academy of Medicine; A. del Maynard, "Internship and Houseship," in Surgeons for the Poor, 22, 40-55, 94; L. T. Wright, remarks at the dedication of the Louis T. Wright Library of Harlem Hospital, NAACP group II, box A149, General Office File, Board of Directors, Louis T. Wright - General, 1945-1947, Library of Congress Manuscript Collection; L. T. Wright, remarks at the Louis T. Wright Testimonial Dinner of the Harlem Surgical Society, 28 November 1946, NAACP group II, box A149, General Office File, Board of Directors, Louis T. Wright - General, 1945-1947, Library of Congress Manuscript Collection; L. T. Wright, "Memorandum, Graduate Training in Surgery - Tentative Plan," box 4, folder 61, Wright Papers, Countway Library.
75. A. del Maynard, draft text, file: Louis T. Wright - Miscellaneous, A. del Maynard Papers, New York Academy of Medicine; A. del Maynard, "Internship and Houseship," in Surgeons for the Poor, 22, 40-55, 94; L. T. Wright, remarks at the dedication of the Louis T. Wright Library of Harlem Hospital, NAACP group II, box A149, General Office File, Board of Directors, Louis T. Wright - General, 1945-1947, Library of Congress Manuscript Collection; L. T. Wright, remarks at the Louis T. Wright Testimonial Dinner of the Harlem Surgical Society, 28 November 1946, NAACP group II, box A149, General Office File, Board of Directors, Louis T. Wright - General, 1945-1947, Library of Congress Manuscript Collection; L. T. Wright, "Memorandum, Graduate Training in Surgery -Tentative Plan," box 4, folder 61, Wright Papers, Countway Library.
76. Louis T. Wright to Hon F. H. LaGuardia, 19 June 1942, box 130-1, folder 24, Wright Papers, Moorland-Spingarn Research Center; A. del Maynard, draft text; Charles J. Dillon, chief surgeon, "Memorandum for the Police Commissioner," 25 June 1942, box 130-1, folder 24, Wright Papers, Moorland-Spingarn Research Center; J. Burns Simberson, Jr, MD, visiting surgeon in charge, Bellevue Hospital Tuberculosis Service, 16 April 1941, "To Whom It May Concern," box 6, folder 112, Wright Papers, Countway Library; memorandums and correspondence to and from Louis T. Wright and the NAACP staff, 1940-1944, NAACP group II, box A149, General Office File, Board of Directors, Louis T. Wright - General, 1940-1944, Library of Congress Manuscript Collection.
77. Louis T. Wright to Hon F. H. LaGuardia, 19 June 1942, box 130-1, folder 24, Wright Papers, Moorland-Spingarn Research Center; A. del Maynard, draft text; Charles J. Dillon, chief surgeon, "Memorandum for the Police Commissioner," 25 June 1942, box 130-1, folder 24, Wright Papers, Moorland-Spingarn Research Center; J. Burns Simberson, Jr, MD, visiting surgeon in charge, Bellevue Hospital Tuberculosis Service, 16 April 1941, "To Whom It May Concern," box 6, folder 112, Wright Papers, Countway Library; memorandums and correspondence to and from Louis T. Wright and the NAACP staff, 1940-1944, NAACP group II, box A149, General Office File, Board of Directors, Louis T. Wright - General, 1940-1944, Library of Congress Manuscript Collection.
78. L. T. Wright, "I Remember," 36.
79. Edwards and Gitlin, "Surgeon for Democracy"; L. T. Wright, address for the 28th NAACP annual convention.
80. W. M. Cobb, Medical Care and the Plight of the Negro, 5-6; digest of the report of the President's Committee on Civil Rights, To Secure These Rights (Chicago, III: American Council on Race Relations, 1947), NAACP group II, box A482, General Office File, President's Committee on Civil Rights, "Statements, Reports, and Press Releases," Library of Congress Manuscript Collection.
81. W. M. Cobb, Medical Care and the Plight of the Negro, 5-6; digest of the report of the President's Committee on Civil Rights, To Secure These Rights (Chicago, III: American Council on Race Relations, 1947), NAACP group II, box A482, General Office File, President's Committee on Civil Rights, "Statements, Reports, and Press Releases," Library of Congress Manuscript Collection.
