Endocrinopathies and the skin

International Journal of Dermatology

Volumn 39, Issue 2, 2000, Pages 88-99

  Jabbour, Serge A ^a,b   Miller, Jeffrey L ^a  

^a THOMAS JEFFERSON UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b NONE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANDROGEN; CORTICOTROPIN; GROWTH HORMONE; PROLACTIN; SOMATOMEDIN C; TESTOSTERONE; THYROTROPIN;

ACROMEGALY; ADDISON DISEASE; ALOPECIA AREATA; COST EFFECTIVENESS ANALYSIS; CUSHING SYNDROME; DIABETES MELLITUS; DRY SKIN; ENDOCRINE DISEASE; ERYTHEMA; FLUSHING; GRAVES DISEASE; HAIR LOSS; HIRSUTISM; HUMAN; HYPERANDROGENISM; HYPERGLYCEMIA; HYPERHIDROSIS; HYPERPIGMENTATION; HYPOPITUITARISM; HYPOTHYROIDISM; IODINE DEFICIENCY; MYXEDEMA; OBESITY; ONYCHOLYSIS; PALLOR; REVIEW; SCREENING TEST; SKIN DISEASE; THYROTOXICOSIS; PATHOLOGY; SKIN;

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM DISEASES; HUMANS; SKIN; SKIN DISEASES;

EID: 0034017803     PISSN: 00119059     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-4362.2000.00874.x     Document Type: Review

References (87)

