Choosing the right nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug for the right patient. A pharmacokinetic approach

Clinical Pharmacokinetics

Volumn 38, Issue 5, 2000, Pages 377-392

  Davies, N M ^a   Skjodt, N M ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SYDNEY   (Australia)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CALGARY   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ALBUMIN; ANTICONVULSIVE AGENT; ANTIDIABETIC AGENT; AZAPROPAZONE; BETA ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; DIGOXIN; DIPEPTIDYL CARBOXYPEPTIDASE INHIBITOR; LOOP DIURETIC AGENT; NONSTEROID ANTIINFLAMMATORY AGENT; PLASMA PROTEIN; PROSTAGLANDIN SYNTHASE INHIBITOR; THIAZIDE DIURETIC AGENT;

DRUG ABSORPTION; DRUG BILE LEVEL; DRUG CHOICE; DRUG CLEARANCE; DRUG DISTRIBUTION; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG ELIMINATION; DRUG GLUCURONIDATION; DRUG HALF LIFE; DRUG METABOLISM; DRUG PROTEIN BINDING; DRUG SAFETY; DRUG URINE LEVEL; EDITORIAL; ENZYME ACTIVITY; INTESTINE ABSORPTION; KIDNEY TUBULE EXCRETION; LIVER; LIVER BLOOD FLOW; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SIDE EFFECT; STEREOCHEMISTRY;

EID: 0034020103     PISSN: 03125963     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2165/00003088-200038050-00001     Document Type: Editorial

References (87)

1. 1. E.A. Meade W.L. Smith D.L. DeWitt 1993 Differential inhibition of Prostaglandin endoperoxide synthase (cyclooxygenase) iso-zymes by aspirin and other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs J Biol Chem 268 9 6610 4 8454631 1:CAS:528:DyaK3sXkt1Sis7w%3D Meade EA, Smith WL, DeWitt DL. Differential inhibition of Prostaglandin endoperoxide synthase (cyclooxygenase) iso-zymes by aspirin and other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. J Biol Chem. 1993; 268(9): 6610–4.
2. 2. J.R. Vane J.A. Mitchell I. Appleton 1994 Inducible isoforms of cyclooxygenase and nitric-oxide synthetase in inflammation Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 91 6 2046 50 7510883 10.1073/pnas.91.6.2046 1:CAS:528:DyaK2cXitFCmsLw%3D Vane JR, Mitchell JA, Appleton I, et al. Inducible isoforms of cyclooxygenase and nitric-oxide synthetase in inflammation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1994; 91(6): 2046–50.
3. 3. K. Yamagata K.I. Andreasson W.E. Kaufmann 1993 Expression of a mitogen-inducible cyclooxygenase in brain neurons: regulation by synaptic activity and glucocorticoids Neuron 11 371 86 8352945 10.1016/0896-6273(93)90192-T 1:CAS:528:DyaK2cXht1Ghu7k%3D Yamagata K, Andreasson KI, Kaufmann WE, et al. Expression of a mitogen-inducible cyclooxygenase in brain neurons: regulation by synaptic activity and glucocorticoids. Neuron. 1993; 11: 371–86.
4. 4. N.M. Davies J.L. Wallace 1996 Selective inhibitors of cyclooxygenase 2: potential in elderly patients Drugs Aging 9 6 406 17 8972241 10.2165/00002512-199609060-00004 1:CAS:528:DyaK2sXitVSiug%3D%3D Davies NM, Wallace JL. Selective inhibitors of cyclooxygenase 2: potential in elderly patients. Drugs Aging. 1996; 9(6): 406–17.
5. 5. H.T. Sano J.A.M. Hla L.J. Maier 1997 In vivo cyclooxygenase expression in synovial tissue of patients with rheumatoid arthritis and Osteoarthritis and rats with adjuvant and streptococcal cell wall arthritis J Clin Invest 89 97 108 10.1172/JCI115591 Sano HT, Hla JAM, Maier LJ, et al. In vivo cyclooxygenase expression in synovial tissue of patients with rheumatoid arthritis and Osteoarthritis and rats with adjuvant and streptococcal cell wall arthritis. J Clin Invest. 1997; 89: 97–108.
6. 6. L.J. Crofford R.L. Wilder A.P. Ristimalki 1994 Cyclooxygenase-1 and-2 expression in rheumatoid synovial tissues J Clin Invest 93 1095 101 8132748 10.1172/JCI117060 1:CAS:528:DyaK2cXktlantro%3D Crofford LJ, Wilder RL, Ristimalki AP, et al. Cyclooxygenase-1 and-2 expression in rheumatoid synovial tissues. J Clin Invest. 1994; 93: 1095–101.
7. 7. S. Boyce C.C. Chan R. Gordon 1994 L-745,337: a selective inhibitor of cyclooxygenase-2 elicits antinociception but not gastric ulceration in rats Neuropharmacology 33 12 1609 11 7760984 10.1016/0028-3908(94)90137-6 1:CAS:528:DyaK2MXjsVyrtrc%3D Boyce S, Chan CC, Gordon R, et al. L-745,337: a selective inhibitor of cyclooxygenase-2 elicits antinociception but not gastric ulceration in rats. Neuropharmacology. 1994; 33(12): 1609–11.