82. L. B. Wheildon, "Negro Segregation," Editorial Research Reports 3 (1947): 826, NAACP group II, box A481, General Office File, President's Commission on Civil Rights, Correspondence, General, November-December 1947, Library of Congress Manuscript Collection.
83. W. M. Cobb, "Progress and Portents for the Negro in Medicine," tables, 125, 126; statistics, 116.
84. W. M. Cobb, Medical Care and the Plight of the Negro, 16-19; see tables 3, 5, and 7.
85. "The Manhattan Medical Society," New England Journal of Medicine 214 (1936): 434-435; "Doctors Who Resigned From North Harlem," New York Age, 31 May 1930, box 7, folder 117; L. T. Wright, "Health Problems of the Negro," Interracial Review, January 1935, 5-8; position of the Manhattan Medical Society on Harlem Hospital and position of the Manhattan Medical Society on Segregation, box 4, folder 61; list of physicians who resigned from North Harlem Medical Society and "North Harlem Medical Society Repudiated," box 4, folder 70; "Pamphlet No. 3: Past, Present and Future Activities of the Manhattan Medical Society," approved by the society on 2 October 1935, box 3, folder 55; "Charitable Segregation: The Julius Rosenwald Fund Not Wanted by Colored New Yorkers," The Fraternal Review, 10 January 1931, 1-2; memorandum on the Julius Rosenwald Fund, box 3, folder 52; "Doctors Protest 'Jim Crow' Hospital," box 3, folder 52; Louis T. Wright to Dr H. L. Harris, Jr, box 3, folder 51, Wright Papers, Countway Library.
86. "The Manhattan Medical Society," New England Journal of Medicine 214 (1936): 434-435; "Doctors Who Resigned From North Harlem," New York Age, 31 May 1930, box 7, folder 117; L. T. Wright, "Health Problems of the Negro," Interracial Review, January 1935, 5-8; position of the Manhattan Medical Society on Harlem Hospital and position of the Manhattan Medical Society on Segregation, box 4, folder 61; list of physicians who resigned from North Harlem Medical Society and "North Harlem Medical Society Repudiated," box 4, folder 70; "Pamphlet No. 3: Past, Present and Future Activities of the Manhattan Medical Society," approved by the society on 2 October 1935, box 3, folder 55; "Charitable Segregation: The Julius Rosenwald Fund Not Wanted by Colored New Yorkers," The Fraternal Review, 10 January 1931, 1-2; memorandum on the Julius Rosenwald Fund, box 3, folder 52; "Doctors Protest 'Jim Crow' Hospital," box 3, folder 52; Louis T. Wright to Dr H. L. Harris, Jr, box 3, folder 51, Wright Papers, Countway Library.
87. "The Manhattan Medical Society," New England Journal of Medicine 214 (1936): 434-435; "Doctors Who Resigned From North Harlem," New York Age, 31 May 1930, box 7, folder 117; L. T. Wright, "Health Problems of the Negro," Interracial Review, January 1935, 5-8; position of the Manhattan Medical Society on Harlem Hospital and position of the Manhattan Medical Society on Segregation, box 4, folder 61; list of physicians who resigned from North Harlem Medical Society and "North Harlem Medical Society Repudiated," box 4, folder 70; "Pamphlet No. 3: Past, Present and Future Activities of the Manhattan Medical Society," approved by the society on 2 October 1935, box 3, folder 55; "Charitable Segregation: The Julius Rosenwald Fund Not Wanted by Colored New Yorkers," The Fraternal Review, 10 January 1931, 1-2; memorandum on the Julius Rosenwald Fund, box 3, folder 52; "Doctors Protest 'Jim Crow' Hospital," box 3, folder 52; Louis T. Wright to Dr H. L. Harris, Jr, box 3, folder 51, Wright Papers, Countway Library.
