Diagnosis, management, and prevention of catheter-related infections

Seminars in Pediatric Infectious Diseases

Volumn 11, Issue 2, 2000, Pages 113-121

  Flynn, Patricia M ^a,b  

^a ST JUDE CHILDREN S RESEARCH HOSPITAL   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF TENNESSEE HEALTH SCIENCE CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AMIKACIN; AMPHOTERICIN B; ANTIBIOTIC AGENT; ANTIFUNGAL AGENT; CEFAZOLIN; CIPROFLOXACIN; HEPARIN; POVIDONE IODINE; TIMENTIN; UROKINASE; VANCOMYCIN;

ANTIBIOTIC PROPHYLAXIS; ANTIBIOTIC THERAPY; CATHETER INFECTION; CENTRAL VENOUS CATHETER; CLINICAL TRIAL; DISINFECTION; DRUG STABILITY; FUNGEMIA; HUMAN; MICROBIOLOGY; NEUTROPENIA; REVIEW; SEPSIS; THROMBOSIS; TOTAL PARENTERAL NUTRITION;

EID: 0034009486     PISSN: 10451870     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1053/pi.2000.4661     Document Type: Article

References (122)

1. Broviac JW, Cole JJ, Scribner BH: A silicone rubber atrial catheter for prolonged parenteral alimentation. Surg Gynecol Obstet 136: 602-606, 1973
2. Van Hoff J, Berg AT, Seashore JH: The effect of right atrial catheters on infectious complications of chemotherapy in children. J Clin Oncol 8:1255-1262, 1990
3. Ross MN, Haase GM, Poole MA, et al: Comparison of totally implanted reservoirs with external catheters as venous access devices in pediatric oncologic patients. Surg Gynecol Obstet 167:141-144, 1988
4. Merritt RJ, Ennis CE, Andrassy RJ, et al: Use of Hickman right atrial catheter in pediatric oncology patients. JPEN 5:83-85, 1981
5. Shapiro ED, Wald ER, Nelson KA, et al: Broviac catheter-related bacteremia in oncology patients. Am J Dis Child 136:679-681, 1982
6. King DR, Komer M, Hoffman J, et al: Broviac catheter sepsis: The natural history of an iatrogenic infection. J Pediatr Surg 20:728-733, 1985
7. Colombani PM, Dudgeon DL, Buck JR, et al: Multipurpose central venous access in the immunocompromised pediatric patient. JPEN 9:83-85, 1985
8. Darbyshire PJ, Weightman NC, Speller DC: Problems associated with indwelling central venous catheters. Arch Dis Child 60:129-134, 1985
9. Cairo MS, Spooner S, Sowden L, et al: Long-term use of indwelling multipurpose silastic catheters in pediatric cancer patients treated with aggressive chemotherapy. J Clin Oncol 4:784-788, 1986
10. Johnson PR, Decker MD, Edwards KM, et al: Frequency of Broviac catheter infections in pediatric oncology patients. J Infect Dis 154:570-578, 1986
11. Cameron GS: Central venous catheters for children with malignant disease: Surgical issues. J Pediatr Surg 22:702-704, 1987
12. Hartman GE, Shochat SJ: Management of septic complications associated with Silastic catheters in childhood malignancy. Pediatr Infect Dis 6:1042-1047, 1987
13. Viscoli C, Garaventa A, Boni L, et al: Role of Broviac catheters in infections in children with cancer. Pediatr Infect Dis J 7:556-560, 1988
14. Yokoyama S, Fujimoto T, Tajima T, et al: Use of Broviac/Hickman catheter for long-term venous access in pediatric cancer patients. Jpn J Clin Oncol 18:143-148, 1988
15. Wurzel CL, Halom K, Feldman JG, et al: Infection rates of Broviac-Hickman catheters and implantable venous devices. Am J Dis Child 142:536-540, 1988
16. Das I, Philpott C, George RH: Central venous catheter-related septicaemia in paediatric cancer patients. J Hosp Infect 36:67-76, 1997
17. Uderzo C, D'Angelo PD, Rizzari C, et al: Central venous catheter-related complications after bone marrow transplantation in children with hematologic malignancies. Bone Marrow Transplant 9:113-117, 1992
18. Rizzari C, Palamone G, Corbetta A, et al: Central venous catheter-related infections in pediatric hematology-oncology patients: Role of home and hospital management. Pediatr Hematol Oncol 9:115-123, 1992
19. Shulman RJ, Smith EO, Rahman S, et al: Single-vs. double-lumen central venous catheters in pediatric oncology patients. Am J Dis Child 142:893-895, 1988
20. Mirro J Jr, Rao BN, Stokes DC, et al: A prospective study of Hickman/Broviac catheters and implantable ports in pediatric oncology patients. J Clin Oncol 7:214-222, 1989
21. Early TF, Gregory RT, Wheeler JR, et al: Increased infection rate in double-lumen versus single-lumen Hickman catheters in cancer patients. South Med J 83:34-36, 1990