8. 8. C.A. Heller J.A. Ingelfinger P. Goldman 1985 Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and aspirin: analyzing the scores Pharma-cotherapy 5 30 8 1:STN:280:DyaL2M7msFKnsw%3D%3D Heller CA, Ingelfinger JA, Goldman P. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and aspirin: analyzing the scores. Pharma-cotherapy. 1985; 5: 30–8.
9. 9. N. Baber L.D.C. Halliday W.J.A. Heuvel van Den 1979 Indometh-acin in rheumatoid arthritis: clinical effects, pharmacokinetics and platelet studies in responders and non-responders Ann Rheum Dis 38 128 37 375848 10.1136/ard.38.2.128 1:STN:280:DyaE1M7os1eitw%3D%3D Baber N, Halliday LDC, van Den Heuvel WJA, et al. Indometh-acin in rheumatoid arthritis: clinical effects, pharmacokinetics and platelet studies in responders and non-responders. Ann Rheum Dis. 1979; 38: 128–37.
10. 10. H.A. Capell B. Knotschnik R.C. Glass 1977 Anti-inflammatory analgesic drug responders and non-responders: a clinico-pharma-cologic study of flurbiprofen Br J Clin Pharmacol 4 623 4 911610 10.1111/j.1365-2125.1977.tb00797.x 1:STN:280:DyaE1c%2FitVGlsA%3D%3D Capell HA, Knotschnik B, Glass RC. Anti-inflammatory analgesic drug responders and non-responders: a clinico-pharma-cologic study of flurbiprofen. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 1977; 4: 623–4.
11. 11. J.S. Walker R.B. Sheather-Reif J.J. Carmody 1997 Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs in rheumatoid arthritis and Osteoarthritis: support for the concept of ‘responders’ and ‘non-responders’ Arthritis Rheum 40 11 1944 54 9365082 10.1002/art.1780401105 1:CAS:528:DyaK2sXns1ygsb4%3D Walker JS, Sheather-Reif RB, Carmody JJ, et al. Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs in rheumatoid arthritis and Osteoarthritis: support for the concept of ‘responders’ and ‘non-responders’. Arthritis Rheum. 1997; 40(11): 1944–54.
12. 12. J.S. Walker J.J. Carmody 1998 Experimental pain in healthy human subjects: gender differences in nociception and in response to Ibuprofen Anesth Analg 86 6 1257 62 9620515 1:CAS:528:DyaK1cXjvVals7o%3D Walker JS, Carmody JJ. Experimental pain in healthy human subjects: gender differences in nociception and in response to Ibuprofen. Anesth Analg. 1998; 86(6): 1257–62.
13. 13. J.L. Carson B.L. Strom K.A. Soper 1987 The association of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs with upper gastrointestinal tract bleeding Arch Int Med 114 85 8 10.1001/archinte.1987.00370010087021 Carson JL, Strom BL, Soper KA, et al. The association of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs with upper gastrointestinal tract bleeding. Arch Int Med. 1987; 114: 85–8.
14. 14. G. Singh D.R. Ramey D. Morfeld 1994 Comparative toxicity of non-steroidal antiinflammatory agents Pharmacol Ther 62 175 91 7991642 10.1016/0163-7258(94)90010-8 1:CAS:528:DyaK2cXmt1WgtLo%3D Singh G, Ramey DR, Morfeld D, et al. Comparative toxicity of non-steroidal antiinflammatory agents. Pharmacol Ther. 1994; 62: 175–91.
15. 15. N.M. Davies F. Jamali K.J. Skeith 1996 Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID)-induced enteropathy and severe chronic anemia in a patient with rheumatoid arthritis Arthritis Rheum 39 2 321 4 8849386 10.1002/art.1780390222 1:STN:280:DyaK287pslSiuw%3D%3D Davies NM, Jamali F, Skeith KJ. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID)-induced enteropathy and severe chronic anemia in a patient with rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 1996; 39(2): 321–4.
16. 16. N.M. Davies 1995 Toxicity of NSAIDs in the large intestine Dis Colon Rectum 38 12 1311 21 7497845 10.1007/BF02049158 1:STN:280:DyaK287gtFGlsQ%3D%3D Davies NM. Toxicity of NSAIDs in the large intestine. Dis Colon Rectum. 1995; 38(12): 1311–21.
17. 17. F.L. Lanza G.L. Royer R.S. Nelson 1980 Endoscopic evaluation of the effects of aspirin, buffered aspirin, and enteric-coated aspirin on gastric and duodenal mucosa N Engl J Med 303 136 8 6966762 10.1056/NEJM198007173030305 1:CAS:528:DyaL3cXlsFGkur4%3D Lanza FL, Royer GL, Nelson RS. Endoscopic evaluation of the effects of aspirin, buffered aspirin, and enteric-coated aspirin on gastric and duodenal mucosa. N Engl J Med. 1980; 303: 136–8.