1. Brownlie BE, Wells JE. The epidemiology of thyrotoxicosis in New Zealand: incidence and geographical distribution in North Canterbury. 1983-1985. Clin Endocrinol 1990; 33: 249-259.
2. Reinwein D, Benker G, Konig MP, et al. The different types of hyperthyroidism in Europe. Results of a prospective study of 924 patients. J Endocrinol Invest 1988; 11: 193-200.
3. Williams I, Ankrett VO, Lazarus JH, Volpe R. Aetiology of hyperthyroidism in Canada and Wales. J Epidemiol Comm Health 1983; 37: 245-248.
4. Ross DS. Overview of the clinical manifestations of hyperthyroidism. UpToDate 1997; 6: 1-6.
5. Mullin GE, Eastern JS. Cutaneous signs of thyroid disease. Am Fam Physician 1986; 34: 93-98.
6. Holt PJA, Lazarus J, Marks R. The epidermis in thyroid disease. Br J Dermatol 1976; 95: 513-518.
7. Rosen T, Kleman GA. Thyroid and the skin. In: Callen JP, Jorizzo JL, Greer KE, et al. eds. Dermatologic Signs of Internal Disease, 2nd edn. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders, 1995: 189.
8. Heymann WR. Cutaneous manifestations of thyroid disease. J Am Acad Dermatol 1992; 26: 885-902.
9. Freinkel RK. Cutaneous manifestations of endocrine diseases. In: Fitzpatrick TB, Eisen AZ, Wolff K, et al. eds. Dermatology in General Medicine, 4th edn. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1993: 2113-2131.
10. Rook A. Endocrine influences on hair growth. Br Med J 1965; 1: 609-614.
11. Rook A, Dawber R. Diseases of the Hair and Scalp, 2nd edn. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1991: 147.
12. Norton LA. Disorders of the nails. In: Moschella SL, Hurley HJ, eds. Dermatology, 3rd edn. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders, 1992: 1574.
13. Locke W. Unusual manifestations of Graves' disease. Med Clin North Am 1967; 51: 915-924.
14. Mullin GE, Eastern JS. Cutaneous consequences of accelerated thyroid function. Cutis 1986; 37: 109-114.
15. Davis PJ, Davis FB. Hyperthyroidism in patients over the age of 60 years. Medicine 1974; 53: 161-181.
16. Dore SE. Cutaneous affections occurring in the course of Graves' disease. Br J Dermatol 1900; 12: 353-362.
17. Ortonne J-P, Mosher DB, Fitzpatrick TB. Vitiligo and Other Hypomelanoses of Hair and Skin. New York: Plenum, 1983: 182.
18. Cunliffe WJ, Hall R, Newell DJ, Stevenson CJ. Vitiligo, thyroid disease and autoimmunity. Br J Dermatol 1968; 80: 135-139.
19. Shong YK, Kim JA. Vitiligo in autoimmune thyroid disease. Thyroidol 1991; 3: 89-91.
20. Barrow MV, Bird ED. Pruritis in hyperthyroidism. Arch Dermatol 1966; 93: 237-238.
21. Readett MD. Constitutional eczema and thyroid disease. Br J Dermatol 1964; 76: 126-139.
22. Collet E, Petit J-M, LaCroix M, et al. Chronic urticaria and thyroid autoimmunity. Ann Dermatol Venereol 1995; 122: 413-416.
23. Pegum JS, Grice K. Unusual skin eruptions with eosinophilia associated with hyperthyroidism. Br J Dermatol 1973; 88: 295-301.
24. Thomson JA. Xanthelasma associated with thyrotoxicosis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1965 (Part 1); 25: 758-760.
25. Fatourechi V, Pajouhi M, Fransway AF. Dermopathy of Graves' disease (pretibial myxedema): review of 150 cases. Medicine 1994; 73: 1-7.
26. Horiuchi Y. Pretibial myxedema associated with chronic thyroiditis. Arch Dermatol 1985; 121: 451.
27. McDougall IR. Graves' disease: current concepts. Med Clin North Am 1991; 75: 79-95.
28. Moule B, Grant MC, Boyle IT, et al. Thyroid acropachy. Clin Radiol 1970; 21: 329-333.
29. Solanki SV, Shah SS, Kothari UR. Thyroid acropachy. Indian J Med Sci 1973; 27: 708-710.
30. Ross DS. Diagnosis of hyperthyroidism. UpToDate 1997; 6: 1-7.
31. Ladenson PW. Diagnosis of thyrotoxicosis. In: Braverman LE, Utiger RD, eds. Werner and Ingbar's The Thyroid, 7th edn. Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven, 1996: 708-712.
32. Braverman LE, Utiger RD. Introduction to hypothyroidism. In: Braverman LE, Utiger RD, eds. Werner and Ingbar's The Thyroid, 7th edn. Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven, 1996: 736-737.
33. Surks MI. Clinical manifestations of hypothyroidism. UpToDate 1998; 6: 1-6.
34. Bernhard JD, Freedberg IM, Vogel LN. The skin in hypothyroidism. In: Braverman LE, Utiger RD, eds. Werner and Ingbar's The Thyroid, 7th edn. Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven, 1996: 792-795.
35. Wayne EJ. Clinical and metabolic studies in thyroid disease. Br Med J 1960; 1: 78-90.
36. Escamilla RF. Carotenemia in myxedema: explanation of the typical slightly icteric tint. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1942; 2: 33-35.
37. Al-Jubouri MA, Coombes EJ, Young RM, et al. Xanthoderma: an unusual presentation of hypothyroidism. J Clin Pathol 1994; 47: 850-851.
38. Barrett AM. Hereditary occurrence of hypothyroidism with dystrophies of the nails and hair. Arch Neurol 1919; 2: 628-637.
39. Tosti A, Baran R, Dawber RPR. The nail in systemic diseases and drug-induced changes. In: Baran R, Dawber RPR, eds. Diseases of the Nails and Their Management, 2nd edn. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1994: 175.
40. Cunningham MJ, Zone JJ. Thyroid abnormalities in dermatitis herpetiformis: prevalence of clinical thyroid disease and thyroid autoantibodies. Ann Intern Med 1985; 102: 194-196.
41. Ross DS. Diagnosis of hypothyroidism. UpToDate 1997; 6: 1-4.
42. Ladenson PW. Diagnosis of hypothyroidism. In: Braverman LE, Utiger RD, eds. Werner and Ingbar's The Thyroid, 7th edn. Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven, 1996: 878-882.
43. Orth DN. Causes and pathophysiology of Cushing's syndrome. UpToDate 1998; 6: 1-7.
44. Orth DN. Clinical manifestations of Cushing's syndrome. UpToDate 1997; 6: 1-9.
