The African Crisis Response Initiative: Domestic politics and convergence of national interests

African Affairs

Volumn 99, Issue 394, 2000, Pages 73-95

  Omach, Paul ^a  

^a MAKERERE UNIVERSITY   (Uganda)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CONFLICT MANAGEMENT; CRISIS MANAGEMENT; NATIONAL SECURITY; SECURITY THREAT;

AFRICA;

EID: 0034014477     PISSN: 00019909     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/afraf/99.394.73     Document Type: Article

References (80)

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3. Samuel Decalo, Coup and Army Rule in Africa: Motivation and constraints (Yale University Press, New Haven, CT, 1990), pp. 133-98.
4. United Nations, 'Supplement To An Agenda for Peace: Position Paper of the Secretary General on the Occasion of the Fiftieth Anniversary of the United Nations', A/50/60,S/1995/1 (January 1995).
5. Jendayi Frazer, 'The African Crisis Response Initiative: self-interested humanitarianism', Tlie Brown Journal of World Affairs 4, 2 (1997), p. 104.
6. Richard M. Connaughton, Peacekeeping and Military Intervention. Occasional Paper No. 3 (Strategic and Combat Studies Institute, Camberley, Surrey, 1992), pp. 3-5.
7. United Nations, The Blue Helmets: A review of United Nations peacekeeping (United Nations, New York, 1990), p. 4.
8. Paul Omach, 'United Nations Peacekeeping in the 1990s: die case of Somalia' (MPhil thesis, University of Cambridge, 1996), pp. 86-7
9. and John L. Hirsch and Robert B. Oakley, Somalia, and Operation Restore Hope: Reflections on peacemaking and peacekeeping (United States Institute of Peace Press, Washington DC, 1995), pp. 124-9.
10. Project on Peacekeeping and the United Nations. 'African Crisis Response Initiative (ACRI): a peacekeeping alliance in Africa' (Washington, DC, August 1997).
11. OAU, Resolving Conflicts in Africa: Implementation options (OAU Information Publication Series (II), Addis Ababa, May 1993), para. 60.
12. Makumi Mwagiru, 'The Organization of African Unity (OAU) and the management of internal conflict in Africa', International Studies 33, 1 (1996), pp. 187-204.
13. OAU, 'Declaration of the Assembly of Heads of State and Government on the Establishment, within the OAU, of a Mechanism for Conflict Prevention, Management and Resolution', para. 18; reproduced in OAU, Resolving Conflicts in Africa, pp. 59-66.
14. Ian Johnstone and Tandeka Nkiwane, The Organization of African Unity and Conflict Management in Africa. Report of joint OAU/IPA Consultation (OAU, Addis Ababa, May 1993), p. 10.
15. Olisa S. O. Michael, 'Standing on sinking sand: ECOMOG and the Liberian internal conflict', in P. Anyang Nyong'o (ed.) Arms and Daggers in the Heart of Africa (Academy Science Publishers, Nairobi, 1993), p. 281.
16. Christopher Clapham, Africa and the International System: The politics of state survival (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1996), p. 124.
17. Gavin Cawthra, 'Sub-regional security: the Southern African Development Community', Security Dialogue 28, 2 (1997), p. 112.
18. IISS, The Military Balance 1995-96, cited in Tandeka C. Nkiwane, 'My brother's keeper: the Lesotho crisis in perspective, African Association of Political Science: Occasional Paper Series 1, 3 (1997), p. 9.
19. Nkiwane,'My brother's keeper', p. 9.
20. Rocky Williams, 'Peace operations and the South African armed forces: prospects and challenges', Strategic Review for Southern Africa 17, 2 (1995), pp. 87-106.
21. Williams, 'Peace operations and the South African armed forces', p. 95.
22. Greg Barrow, 'Heavy handed', BBC Focus on Africa 10, 1 Qanuary-March 1999), pp. 11-14.
23. Philip Gourevitch, 'Letter from the Congo: continental shift', New Yorker, 4 August 1997.
24. 'UPDF, RFA fight it out in Congo', Monitor (Kampala), 16 August 1999, pp. 1-2.
25. Department of Defense, United States Security Strategy for Sub-Saharan Africa (Washington, DC, 1995), p. 1.
26. EUSCOM, Strategy of Engagement and Preparedness (Washington, DC, 1996) p. 11.