18. 18. R.I. Trondstad E. Aadland T. Holler 1985 Gastroscopic findings after treatment with enteric-coated and plain naproxen tablets in healthy subjects Scand J Gastroenterol 20 239 42 3887555 10.3109/00365528509089664 1:CAS:528:DyaL2MXitV2hu70%3D Trondstad RI, Aadland E, Holler T, et al. Gastroscopic findings after treatment with enteric-coated and plain naproxen tablets in healthy subjects. Scand J Gastroenterol. 1985; 20: 239–42.
19. 19. N.M. Davies 1999 Sustained release and enteric coated NSAIDs: are they really GI safe? J Pharm Pharmaceut Sci 2 139 48 Davies NM. Sustained release and enteric coated NSAIDs: are they really GI safe? J Pharm Pharmaceut Sci. 1999; 2: 139–48.
20. 20. A.T. Collins J. Davies A. Dixon 1988 A prospective endoscopie study of the effect of Orudis and Oruvail on the upper gastrointestinal tract in patients with Osteoarthritis Br J Rheumatol 27 106 9 3365527 10.1093/rheumatology/27.2.106 1:STN:280:DyaL1c3gvFyitw%3D%3D Collins AT, Davies J, Dixon A. A prospective endoscopie study of the effect of Orudis and Oruvail on the upper gastrointestinal tract in patients with Osteoarthritis. Br J Rheumatol. 1988; 27: 106–9.
21. 21. D.C. Whitcomb 1993 Pathophysiology of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug-induced intestinal strictures [letter] Gastroenterology 105 5 1590 8292182 10.1016/0016-5085(93)90185-F 1:STN:280:DyaK2c%2FktVGhtA%3D%3D Whitcomb DC. Pathophysiology of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug-induced intestinal strictures [letter]. Gastroenterology. 1993; 105(5): 1590.
22. 22. V.M.I. Choi J.E. Coates J. Chooi 1995 Small bowel permeability: a variable effect of NSAIDs Clin Invest Med 18 357 61 8529318 1:CAS:528:DyaK2MXpsl2ju78%3D Choi VMI, Coates JE, Chooi J, et al. Small bowel permeability: a variable effect of NSAIDs. Clin Invest Med. 1995; 18: 357–61.
23. 23. A.M. Evans R.L. Nation L.N. Sansom 1988 Stereoselective drug disposition: potential for misinterpretation of drug disposition data Br J Clin Chem 26 771 80 1:CAS:528:DyaL1MXmvV2kug%3D%3D Evans AM, Nation RL, Sansom LN, et al. Stereoselective drug disposition: potential for misinterpretation of drug disposition data. Br J Clin Chem. 1988; 26: 771–80.
24. 24. A.J. Hutt J. Caldwell 1984 The importance of stereochemistry in the Clinical Pharmacokinetics of the 2-arylpropionic acid non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs Clin Pharmacokinet 9 4 371 3 6467769 10.2165/00003088-198409040-00007 1:STN:280:DyaL2c3otlOiuw%3D%3D Hutt AJ, Caldwell J. The importance of stereochemistry in the Clinical Pharmacokinetics of the 2-arylpropionic acid non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Clin Pharmacokinet. 1984; 9(4): 371–3.
25. 25. F. Jamali 1988 Pharmacokinetics of enantiomers of chiral non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 13 1 9 3294019 10.1007/BF03189920 1:CAS:528:DyaL1cXksVOlt78%3D Jamali F. Pharmacokinetics of enantiomers of chiral non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet. 1988; 13: 1–9.
26. 26. A.M. Evans 1992 Enantioselective pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of chiral non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs Clin Pharmacol 42 237 56 1:CAS:528:DyaK38Xit1OntLo%3D Evans AM. Enantioselective pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of chiral non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Clin Pharmacol. 1992; 42: 237–56.
27. 27. K. Brune G. Geisslinger S. Menzel-Sogolowek 1992 Pure enantiomers of 2-arylpropionic acids: tools in pain research and improved drugs in rheumatology J Clin Pharmacol 32 944 52 1447403 1:CAS:528:DyaK2cXjtFCqu7o%3D Brune K, Geisslinger G, Menzel-Sogolowek S. Pure enantiomers of 2-arylpropionic acids: tools in pain research and improved drugs in rheumatology. J Clin Pharmacol. 1992; 32: 944–52.
28. 28. F. Jamali R. Mehvar A.S. Russell 1991 Human pharmacokinetics of Ibuprofen enantiomers following different doses and formulations: intestinal chiral inversion J Pharm Sci 81 221 5 10.1002/jps.2600810306 Jamali F, Mehvar R, Russell AS, et al. Human pharmacokinetics of Ibuprofen enantiomers following different doses and formulations: intestinal chiral inversion. J Pharm Sci. 1991; 81: 221–5.