88. "The Manhattan Medical Society," New England Journal of Medicine 214 (1936): 434-435; "Doctors Who Resigned From North Harlem," New York Age, 31 May 1930, box 7, folder 117; L. T. Wright, "Health Problems of the Negro," Interracial Review, January 1935, 5-8; position of the Manhattan Medical Society on Harlem Hospital and position of the Manhattan Medical Society on Segregation, box 4, folder 61; list of physicians who resigned from North Harlem Medical Society and "North Harlem Medical Society Repudiated," box 4, folder 70; "Pamphlet No. 3: Past, Present and Future Activities of the Manhattan Medical Society," approved by the society on 2 October 1935, box 3, folder 55; "Charitable Segregation: The Julius Rosenwald Fund Not Wanted by Colored New Yorkers," The Fraternal Review, 10 January 1931, 1-2; memorandum on the Julius Rosenwald Fund, box 3, folder 52; "Doctors Protest 'Jim Crow' Hospital," box 3, folder 52; Louis T. Wright to Dr H. L. Harris, Jr, box 3, folder 51, Wright Papers, Countway Library.
89. "Rosenwald Fund and Negro Hospitals," minutes of the meeting of the Board of Directors of the NAACP, 9 March 1931, box 4, folder 56, Wright Papers, Countway Library; Walter White to Mr Theodore Berry, president, Cincinnati Branch, 5 June 1933, NAACP group I, box B9, Annual Conference File, Chicago, June 5-7, 1933.
90. Memorandums and clippings, NAACP group II, box A149, General Office File, Board of Directors, Louis Wright - Death of, 1952; Wilkins, "Fighter for Equality and Excellence"; memorandum for Mr Arthur B. Spingarn, presiding, June 29, NAACP group 1, box B12, Annual Conference File, Baltimore, June 25, 1936.
91. L. T. Wright, "The 26th Year of the NAACP," The Crisis, August 1936, 244, 245, 251.
92. L. T. Wright, address for the 28th NAACP annual convention, 13-14; resolutions adopted by the 28th Annual Conference of the NAACR 29 June-4 July 1937, NAACP group I, box B13, Annual Conference File, Speeches May-June 1937; press release, "Jim Crow in Health Called 'Murderous,'" NAACP group I, box B14, Annual Conference File, July 1-7, 1937.
93. L. T. Wright, address for the 28th NAACP annual convention, 13-14; resolutions adopted by the 28th Annual Conference of the NAACR 29 June-4 July 1937, NAACP group I, box B13, Annual Conference File, Speeches May-June 1937; press release, "Jim Crow in Health Called 'Murderous,'" NAACP group I, box B14, Annual Conference File, July 1-7, 1937.
94. L. T. Wright, address for the 30th NAACP annual convention (1939), 2, box 130-6, folder 24, Wright Papers, Moorland-Spingarn Research Center.
95. "Honors: Louis T. Wright"; Louis T. Wright, winner of Spingarn Medal for 1940, 26 January 1940, NAACP group II, box A149, General Office File, Board of Directors, Louis T. Wright - General, 1940-1944, Library of Congress Manuscript Collection; L. T. Wright, acceptance speech, 19 June 1940, box 130-6, folder 22, Wright Papers, Moorland-Spingarn Research Center.
96. L. T. Wright, testimony: "Statement re: Senate Bill 191," 19 March 1945, Congressional Record, 12 July 1945, A3680-A3681; statement of Louis T. Wright, chairman, Board of Directors, NAACP, submitted to the Senate Education and Labor Committee in support of S 191, 23 March 1945, box 130-6, folder 23, Wright Papers, Moorland-Spingarn Research Center.
97. "Fight Against Jim Crow," Louis T. Wright to Dr Lattimore, 1 February 1948; memorandum, "The Atlanta Plan," NAACP group II, box A149, General Office File, Board of Directors, Louis T. Wright - General, 1948-1949, Library of Congress Manuscript Collection; memorandum on the Julius Rosenwald Fund; memorandum of the Board of Directors of NAACP re opposition to Julius Rosenwald Fund Hospital in New York City, 27 January 1931, box 3, folder 52; Louis T. Wright to Dr H. L. Harris, Jr, 29 December 1930, box 3, folder 51, Wright Papers, Countway Library.