27. See also Assistant Secretary of State Susan Rice's speech to the African Studies Association at Columbus, Ohio, 14 November, 1997 on ' "Wave of change" now rolling across Africa'. She spoke optimistically about an 'African Renaissance', the ascendance of democracy and political reform and the emergence of stable economic growth with average GDP of 5 percent in 1996. She noted that, despite a few drawbacks to the reforms and the existence of conflicts, the overall picture was promising.
28. Department of Defense, United States Security Strategy for Sub-Saharan Africa, p. 3.
29. Ibid.
30. The C-in-C's vision cited in EUSCOM, Strategy of Engagement and Preparedness, p. vii.
31. National Security Council, 'A National Security Strategy for a New Century' (May 1997), p. 6.
32. Department of Defense, United Stales Security Strategy for Sub-Saharan Africa, p. 6.
33. Frazer, 'African Crisis Response Initiative', p. 110;
34. Department of Defense, United States Security Strategy for Sub-Saharan Africa, pp. 16-17.
35. EUSCOM, Support for US Policy in Africa-Strategy of Active Engagement (Washington, DC, 1996).
36. I. William Zartman (ed.), Collapsed States: The disintegration and restoration of legitimate authority (Lynne Rienner, Boulder, CO, 1995), pp. 1-11.
37. Department of Defense, United States Security Strategy for Sub-Sahamn Africa, p. 13.
38. Mbatau wa Ngai, 'Sub-Region seeks solution to Burundi's escalating tensions', East African (Nairobi), 1-7 July 1996, p. 3.
39. 'An American in Africa', East African, 14-20 October 1996, p. 8.
40. Kofi Annan was interviewed by Nathan Gardels, editor, Global View Point, reprinted in 'A show of force is what is needed now, says top UN man', East African (Nairobi), 29 July-4 August 1996, p. 7.
41. George T. Duncan and Randolph M Siverson, 'Flexibility of alliance partner choice in a multipolar system', International Studies Quarterly 26 (December 1992), p. 518,
42. cited in Steve R. David, 'Explaining Third World alignment', World Politics 43 (January 1991), p. 234.
43. This issue has been discussed by Martin Hollis and Steve Smith, Explaining and Understanding International Relations (Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1991), pp. 92-118.
44. David, 'Explaining Third World alignment', and Joel S. Migdal, Strong Societies and Weak States: state-society relations and state capabilities in the Third World (Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ, 1988), pp. 10-41.
45. Yezid Sayigh, Confronting the 1990s: Security in the developing countries, Adelphi Papers 251 (International Institute for Strategic Studies, London, 1990), pp. 16-17;
46. and Barry Buzan, People, States and Fear: The national security problem in international relations (Tranasia, New Delhi, 1987), pp. 18-69.
47. Buzan, People, States and Fear, p. 68.
48. It is worth noting that between 6 and 8 December 1997, officials from Uganda, Ethiopia, Eritrea, Rwanda, Democratic Republic of Congo and Zimbabwe met in Kampala ahead of US Secretary of State Madeline Albright's visit to Africa. It was reported that they met to agree on a common position on 'sensitive issues'. Among other things, they urged the US to give political and logistical support to countries in conflict with Sudan, called for funds for the victims of the Rwanda genocide, etc. See Adonia Ayebare, 'African states chart a joint stance for US', East African (Nairobi), 15-21 December 1997, p. 1.
49. Ally Saleh, 'Tanzania rejects US military help. Monitor (Kampala), 15 January 1998, p. 2;
50. and 'Tanzania says no to US aid for conflict resolution', East African (Nairobi), 26 January-1 February 1997, p. 1.
51. Cited in 'An American in Africa', East African, 14-20 October 1996, p. 8.
52. Cited in Gitau Warigi, 'Burundi impasse gives weight to US push for African force', East African (Nairobi), 14-20 October 1996, p. 2.
53. Frazer, 'The African Crisis Response Initiative', p. 114.
54. USIS Washington File, 'Defense Department official outlines ACRI to Congress', 8 October 1997.
55. Frazer, 'The African Crisis Response Initiative', pp. 106-8.
56. USIS Washington File, 'Cong. Menendez hails potential of ACRI for Africa', 9 October 1997.