29. 29. S.K. Dwivedi S. Sattari F. Jamali 1992 Ibuprofen racemate and enantiomers: phase diagram, solubility and thermodynamic studies Int J Pharm 87 95 104 10.1016/0378-5173(92)90232-Q Dwivedi SK, Sattari S, Jamali F, et al. Ibuprofen racemate and enantiomers: phase diagram, solubility and thermodynamic studies. Int J Pharm. 1992; 87: 95–104.
30. 30. G. Labreque J.-P. Bureau A.E. Reinberg 1995 Biological rhythms in the inflammatory response and in the effects of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs Pharmacol Ther 66 285 300 10.1016/0163-7258(94)00082-E Labreque G, Bureau J-P, Reinberg AE. Biological rhythms in the inflammatory response and in the effects of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Pharmacol Ther. 1995; 66: 285–300.
31. 31. M. Ollagnier H. Decousus Y. Cherrah 1987 Circadian changes in the pharmacokinetics of oral ketoprofen Clin Pharmacokinet 12 367 78 3608343 10.2165/00003088-198712050-00003 1:CAS:528:DyaL2sXkvV2htLo%3D Ollagnier M, Decousus H, Cherrah Y, et al. Circadian changes in the pharmacokinetics of oral ketoprofen. Clin Pharmacokinet. 1987; 12: 367–78.
32. 32. I.C. Kowanko R. Pownall A.J. Kanpp 1981 Circadian variations in the signs and symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis and in the therapeutic effectiveness of flurbiprofen at different times of day Br J Clin Pharmacol 11 477 84 7272159 10.1111/j.1365-2125.1981.tb01153.x 1:STN:280:DyaL38%2FgtVarsA%3D%3D Kowanko IC, Pownall R, Kanpp AJ, et al. Circadian variations in the signs and symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis and in the therapeutic effectiveness of flurbiprofen at different times of day. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 1981; 11: 477–84.
33. 33. J. Clench A. Reinberg Z. Dziewanowska 1981 Circadian changes in the bioavailability and effects of indomethacin in healthy subjects Eur J Clin Pharmacol 20 359 64 7286046 10.1007/BF00615406 1:CAS:528:DyaL3MXlvFOit7k%3D Clench J, Reinberg A, Dziewanowska Z, et al. Circadian changes in the bioavailability and effects of indomethacin in healthy subjects. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 1981; 20: 359–64.
34. 34. E.C. Huskisson 1976 Chronopharmacology of anti-rheumatic drugs with special reference to indomethacin E.C. Huskisson G.P. Velo Inflammatory arthropathies Excerpta Medica Amsterdam 99 105 Huskisson EC. Chronopharmacology of anti-rheumatic drugs with special reference to indomethacin. In: Huskisson EC, Velo GP, editors. Inflammatory arthropathies. Amsterdam: Excerpta Medica, 1976: 99–105.
35. 35. A. Reinberg F. Levi 1995 Clinical chronopharmacology with special reference to NSAIDs Scand J Rheumatol 65 118 22 Reinberg A, Levi F. Clinical chronopharmacology with special reference to NSAIDs. Scand J Rheumatol 1995; Suppl. 65: 118–22.
36. 36. F. Jamali C.M. Kunz-Dober 1999 Pain-mediated altered absorption and metabolism of Ibuprofen: an explanation for decreased serum enantiomer concentration after dental surgery Br J Clin Pharmacol 47 391 6 10233203 10.1046/j.1365-2125.1999.00902.x 1:CAS:528:DyaK1MXivVCmt7g%3D Jamali F, Kunz-Dober CM. Pain-mediated altered absorption and metabolism of Ibuprofen: an explanation for decreased serum enantiomer concentration after dental surgery. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 1999; 47: 391–6.
37. 37. W.F. Kean W.W. Buchanan 1987 Variables affecting the absorption of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs from the gastro-intestinal tract Jpn J Rheumatol 1 3 159 70 Kean WF, Buchanan WW. Variables affecting the absorption of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs from the gastro-intestinal tract. Jpn J Rheumatol. 1987; 1(3): 159–70.
38. 38. A.P. Anne S.M. Halpen P.J. Streete 1994 Slow release aspirin in the elderly J R Soc Med 87 183 4 Anne AP, Halpen SM, Streete PJ, et al. Slow release aspirin in the elderly. J R Soc Med. 1994; 87: 183–4.
39. 39. R.K. Verbeeck 1988 Pathophysiological factors affecting the pharmacokinetics of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs J Rheumatol 15 44 57 Verbeeck RK. Pathophysiological factors affecting the pharmacokinetics of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs. J Rheumatol 1988; (Suppl. 17) 15: 44–57.
40. 40. R.K. Verbeeck 1990 Pharmacokinetic drug interactions with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs Clin Pharmacokinet 19 1 44 66 2199127 10.2165/00003088-199019010-00004 1:CAS:528:DyaK3cXlt1Grtb4%3D Verbeeck RK. Pharmacokinetic drug interactions with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Clin Pharmacokinet. 1990; 19(1): 44–66.
41. 41. D.G. Brater 1988 Clinical pharmacology of NSAIDs J Clin Pharmacol 28 518 23 3047177 1:CAS:528:DyaL1cXmtVChtrs%3D Brater DG. Clinical pharmacology of NSAIDs. J Clin Pharmacol. 1988; 28: 518–23.