98. "Fight Against Jim Crow," Louis T. Wright to Dr Lattimore, 1 February 1948; memorandum, "The Atlanta Plan," NAACP group II, box A149, General Office File, Board of Directors, Louis T. Wright - General, 1948-1949, Library of Congress Manuscript Collection; memorandum on the Julius Rosenwald Fund; memorandum of the Board of Directors of NAACP re opposition to Julius Rosenwald Fund Hospital in New York City, 27 January 1931, box 3, folder 52; Louis T. Wright to Dr H. L. Harris, Jr, 29 December 1930, box 3, folder 51, Wright Papers, Countway Library.
99. Roy Wilkins to Dr Cook, 25 April 1947, box 4, folder 61; Roy Wilkins to Dr Louis T. Wright, 29 April 1947, box 4, folder 61; Louis T. Wright to Walter White, 18 March 1948, box 4, folder 61; "Position Statement of the Manhattan Medical Society on Segregation," box 4, folder 61; Louis T. Wright to Roy Wilkins, 30 April 1947, box 4, folder 61, Wright Papers, Countway Library.
100. Cleveland: Louis T. Wright to Dr James A. Owen, 7 December 1929, and Louis T. Wright to Dr James A. Owen, 17 December 1929, box 5, folder 83, Wright Papers, Countway Library; W. M. Cobb to Dr Louis T. Wright, 16 July 1946, NAACP group II, box A303, General Office File, Health and Hospitals, 1944-1946, Library of Congress Manuscript Collection. Atlanta: Louis T. Wright to Walter White; materials and memorandums on Atlanta, NAACP group II, box A303, General Office File, Health and Hospitals, 1948-1949; L. T. Wright, address delivered at the 43rd annual convention of the NAACP (25 June 1952), NAACP group II, box A149, General Office File, Board of Directors, Louis T. Wright -General, 1952-1953, Library of Congress Manuscript Collection; Louis T. Wright to Walter White, 18 March 1948, re: Atlanta hospital plans, box 4, folder 61, Wright Papers, Countway Library; Atlanta Urban League Papers, 1920-1990, Woodruff Library, Atlanta University Center; administration files 1943-1961, boxes 37-40, files on Atlanta Hospital Survey and the construction of the Hughes Spaulding Pavilion, Robert Woodruff Library, Atlanta University Center. Mound Bayou: L. T. Wright, address delivered at 43rd NAACP annual convention; Roy Wilkins to Dr Cook, 25 April 1947; Louis T. Wright to "Dear Roy," 30 April 1947, box 4, folder 61, Wright Papers, Countway Library. New York: see notes 55 and 63. Washington, DC: Louis T. Wright to "Dear Monty," 13 November 1946, box 4, folder 61, Wright Papers, Countway Library.
101. Cleveland: Louis T. Wright to Dr James A. Owen, 7 December 1929, and Louis T. Wright to Dr James A. Owen, 17 December 1929, box 5, folder 83, Wright Papers, Countway Library; W. M. Cobb to Dr Louis T. Wright, 16 July 1946, NAACP group II, box A303, General Office File, Health and Hospitals, 1944-1946, Library of Congress Manuscript Collection. Atlanta: Louis T. Wright to Walter White; materials and memorandums on Atlanta, NAACP group II, box A303, General Office File, Health and Hospitals, 1948-1949; L. T. Wright, address delivered at the 43rd annual convention of the NAACP (25 June 1952), NAACP group II, box A149, General Office File, Board of Directors, Louis T. Wright - General, 1952-1953, Library of Congress Manuscript Collection; Louis T. Wright to Walter White, 18 March 1948, re: Atlanta hospital plans, box 4, folder 61, Wright Papers, Countway Library; Atlanta Urban League Papers, 1920-1990, Woodruff Library, Atlanta University Center; administration files 1943-1961, boxes 37-40, files on Atlanta Hospital Survey and the construction of the Hughes Spaulding Pavilion, Robert Woodruff Library, Atlanta University Center. Mound Bayou: L. T. Wright, address delivered at 43rd NAACP annual convention; Roy Wilkins to Dr Cook, 25 April 1947; Louis T. Wright to "Dear Roy," 30 April 1947, box 4, folder 61, Wright Papers, Countway Library. New York: see notes 55 and 63. Washington, DC: Louis T. Wright to "Dear Monty," 13 November 1946, box 4, folder 61, Wright Papers, Countway Library.