45. Yanovski JA, Cutler GB. Glucocorticoid action and the clinical features of Cushing's syndrome. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 1994; 23: 487-509.
46. Panzer SW, Patrinely JR, Wilson HK. Exophthalmos and iatrogenic Cushing's syndrome. Ophthalmol Plast Reconstr Surg 1994; 10: 278-282.
47. Fisher B, Maibach HF. The effect of corticosteroids on human epidermal mitotic activity. Arch Dermatol 1971; 103: 39-43.
48. Rokowski K, Sheehy J, Cutroneo KR. Glucocorticoid-mediated selective reduction of functioning collagen messenger ribonucleic acid. Arch Biochem Biophys 1981; 210: 74-77.
49. Ferguson JK, Donald RA, Wetson TS, Espiner EA. Skin thickness in patients with acromegaly and Cushing's syndrome and response to treatment. Clin Endocrinol 1983; 18: 347-353.
50. Orth DN, Kovacs WJ. The adrenal cortex. In: Wilson JD, Foster DW, Kronenberg HM, Larsen PR, eds. Williams Textbook of Endocrinology, 9th edn. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders, 1998: 565-569.
51. Matsuoka LY, Gavin JR, Goldman J. Spectrum of endocrine abnormalities associated with acanthosis nigricans. Am J Med 1987; 83: 719-725.
52. Winkelmann RK, Scheen RS, Underhal LO. Acanthosis nigricans and endocrine disease. JAMA 1960; 174: 1145-1152.
53. Orth DN. Establishing the diagnosis of Cushing's syndrome. UpToDate 1997; 6: 1-8.
54. Meier CA, Biller BMK. Clinical and biochemical evaluation of Cushing's syndrome. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 1997; 26: 741-762.
55. Oelkers W. Adrenal insufficiency: current concepts. N Engl J Med 1996; 335 : 1206-1212.
56. Orth DN. Clinical manifestations of adrenal insufficiency. UpToDate 1997; 6: 1-9.
57. Dunlop D. Eighty-six cases of Addison's disease. Br Med J 1963; 1: 887-891.
58. Barnett AH, Espiner EA, Donald RA. Patients presenting with Addison's need not be pigmented. Postgrad Med J 1982; 58: 690-692.
59. Soffer LJ, Dorfman RI, Gabrilove JL. The Human Adrenal Gland. Philadelphia: Lea and Febiger, 1961: 256-275.
60. Mountjoy KG. The human melanocyte stimulating hormone receptor has evolved to become 'super-sensitive' to melanocortin peptides. Mol Cell Endocrinol 1994; 102: R7-R11.
61. Hunt G, Todd C, Kyne S, Thody AJ. ACTH stimulates melanogenesis in cultured human melanocytes. J Endocrinol 1994; 140: R1-R3.
62. Parker LN. Addison's disease and Cushing's syndrome. In: Parker LN, ed. Adrenal Androgens in Clinical Medicine. San Diego: Academic Press, 1989: 158-174.
63. Zelissen PMJ, Bast EJEG, Croughs RJM. Associated autoimmunity in Addison's disease. J Autoimmunity 1995; 8: 121-130.
64. Orth DN. Diagnosis of adrenal insufficiency. UpToDate 1997; 6: 1-9.
65. Thorner MO, Vance ML, Laws ER, et al. The anterior pituitary. In: Wilson JD, Foster DW, Kronenberg HM, Larsen PR, eds. Williams Textbook of Endocrinology, 9th edn. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders, 1998: 295-307.
66. Melmed S. Clinical manifestations of acromegaly. UpToDate 1998; 6: 1-5.
67. Davidoff LM. Studies in acromegaly. III. The anamnesis and symptomatology in one hundred cases. Endocrinol 1926; 10: 461-483.
68. Brown J, Winkelmann RK. Acanthosis nigricans: a study of 90 cases. Medicine 1968; 47: 33-51.
69. Melmed S. Diagnosis of acromegaly. UpToDate 1997; 6: 1-4.
70. Ezzat S. Acromegaly. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 1997; 26: 703-723.
71. Taylor AE. Evaluation of women with hirsutism. UpToDate 1996; 6: 1-7.
72. Carr BR. Disorders of the ovaries and female reproductive tract. In: Wilson JD, Foster DW, Kronenberg HM, Larsen PR, eds. Williams Textbook of Endocrinology, 9th edn. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders, 1998: 795-799.
73. Franks S. Polycystic ovary syndrome. N Engl J Med 1995; 333: 853-861.
74. Vance ML. Hypopituitarism. N Engl J Med 1994; 330: 1651-1662.
75. Goltzman D. Hypoparathyroidism. In: Favus MJ, ed. Primer on the Metabolic Bone Diseases and Disorders of Mineral Metabolism, 3rd edn. Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven, 1996: 220-223.
76. Sutphin A, Fuller A, McCune DJ. Five cases (three in siblings) of idiopathic hypoparathyroidism associated with moniliasis. J Clin Endocrinol 1943; 3: 625-634.
77. American Diabetes Association. Report of the expert committee on the diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care 1998; 21: S5-S19.
78. Muller SA, Winkelman RK. Necrobiosis lipoidica diabeticorum, a clinical and pathological investigation of 171 cases. Arch Dermatol 1966; 93: 272-281.
79. Cruz PD, Hud JA. Excess insulin binding to insulin-like growth factor receptors: proposed mechanism for acanthosis nigricans. J Invest Dermatol 1992; 98 (Suppl.): 82S-85S.
80. Matsuoka LY, Wortsman J, Goldman J. Acanthosis nigricans. Clin Dermatol 1993; 11: 21-25.
81. Macaron C, Winter RJ, Traisman HS, et al. Vitiligo and juvenile diabetes mellitus. Arch Dermatol 1977; 113: 1515-1517.
82. Dawber RPR. Vitiligo in mature-onset diabetes. Br J Dermatol 1968; 80: 275-278.
83. Melin H. An atrophic circumscribed skin lesion in the lower extremities of diabetics. Acta Med Scand 1964; 423 (Suppl.): 17-20.
84. Fleischmajor R, Lara JV. Scleredema adultorum: a histochemical and biochemical study. Arch Dermatol 1965; 92: 643-652.
85. Cohen BA, Wheeler CE, Briggman RA. Scleredema of Buschke and diabetes mellitus. Arch Dermatol 1970; 101: 27-35.
86. Clark CV, Pentland B, Ewing DJ, Clarke BF. Decreased skin wrinkling in diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care 1984; 7: 224-227.
87. Lithner F. Lesions of the legs in diabetics and in patients with familial amyloidosis and polyneuropathy. Acta Med Scand 1976; 589 (Suppl.): 1-23.