42. 42. F.A. Ouweland Van Den F.W.J. Gribnau C.A.M. Ginneken van 1988 Naproxen kinetics and disease activity in rheumatoid arthritis: a within-patient study Clin Pharmacol Ther 43 79 85 3335121 10.1038/clpt.1988.14 Van Den Ouweland FA, Gribnau FWJ, van Ginneken CAM, et al. Naproxen kinetics and disease activity in rheumatoid arthritis: a within-patient study. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1988; 43: 79–85.
43. 43. F.A. Ouweland Van Den F.W.J. Gribnau Y. Tan 1986 Hypoalbumin-aemia and naproxen pharmacokinetics in a patient with rheumatoid arthritis Clin Pharmacokinet 11 511 5 3802691 10.2165/00003088-198611060-00007 Van Den Ouweland FA, Gribnau FWJ, Tan Y, et al. Hypoalbumin-aemia and naproxen pharmacokinetics in a patient with rheumatoid arthritis. Clin Pharmacokinet. 1986; 11: 511–5.
44. 44. P. Netter B. Bannwarth M.J. Royer-Morrot 1989 Recent findings in the pharmacokinetics of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in synovial fluid Clin Pharmacokinet 17 145 62 2680211 10.2165/00003088-198917030-00002 1:STN:280:DyaK3c%2FjtFakuw%3D%3D Netter P, Bannwarth B, Royer-Morrot MJ. Recent findings in the pharmacokinetics of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in synovial fluid. Clin Pharmacokinet. 1989; 17: 145–62.
45. 45. S. Jalali J.G. Macfarlane E.M. Grace 1986 Frequency of administration of short half-life nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory analgesics (NSAIDs): studies with Ibuprofen Clin Exp Rheumatol 4 91 3 3516497 1:STN:280:DyaL287ptVOmsQ%3D%3D Jalali S, Macfarlane JG, Grace EM, et al. Frequency of administration of short half-life nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory analgesics (NSAIDs): studies with Ibuprofen. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 1986; 4: 91–3.
46. 46. C.J. Needs P.M. Brooks 1985 Clinical Pharmacokinetics of salicylates Clin Pharmacokinet 10 164 77 3888490 10.2165/00003088-198510020-00004 1:STN:280:DyaL2M3gt1Ghug%3D%3D Needs CJ, Brooks PM. Clinical Pharmacokinetics of salicylates. Clin Pharmacokinet. 1985; 10: 164–77.
47. 47. P. Bertin F. Lapique E. Payan 1994 Sodium naproxen: concentration and effect on inflammatory response mediators in human rheumatoid synovial fluid Eur J Clin Pharmacol 46 3 7 8005184 10.1007/BF00195907 1:STN:280:DyaK2c3ntlOmtA%3D%3D Bertin P, Lapique F, Payan E, et al. Sodium naproxen: concentration and effect on inflammatory response mediators in human rheumatoid synovial fluid. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 1994; 46: 3–7.
48. 48. J. Wax A. Clinger P. Varner 1970 Relationship of the enterohep-atic cycle to ulcerogenesis in the rat small bowel with flufenamic acid Gastroenterology 58 6 772 9 5423889 1:CAS:528:DyaE3cXkt1ektL0%3D Wax J, Clinger A, Varner P, et al. Relationship of the enterohep-atic cycle to ulcerogenesis in the rat small bowel with flufenamic acid. Gastroenterology. 1970; 58(6): 772–9.
49. 49. M.R. Wright N.M. Davies F. Jamali 1997 Toxicokinetics of indomethacin-induced intestinal permeability in the rat Pharmacol Res 35 6 499 504 9356198 10.1006/phrs.1997.0194 1:CAS:528:DyaK1cXoslehsw%3D%3D Wright MR, Davies NM, Jamali F. Toxicokinetics of indomethacin-induced intestinal permeability in the rat. Pharmacol Res. 1997; 35(6): 499–504.
50. 50. N.M. Davies M.R. Wright A.S. Russell 1996 Effect of the enantiomers of flurbiprofen, Ibuprofen, and ketoprofen on intestinal permeability J Pharm Sci 85 11 1170 73 8923320 10.1021/js960276y 1:CAS:528:DyaK28XmtFKgtrg%3D Davies NM, Wright MR, Russell AS, et al. Effect of the enantiomers of flurbiprofen, Ibuprofen, and ketoprofen on intestinal permeability. J Pharm Sci. 1996; 85(11): 1170–73.
51. 51. M.R. Wright N.M. Davies F. Jamali 1994 Rationale for the development of stereochemically pure enantiomers: are the R enantiomers of chiral nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs inactive? J Pharm Sci 83 911 2 9120832 10.1002/jps.2600830631 1:CAS:528:DyaK2cXivV2lt7c%3D Wright MR, Davies NM, Jamali F. Rationale for the development of stereochemically pure enantiomers: are the R enantiomers of chiral nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs inactive? J Pharm Sci. 1994; 83: 911–2.