22. Gil RT, Kruse JA, Thill-Baharozian MC, et al: Triple- vs. single-lumen central venous catheters. A prospective study in a critically ill population. Arch Intern Med 149:1139-1143, 1989
23. Lee RB, Buckner M, Sharp KW: Do multi-lumen catheters increase central venous catheter sepsis compared to single-lumen catheters? J Trauma 28:1472-1475, 1988
24. Yeung C, May J, Hughes R: Infection rate for single lumen v triple lumen subclavian catheters. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 9:154-158, 1988
25. Hilton E, Haslett TM, Borenstein MT, et al: Central catheter infections: Single-versus triple-lumen catheters: Influence of guide wires on infection rates when used for replacement of catheters. Am J Med 84:667-672, 1988
26. Pegelow CH, Narvaez M, Toledano SR, et al: Experience with a totally implantable venous device in children. Am J Dis Child 140:69-71, 1986
27. Shulman RJ, Rahman S, Mahoney D, et al: A totally implanted venous access system used in pediatric patients with cancer. J Clin Oncol 5:137-140, 1987
28. McDowell HP, Hart CA, Martin J: Implantable subcutaneous venous catheters. Arch Dis Child 61:1037-1038, 1986
29. Soucy P: Experiences with the use of the Port-a-Cath in children. J Pediatr Surg 22:767-769, 1987
30. Groeger JS, Lucas AB, Thaler HT, et al: Infectious morbidity associated with long-term use of venous access devices in patients with cancer. Ann Intern Med 119:1168-1174, 1993
31. Greene FL, Moore W, Strickland G, et al: Comparison of a totally implantable access device for chemotherapy (Port-A-Cath) and long-term percutaneous catheterization (Broviac). South Med J 81:580-583, 1988
32. Ingram J, Weitzman S, Greenberg ML, et al: Complications of indwelling venous access lines in the pediatric hematology patient: A prospective comparison of external venous catheters and subcutaneous ports. Am J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 13:130-136, 1991
33. Severien C, Nelson JD: Frequency of infections associated with implanted systems vs cuffed, tunneled Silastic venous catheters in patients with acute leukemia. Am J Dis Child 145:1433-1438, 1991
34. Mueller BU, Skelton J, Callender DP, et al: Aprospective randomized trial comparing the infectious and noninfectious complications of an externalized catheter versus a subcutaneously implanted device in cancer patients. J Clin Oncol 10:1943-1948, 1992
35. Kappers-Klunne MC, Degener JE, Stijnen T, et al: Complications from long-term indwelling central venous catheters in hematologic patients with special reference to infection. Cancer 64:1747-1752, 1989
36. Carde P, Cosset-Delaigue MF, Laplanche A, et al: Classical external indwelling central venous catheter versus totally implanted venous access systems for chemotherapy administration: A randomized trial in 100 patients with solid tumors. Eur J Cancer Clin Oncol 25:939-944, 1989
37. Byrne WJ, Halpin TC, Asch MJ, et al: Home total parenteral nutrition: An alternative approach to the management of children with severe chronic small bowel disease. J Pediatr Surg 12:359-366, 1977
38. Prince A, Heller B, Levy J, et al: Management of fever in patients with central vein catheters. Pediatr Infect Dis 5:20-24, 1986
39. Christensen ML, Hancock ML, Gattuso J, et al: Parenteral nutrition associated with increased infection rate in children with cancer. Cancer 72:2732-2738, 1993
40. Freeman J, Goldmann DA, Smith NE, et al: Association of intravenous lipid emulsion and coagulase-negative staphylococcal bacteremia in neonatal intensive care units. N Engl J Med 323:301-308, 1990
41. Loeff DS, Matlak ME, Black RE, et al: Insertion of a small central venous catheter in neonates and young infants. J Pediatr Surg 17:944-949, 1982
42. Grisoni ER, Mehta SK, Connors AF: Thrombosis and infection complicating central venous catheterization in neonates. J Pediatr Surg 21:772-776, 1986
43. Warner BW, Gorgone P, Schilling S, et al: Multiple purpose central venous access in infants less than 1,000 grams. J Pediatr Surg 22:820-822, 1987
44. Lally KP, Hardin WD Jr, Boettcher M, et al: Broviac catheter insertion: Operating room or neonatal intensive care unit. J Pediatr Surg 22:823-824, 1987
45. Sadiq HF, Devaskar S, Keenan WJ, et al: Broviac catheterization in low birth weight infants: Incidence and treatment of associated complications. Crit Care Med 15:47-50, 1987