102. Louis T. Wright to Walter White, 25 October 1944; minutes of the National Medical Committee, 15 December 1944; NAACP Medical Committee, "Brief Outline of Principles and Policies" (14 July 1944); National Medical Committee of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (1944), NAACP group II, box A138, General Office File, Board of Directors, National Medical Committee, General 1944-1949, Library of Congress Manuscript Collection; National Medical Committee of the NAACP, "Pre-Organizational Statement of the National Medical Committee"; Louis T. Wright to Dr William Darrach (n.d), box 4, folder 64, Wright Papers, Countway Library.
103. Walter White to Louis T. Wright, 27 June 1945, personal and confidential; Walter White to Montague Cobb, 5 July 1945; Walter White to Louis T. Wright, 27 June 1945; Louis T. Wright to Walter White, 22 May 1945, box 4, folder 59, Wright Papers, Countway Library; memorandum, digest of correspondence re: employment of Dr Montague Cobb in connection with heading NAACP National Medical Committee, I June 1945; Louis T. Wright to Dr Cobb, 4 January 1945; "Preliminary Prospectus for Work of the Medical Consultant, NAACP," 13 July 1945, NAACP group II, box A138, General Office File, Board of Directors, National Medical Committee, Cobb, W. Montague, 1944-1954, Library of Congress Manuscript Collection.
104. W. M. Cobb, Medical Care and the Plight of the Negro, 1-39 (also published in The Crisis, July 1947, 201-211);
105. W. M. Cobb, Medical Care and the Plight of the Negro, 1-39 (also published in The Crisis, July 1947, 201-211);
106. W. M. Cobb, "Progress and Portents for the Negro in Medicine," 107-122, 124, 125.
107. W. M. Cobb, "The National Health Program of the NAACP," Journal of the National Medical Association 45 (1953): 333-339; National Emergency Committee Against Mob Violence, memorandums and photographs, meeting with President Truman, 19 September 1946, NAACP group II, box A481, General Office File, President's Committee on Civil Rights, Statements, Reports, and Press Releases, 1946-1947, Library of Congress Manuscript Collection.
108. NAACP group II, box A481, General Office File, files: President's Committee on Civil Rights, Correspondence, Carr, Robert K., 1947; President's Committee on Civil Rights, Correspondence, General, November-December 1947; Presidents Committee on Civil Rights, Statements, Reports and Press Releases, 1946-1947, Library of Congress Manuscript Collection.
109. "Honors: Louis T. Wright"; A. del Maynard, "Dr. Louis T. Wright: His Role and Rise to Power," in Surgeons for the Poor, 94-102; "Negro Fellow," Time, 29 October 1934, box 130-6, folder 14, Wright Papers, Moorland-Spingarn Research Center.
110. "Honors: Louis T. Wright"; A. del Maynard, "Dr. Louis T. Wright: His Role and Rise to Power," in Surgeons for the Poor, 94-102; "Negro Fellow," Time, 29 October 1934, box 130-6, folder 14, Wright Papers, Moorland-Spingarn Research Center.
111. "Honors: Louis T. Wright"; A. del Maynard, "Dr. Louis T. Wright: His Role and Rise to Power," in Surgeons for the Poor, 94-102; "Negro Fellow," Time, 29 October 1934, box 130-6, folder 14, Wright Papers, Moorland-Spingarn Research Center.
112. W. M. Cobb, "The Louis T. Wright Library of Harlem Hospital," Journal of the National Medical Association 44 (1952): 297-309.
113. A. del Maynard, "The Louis T. Wright Library," file: Louis T. Wright - Miscellaneous, A. del Maynard Papers, New York Academy of Medicine.
114. Ibid.
115. L. T. Wright, memorandum, "Research Work," file: Louis T. Wright, A. del Maynard Papers, New York Academy of Medicine; "Honors: Louis T. Wright."