52. 52. H.E. Paulus 1986 Postmarketing surveillance of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs Arthritis Rheum 28 1168 9 10.1002/art.1780281014 Paulus HE. Postmarketing surveillance of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Arthritis Rheum. 1986; 28: 1168–9.
53. 53. S.S. Adams 1987 Non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs, plasma half-life and adverse reactions Lancet II 1204 5 10.1016/S0140-6736(87)91335-3 Adams SS. Non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs, plasma half-life and adverse reactions. Lancet 1987; II: 1204–5.
54. 54. S.S. Adams 1988 NSAIDs, plasma half-life and adverse reactions Lancet I 653 4 10.1016/S0140-6736(88)91458-4 Adams SS. NSAIDs, plasma half-life and adverse reactions. Lancet 1988; I: 653–4.
55. 55. S.S. Adams 1992 The propionic acids: a personal perspective J Clin Pharmacol 32 317 23 1569234 1:CAS:528:DyaK2cXis1Sgt7o%3D Adams SS. The propionic acids: a personal perspective. J Clin Pharmacol. 1992; 32: 317–23.
56. 56. D.S.J. Collier J.A. Pain 1985 Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs and hospital admission for perforated peptic ulcer Lancet II 380 2 Collier DSJ, Pain JA. Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs and hospital admission for perforated peptic ulcer. Lancet 1985; II: 380–2.
57. 57. D.E. Furst 1998 Clinical significance of long versus short serum half-lives in NSAIDs J.P. Famaey H.E. Paulus Therapeutic application of NSAIDs: subpopulations and new formulations Oxford University Press Oxford 359 83 Furst DE. Clinical significance of long versus short serum half-lives in NSAIDs. In: Famaey JP, Paulus HE, editors. Therapeutic application of NSAIDs: subpopulations and new formulations. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998: 359–83.
58. 58. E. Albengres J.L. Pinquier P. Riant 1988 Pharmacological criteria for risk-benefit evaluation of NSAIDs Scand J Rheumatol 73 3 15 10.3109/03009748809104663 1:STN:280:DyaL1M%2FhvFWnsA%3D%3D Albengres E, Pinquier JL, Riant P, et al. Pharmacological criteria for risk-benefit evaluation of NSAIDs. Scand J Rheumatol 1988; Suppl. 73: 3–15.
59. 59. G.L. Smith R.A. Goulbourn R.A.P. Burt 1977 Preliminary studies of absorption and excretion of benoxaprofen in man Br J Clin Pharmacol 4 585 90 303115 10.1111/j.1365-2125.1977.tb00790.x 1:CAS:528:DyaE2sXlvFemtbs%3D Smith GL, Goulbourn RA, Burt RAP, et al. Preliminary studies of absorption and excretion of benoxaprofen in man. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 1977; 4: 585–90.
60. 60. R.C. Hamdy B. Murnane N. Perera 1982 The pharmacokinetics of benoxaprofen in elderly subjects Eur J Rheumatol Inflamm 5 69 75 7084284 1:CAS:528:DyaL38Xktleju7g%3D Hamdy RC, Murnane B, Perera N, et al. The pharmacokinetics of benoxaprofen in elderly subjects. Eur J Rheumatol Inflamm. 1982; 5: 69–75.
61. 61. S. Taggart J.M. Alderdice 1982 Fatal jaundice in elderly patients taking benoxaprofen [letter] Br Med J 284 1372 10.1136/bmj.284.6326.1372 1:STN:280:DyaL387otlGlsA%3D%3D Taggart S, Alderdice JM. Fatal jaundice in elderly patients taking benoxaprofen [letter]. Br Med J. 1982; 284: 1372.
62. 62. A. Duthie A. Nicholls M. Freeth 1982 Fatal cholestatic jaundice in elderly patients taking benoxaprofen [letter] Br Med J 285 62 10.1136/bmj.285.6334.62 1:STN:280:DyaL383gslKktA%3D%3D Duthie A, Nicholls A, Freeth M, et al. Fatal cholestatic jaundice in elderly patients taking benoxaprofen [letter]. Br Med J. 1982; 285: 62.
63. 63. A. Karim 1996 Inverse nonlinear pharmacokinetics of total and protein unbound drug (Oxaprozin): clinical and pharmacokinetic implications J Clin Pharmacol 36 985 97 8973987 10.1177/009127009603601102 1:CAS:528:DyaK2sXkvVamsA%3D%3D Karim A. Inverse nonlinear pharmacokinetics of total and protein unbound drug (Oxaprozin): clinical and pharmacokinetic implications. J Clin Pharmacol. 1996; 36: 985–97.
64. 64. R.A. Upton R.L. Williams J. Kelly 1984 Naproxen pharmacokinetics in the elderly Br J Clin Pharmacol 18 207 14 6487459 10.1111/j.1365-2125.1984.tb02454.x 1:CAS:528:DyaL2cXlsVemsL0%3D Upton RA, Williams RL, Kelly J, et al. Naproxen pharmacokinetics in the elderly. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 1984; 18: 207–14.