46. Press OW, Ramsey PG, Larson EB, et al: Hickman catheter infections in patients with malignancies. Medicine (Baltimore) 63:189-200, 1985
47. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: Intravascular device-related infection. Fed Register 60:49977-50005, 1995
48. Dillon JD Jr, Schaffner W, Van Way CW III, et al: Septicemia and total parenteral nutrition. Distinguishing catheter-related from other septic episodes. JAMA 223:1341-1344, 1973
49. Ryan JA Jr, Abel RM, Abbott WM, et al: Catheter complications in total parenteral nutrition. A prospective study of 200 consecutive patients. N Engl J Med 290:757-761, 1974
50. Abrahm JL, Mullen JL: A prospective study of prolonged central venous access in leukemia. JAMA 248:2868-2873, 1982
51. Raucher HS, Hyatt AC, Barzilai A, et al: Quantitative blood cultures in the evaluation of septicemia in children with Broviac catheters. J Pediatr 104:29-33, 1984
52. Flynn PM, Shenep JL, Stokes DC, et al: In situ management of confirmed central venous catheter-related bacteremia. Pediatr Infect Dis J 6:729-734, 1987
53. Decker MD, Edwards KM: Central venous catheter infections. Pediatr Clin North Am 35:579-612, 1988
54. Piedra PA, Dryja DM, LaScolea LJ Jr: Incidence of catheter-associated gram-negative bacteremia in children with short bowel syndrome. J Clin Microbiol 27:1317-1319, 1989
55. Castagnola E, Garaventa A, Viscoli C, et al: Changing pattern of pathogens causing Broviac catheter-related bacteremias in children with cancer. J Hosp Infect 29:129-133, 1995
56. Lokich JJ, Bothe A Jr, Benotti P, et al: Complications and management of implanted venous access catheters. J Clin Oncol 3:710-717, 1985
57. Ghesquiere W, Hanakowski M, Swift M, et al: Central line infections involving totally implantable venous devices in a pediatric population. Program and Abstract of the 29th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. Houston, TX, Am Soc Microbiol, 1989 (abstr 1082)
58. Rubin LG, Shih S, Shende A, et al: Cure of implantable venous port-associated bloodstream infections in pediatric hematology-oncology patients without catheter removal. Clin Infect Dis 29:102-105, 1999
59. Powell DA, Aungst J, Snedden S, et al: Broviac catheter-related Malassezia furfur sepsis in five infants receiving intravenous fat emulsions. J Pediatr 105:987-990, 1984
60. Flynn PM, Van Hooser B, Gigliotti F: Atypical mycobacterial infections of Hickman catheter exit sites. Pediatr Infect Dis J 7:510-513, 1988
61. Svirbely JR, Buesching WJ, Ayers LW, et al: Mycobacterium fatuitum infection of a Hickman catheter site. Am J Clin Pathol 80:733-735, 1983
62. Hoy JF, Rolston KV, Hopfer RL, et al: Mycobacterium fatuitum bacteremia in patients with cancer and long-term venous catheters. Am J Med 83:213-217, 1987
63. Maki DG, Weise CE, Sarafin HW: A semiquantitative culture method for identifying intravenous-catheter-related infection. N Engl J Med 296:1305-1309, 1977
64. Cooper GL, Hopkins CC: Rapid diagnosis of intravascular catheter-associated infection by direct Gram staining of catheter segments. N Engl J Med 312:1142-1147, 1985
65. Zufferey J, Rime B, Francioli P, et al: Simple method of rapid diagnosis of catheter-associated infection by direct acridine orange staining of catheter tips. J Clin Microbiol 26:175-177, 1988
66. Wing EJ, Norden CW, Shadduck RK, et al: Use of quantitative bacteriologie techniques to diagnose catheter-related sepsis. Arch Intern Med 139:482-483, 1979
67. Flynn PM, Shenep JL, Barrett FF: Differential quantitation with a commercial blood culture tube for diagnosis of catheter-related infection. J Clin Microbiol 26:1045-1046, 1988
68. Ruderman JW, Morgan MA, Klein AH: Quantitative blood cultures in the diagnosis of sepsis in infants with umbilical and Broviac catheters. J Pediatr 112:748-751, 1988
69. Benezra D, Kiehn TE, Gold JW, et al: Prospective study of infections in indwelling central venous catheters using quantitative blood cultures. Am J Med 85:495-498, 1988
70. Capdevila JA, Planes AM, Palomar M, et al: Value of differential quantitative blood cultures in the diagnosis of catheter-related sepsis. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 11:403-407, 1992