116. "Honors: Louis T. Wright"; Edwards and Gitlin, "Surgeon for Democracy"; L. T. Wright, "Intradermal Vaccination Against Smallpox," Journal of the American Medical Association 71 (1918): 654-657; Louis T. Wright to Dr Paul O'Leary, 29 January 1949, NAACP group II, box A149, General Office File, Board of Directors, Louis T. Wright - General, 1948-1949, Library of Congress Manuscript Collection; bibliography of scientific papers of Louis Tompkins Wright, Harlem Hospital Bulletin 6 (1953): 89-95, biographical file: Wright, Louis T., Robert W. Woodruff Library Archives and Special Collections, Atlanta University Center.
117. "Honors: Louis T. Wright"; Edwards and Gitlin, "Surgeon for Democracy"; L. T. Wright, "Intradermal Vaccination Against Smallpox," Journal of the American Medical Association 71 (1918): 654-657; Louis T. Wright to Dr Paul O'Leary, 29 January 1949, NAACP group II, box A149, General Office File, Board of Directors, Louis T. Wright - General, 1948-1949, Library of Congress Manuscript Collection; bibliography of scientific papers of Louis Tompkins Wright, Harlem Hospital Bulletin 6 (1953): 89-95, biographical file: Wright, Louis T., Robert W. Woodruff Library Archives and Special Collections, Atlanta University Center.
118. "Honors: Louis T. Wright"; Edwards and Gitlin, "Surgeon for Democracy"; L. T. Wright, "Intradermal Vaccination Against Smallpox," Journal of the American Medical Association 71 (1918): 654-657; Louis T. Wright to Dr Paul O'Leary, 29 January 1949, NAACP group II, box A149, General Office File, Board of Directors, Louis T. Wright - General, 1948-1949, Library of Congress Manuscript Collection; bibliography of scientific papers of Louis Tompkins Wright, Harlem Hospital Bulletin 6 (1953): 89-95, biographical file: Wright, Louis T., Robert W. Woodruff Library Archives and Special Collections, Atlanta University Center.
119. "Honors: Louis T. Wright"; Edwards and Gitlin, "Surgeon for Democracy"; L. T. Wright, "Intradermal Vaccination Against Smallpox," Journal of the American Medical Association 71 (1918): 654-657; Louis T. Wright to Dr Paul O'Leary, 29 January 1949, NAACP group II, box A149, General Office File, Board of Directors, Louis T. Wright - General, 1948-1949, Library of Congress Manuscript Collection; bibliography of scientific papers of Louis Tompkins Wright, Harlem Hospital Bulletin 6 (1953): 89-95, biographical file: Wright, Louis T., Robert W. Woodruff Library Archives and Special Collections, Atlanta University Center.
120. Dr Channing Tobias to Dr Brock Chisolm, 15 April 1952, box 1, folder 5, Wright Papers, Countway Library.
121. L. T. Wright, memorandum, "Research Work."
122. Box 5, folders 119-128, Wright Papers, Countway Library; NAACP group II, box A149, General Office File, Board of Directors, Louis T. Wright - Death of, 1952, Library of Congress Manuscript Collection.
123. "Award to Louis T. Wright of American Cancer Society Medal for 1952," New York Amsterdam News, 4 April 1953: 15, box 7, folder 114, Wright Papers, Countway Library.
124. Reynolds, "Hospitals and Civil Rights, 1945-1963"; Reynolds, "The Federal Government's Use of Title VI and Medicare."
125. Reynolds, "Hospitals and Civil Rights, 1945-1963"; Reynolds, "The Federal Government's Use of Title VI and Medicare."
126. A. del Maynard, Louis T. Wright Memorial Lectures, file: Louis T. Wright, del Maynard Papers, New York Academy of Medicine: Wilkins, "Fighter for Equality and Excellence."
127. A. del Maynard, Louis T. Wright Memorial Lectures, file: Louis T. Wright, del Maynard Papers, New York Academy of Medicine: Wilkins, "Fighter for Equality and Excellence."