65. 65. R.O. Day D.E. Furst S.H. Droomgoole 1982 Relationship of serum naproxen concentration to efficacy in rheumatoid arthritis Clin Pharm Ther 31 733 40 10.1038/clpt.1982.103 1:STN:280:DyaL387osFehsg%3D%3D Day RO, Furst DE, Droomgoole SH, et al. Relationship of serum naproxen concentration to efficacy in rheumatoid arthritis. Clin Pharm Ther. 1982; 31: 733–40.
66. 66. F.M. Dunagan P.E. McGill A.W. Kelman 1988 Naproxen dose and concentration: response relationship in rheumatoid arthritis Br J Rheumatol 27 48 53 3337929 10.1093/rheumatology/27.1.48 1:STN:280:DyaL1c7gvVCgtA%3D%3D Dunagan FM, McGill PE, Kelman AW, et al. Naproxen dose and concentration: response relationship in rheumatoid arthritis. Br J Rheumatol. 1988; 27: 48–53.
67. 67. R.O. Day G.G. Graham K.M. Williams 1988 Variability in response to NSAIDs Fact or fiction? Drugs 36 643 51 3065056 1:STN:280:DyaL1M7itVKmug%3D%3D Day RO, Graham GG, Williams KM, et al. Variability in response to NSAIDs. Fact or fiction? Drugs. 1988; 36: 643–51.
68. 68. M.J. Gérard 1988 Individual variation in the response to nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs Rev Rhum Mal Osteoartic 55 10 735 9 3057606 Gérard MJ. Individual variation in the response to nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Rev Rhum Mal Osteoartic. 1988; 55(10): 735–9.
69. 69. R.O. Day H. Francis J. Vial 1995 Naproxen concentrations in plasma and synovial fluid and effects on Prostanoid concentrations J Rheumatol 22 2295 303 8835565 1:CAS:528:DyaK28XnsVWitA%3D%3D Day RO, Francis H, Vial J, et al. Naproxen concentrations in plasma and synovial fluid and effects on Prostanoid concentrations. J Rheumatol. 1995; 22: 2295–303.
70. 70. D.W. Greenan L. Aarons M. Siddiqui 1983 Dose-response study with Ibuprofen in rheumatoid arthritis: clinical and pharmacokinetic findings Br J Clin Pharmacol 15 311 6 10.1111/j.1365-2125.1983.tb01504.x Greenan DW, Aarons L, Siddiqui M, et al. Dose-response study with Ibuprofen in rheumatoid arthritis: clinical and pharmacokinetic findings. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 1983; 15: 311–6.
71. 71. D.M. Greenan D.G. Ferry M.E. Ashworth 1979 The aspirin-ibuprofen interaction in rheumatoid arthritis Br J Clin Pharmacol 8 497 503 10.1111/j.1365-2125.1979.tb01033.x Greenan DM, Ferry DG, Ashworth ME, et al. The aspirin-ibuprofen interaction in rheumatoid arthritis. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 1979; 8: 497–503.
72. 72. J.D. Bradley A.C. Rudy B.P. Katz 1992 Correlation of serum concentrations of Ibuprofen stereoisomers with clinical response in the treatment of hip and knee Osteoarthritis J Rheumatol 19 1 130 4 1556674 1:STN:280:DyaK383htFKnsw%3D%3D Bradley JD, Rudy AC, Katz BP, et al. Correlation of serum concentrations of Ibuprofen stereoisomers with clinical response in the treatment of hip and knee Osteoarthritis. J Rheumatol. 1992; 19(1): 130–4.
73. 73. W. Neupert R. Brugger C. Euchenhofer 1997 Effects of Ibuprofen enantiomers and its coenzyme A thioester on human Prostaglandin endoperoxide synthases Br J Pharmacol 122 487 92 9351505 10.1038/sj.bjp.0701415 1:CAS:528:DyaK2sXmslCiu7s%3D Neupert W, Brugger R, Euchenhofer C, et al. Effects of Ibuprofen enantiomers and its coenzyme A thioester on human Prostaglandin endoperoxide synthases. Br J Pharmacol. 1997; 122: 487–92.
74. 74. E.M. Laska A. Sunshine I. Marrero 1986 The correlation between blood levels of Ibuprofen and analgesic response Clin Pharmacol Ther 40 1 1 7 3522030 10.1038/clpt.1986.129 1:STN:280:DyaL283ks1ShtA%3D%3D Laska EM, Sunshine A, Marrero I. The correlation between blood levels of Ibuprofen and analgesic response. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1986; 40(1): 1–7.
75. 75. N. Ceppi Monti A. Gazzaniga V. Gianesello 1992 Activity and pharmacokinetics of a new oral dosage form of soluble Ibuprofen Arzneimittel Forschung 42 556 9 1642682 1:CAS:528:DyaK38XktFCgsr8%3D Ceppi Monti N, Gazzaniga A, Gianesello V, et al. Activity and pharmacokinetics of a new oral dosage form of soluble Ibuprofen. Arzneimittel Forschung. 1992; 42: 556–9.