57. Ambassador Marshall McCallie and Colonel David E. McCracken, On-the-Record Briefing, Washington, DC, 28 July 1997.
58. Project on Peacekeeping and the United Nations, 'African Crisis Response Initiative (ACRI)'.
59. USIS Washington File, 'McCallie briefs Congress on All-African peacekeeping initiative', 8 October 1997.
60. USIS Washington File, 'Clinton AfHca mission supports peacekeeping efforts', 18 March 1998.
61. See also USIS Washington File, 'Defense Department begins peacekeeping training in Ghana', 25 March 1998, and also EUSCOM home page at http:// www.eucom.mil.
62. Jendayi Frazer, 'Conceptualizing civil-military relations during democratic transition', Africa Today 17, 1-2 (1995), p. 39.
63. Constitution of the Republic of Uganda, 1995, Article 78(l)c.
64. Alfred Wasike and Richard Mutumba, 'Tinyefunza loses', New Vision. (Kampala), 29 January 1998, pp. 1-2;
65. Matsiko wa Mucori, 'Tinyefunza loses case', Monitor (Kampala), 29 January 1998, pp. 1-2. In a recent court case, the Supreme Court ruled by a margin of four to three judges that Major-General David Tinyefunza did not cease being a member of the Uganda Peoples Defence Force upon being appointed Presidential Adviser on Defence, a public service job, thus overturning an earlier ruling by the Constitutional court.
66. Odrek Rwabwogo, 'Army chief resigns', Nets Vision (Kampala), 24 January 1998, p. 36.
67. 'Arms against a sea of troubles', Africa Confidential 37, 23 (1996), p. 1.
68. In August 1997 an Islamic rebel group, the Oromo-Somali-Afar Liberation Alliance (OSALA), was formed in Mogadishu, Somalia. It wants to establish Islamic rule in the Horn of Africa. This prompted the Ethiopian military to carry out occasional military raids into Somalia to 'destroy' the bases of Islamist groups. Eritrea has also threatened to dispatch troops across Sudan to flush out Eritrean Islamists. See Moyiga Nduru, 'Horn of Africa under fundamentalist threat', East African (Nairobi), 15-21 September 1997, p. 13.
69. See Gingyera-Pinycwa, 'The militarization of politics in Uganda', in Walter Oyugi, (ed.), Politics and Administration in East Africa (Konrad Adenauer Foundation, Nairobi, 1992), pp. 215-14.
70. The government's position was outlined in a policy statement to the Committee on Defence by Hon. Amama Mbabazi, the minister of state for defence, and documented in the Report of the Committee on Defence and Internal Affairs on the War in Northern Uganda (January 1997), pp. 49-50.
71. The Republic of Uganda, Towards a Peaceful Resolution of the Armed Conflict in Northern Uganda: A Minority Report from the Committee on Defence and Internal Affairs on the War in Nonhem Uganda (January 1997), pp. 1-4.
72. Robert Gersony, 'The Anguish of Northern Uganda, results of field-based assessment of the civil conflict in Northern Uganda', report submitted to US Embassy and USAID Mission, Kampala (August 1997).
73. Edith Kimuli, 'Lawyers urge quick end to Kony war', New Vision (Kampala), 14 January 1998, p. 8.
74. See Dennis Pain, The Bending of Spears: Producing consensus for peace and development in northern Uganda. Report commissioned by International Alert in partnership with Kacoke Madit (London, 1997).
75. The Republic of Uganda, Report of the Committee on Defence and Internal Affairs on the War in Northern Uganda (January 1997), p. 58.
76. Emmy Allio, 'UPDF ranked 10th in Africa', New Vision (Kampala), 13 January 1998, pp. 1-2. The paper quoted the Royal Institute of Defence Studies, New International Security Review, which ranked Uganda 10th in Africa in terms of military might. It attributes this to the modernization process which the army is undergoing.
77. Moses Sserwanga, 'US-trained troops deployed in F/Portal', New Vision (Kampala), 24 September 1997, pp. 1-2.
78. Ibid.
79. I. William Zartman, 'African regional security and changing patterns of relations' in Edmond Keller and Donald Rothchild (eds), Africa in the New International Order: Rethinking state sovereignty and regional security (Lynne Rienner, Boulder, CO, 1996), p. 52.
80. Clapham, Africa and the International System, p. 124.