76. 76. R.E. Kauffman M.V. Nelson 1992 Effect of age on Ibuprofen pharmacokinetics and antipyretic response J Pediatr 121 969 73 1447669 10.1016/S0022-3476(05)80354-3 1:STN:280:DyaK3s%2FnvVWgsw%3D%3D Kauffman RE, Nelson MV. Effect of age on Ibuprofen pharmacokinetics and antipyretic response. J Pediatr. 1992; 121: 969–73.
77. 77. H.A. Wynne M.D. Rawlins 1993 Are systemic levels of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs relevant to acute upper gastrointestinal haemorrhage? Eur J Clin Pharmacol 44 309 13 8513840 10.1007/BF00316464 1:STN:280:DyaK3s3pt1Grsg%3D%3D Wynne HA, Rawlins MD. Are systemic levels of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs relevant to acute upper gastrointestinal haemorrhage? Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 1993; 44: 309–13.
78. 78. N.M. Davies F. Jamali 1997 Influence of flurbiprofen dosage form on gastroenteropathy in the rat: evidence of shift in the toxicity site Pharm Res 11 6 255 9 Davies NM, Jamali F. Influence of flurbiprofen dosage form on gastroenteropathy in the rat: evidence of shift in the toxicity site. Pharm Res. 1997; 11(6): 255–9.
79. 79. H. Held 1979 Elimination shalbwertszeiten und serum protein bindung des antirheumatikums naproxen bei niereninsuffizienz Z Rheumatol 38 111 9 442840 1:CAS:528:DyaE1MXks1yhurY%3D Held H. Elimination shalbwertszeiten und serum protein bindung des antirheumatikums naproxen bei niereninsuffizienz. Z Rheumatol. 1979; 38: 111–9.
80. 80. A.E.S. Ritch W.N.R. Perera C.J. Jones 1982 Pharmacokinetics of azapropazone in the elderly Br J Clin Pharmacol 14 116 9 7104163 10.1111/j.1365-2125.1982.tb04947.x 1:CAS:528:DyaL38XltVeku7Y%3D Ritch AES, Perera WNR, Jones CJ. Pharmacokinetics of azapropazone in the elderly. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 1982; 14: 116–9.
81. 81. P.J. Meffin 1985 The effects of renal dysfunction on the disposition of NSAIDs forming acyl-glucuronides Agents Actions 17 85 9 1:CAS:528:DyaL28Xht1agtb8%3D Meffin PJ. The effects of renal dysfunction on the disposition of NSAIDs forming acyl-glucuronides. Agents Actions. 1985; 17: 85–9.
82. 82. C.G. Brater 1986 Drug-drug and drug-disease interactions with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs Am J Med 80 62 77 3511686 10.1016/0002-9343(86)90933-2 1:CAS:528:DyaL28Xht1agur8%3D Brater CG. Drug-drug and drug-disease interactions with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Am J Med 1986; 80 (Suppl. 1A): 62–77.
83. 83. C.J. Richardson K.L.N. Blocka S.G. Ross 1985 Effects of age and sex on piroxicam disposition Clin Pharmacol Ther 37 13 8 3965234 10.1038/clpt.1985.4 1:CAS:528:DyaL2MXhtVGlurg%3D Richardson CJ, Blocka KLN, Ross SG, et al. Effects of age and sex on piroxicam disposition. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1985; 37: 13–8.
84. 84. K.W. Woodhouse H. Wynne 1987 The pharmacokinetics of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in the elderly Clin Pharmacokinet 12 111 2 3549104 10.2165/00003088-198712020-00002 1:CAS:528:DyaL2sXhsVyrtr4%3D Woodhouse KW, Wynne H. The pharmacokinetics of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in the elderly. Clin Pharmacokinet. 1987; 12: 111–2.
85. 85. M. Orme 1992 NSAIDs in the healthy elderly J.P. Famaey H.E. Paulus Therapeutic applications of NSAIDs Marcel Dekker New York (NY) 191 210 Orme M. NSAIDs in the healthy elderly. In: Famaey JP, Paulus HE, editors. Therapeutic applications of NSAIDs. New York (NY): Marcel Dekker, 1992: 191–210.
86. 86. S.C. Montamat B.J. Cusack R.E. Vestal 1989 Management of drug therapy in the elderly Med Intell 321 5 303 9 1:STN:280:DyaL1MzhsVWjsA%3D%3D Montamat SC, Cusack BJ, Vestal RE. Management of drug therapy in the elderly. Med Intell. 1989; 321(5): 303–9.
87. 87. J.R.B.J. Brouwers P.A.G.M. Smet de 1994 Pharmacokinetic-pharmaco-dynamic drug interactions with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs Clin Pharmacokinet 27 6 462 85 7882636 10.2165/00003088-199427060-00005 1:CAS:528:DyaK2MXislOmtbw%3D Brouwers JRBJ, de Smet PAGM. Pharmacokinetic-pharmaco-dynamic drug interactions with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Clin Pharmacokinet. 1994; 27(6): 462–85.