71. Al-Wali WI, Wilcox MH, Thickett KJ: Retained Hickman catheter cuff as a source of infection. J Infect 26:199-201, 1993
72. Gorelick MH, Owen WC, Seibel NL, et al: Lack of association between neutropenia and the incidence of bacteremia associated with indwelling central venous catheters in febrile pediatric cancer patients. Pediatr Infect Dis J 10:506-510, 1991
73. Hiemenz J, Skelton J, Pizzo PA: Perspective on the management of catheter-related infections in cancer patients. Pediatr Infect Dis 5:6-11, 1986
74. Wang EE, Prober CG, Ford-Jones L, et al: The management of central intravenous catheter infections. Pediatr Infect Dis 3:110-113, 1984
75. Shenep JL, Flynn P: Infections associated with long-term intravascular and cerebrospinal fluid shunt catheters, in Aronoff SC (ed): Advances in Pediatric Infectious Diseases, vol 145. Chicago, IL, Year Book Medical, 1986, pp 145-162
76. Thomas JH, MacArthur RI, Pierce GE, et al: Hickman-Broviac catheters. Indications and results. Am J Surg 140:791-796, 1980
77. Pollack PF, Kadden M, Byrne WJ, et al: 100 patient years' experience with the Broviac Silastic catheter for central venous nutrition. JPEN 5:32-36, 1981
78. Pizzo PA, Ladisch S, Robichaud K: Treatment of gram-positive septicemia in cancer patients. Cancer 45:206-207, 1980
79. Powell DA, Marcon MJ: Failure to eradicate Malassezia furfur broviac catheter infection with antifungal therapy. Pediatr Infect Dis J 6:579-580, 1987
80. Lecciones JA, Lee JW, Navarro EE, et al: Vascular catheter-associated fungemia in patients with cancer: Analysis of 155 episodes. Clin Infect Dis 14:875-883, 1992
81. Eppes SC, Troutman JL, Gutman LT: Outcome of treatment of candidemia in children whose central catheters were removed or retained. Pediatr Infect Dis J 8:99-104, 1989
82. Saleh RA, Schorin MA: Bacillus sp. sepsis associated with Hickman catheters in patients with neoplastic disease. Pediatr Infect Dis J 6:851-856, 1987
83. Messing B, Peitra-Cohen S, Debure A, et al: Antibiotic-lock technique. A new approach to optimal therapy for catheter-related sepsis in home-parenteral nutrition patients. JPEN 12:185-189, 1988
84. Gaillard J-L, Merlino R, Pajot N, et al: Conventional and nonconventional modes of vancomycin administered to decontaminate the internal surface of catheters colonized with coagulase-negative staphylococci. JPEN 14:593-597, 1990
85. Benoit J-L, Carandang G, Sitrin M, et al: Intraluminal antibiotic treatment of central venous catheter infections in patients receiving parenteral nutrition at home. Clin Infect Dis 21:1286-1288, 1995
86. Johnson DC, Johnson FL, Goldman S: Preliminary results treating persistent central venous catheter infections with the antibiotic lock technique in pediatric patients. Pediatr Infect Dis J 10:930-931, 1994
87. Krzywda EA, Andris DA, Edmiston CE Jr, et al: Treatment of Hickman catheter sepsis using antibiotic lock technique. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 16:596-598, 1995
88. Arnow PM, Kushner R: Malassezia furfur catheter infection cured with antibiotic lock therapy. Am J Med 90:128-130, 1991
89. Anthony TU, Rubin LG: Stability of antibiotics used for antibiotic-lock treatment of infections of implantable venous devices (ports). Antimicrob Agents Chemother 43:2074-2076, 1999
90. Raad II, Luna M, Khalil SA, et al: The relationship between the thrombotic and infectious complications of central venous catheters. JAMA 271:1014-1016, 1994
91. Glynn MF, Langer B, Jeejeebhoy KN: Therapy for thrombotic occlusion of long-term intravenous alimentation catheters. JPEN 4:387-390, 1980
92. Lewis JA, LaFrance R, Bower RH: Treatment of infected silicone right atrial catheter with combined fibrinolytic and antibiotic therapy: Case report and review of the literature. JPEN 13:92-98, 1989
93. Fishbein JD, Friedman HS, Bennett BB, et al: Catheter-related sepsis refractory to antibiotics treated successfully with adjunctive urokinase infusion. Pediatr Infect Dis J 9:676-678, 1990
94. Ascher DP, Shoupe BA, Maybee D, et al: Persistent catheter-related bacteremia: Clearance with antibiotics and urokinase. J Pediatr Surg 28:627-629, 1993
95. Jones GR, Konsler GK, Dunaway RP, et al: Prospective analysis of urokinase in the treatment of catheter sepsis in pediatric hematology-oncology patients. J Pediatr Surg 28:350-355, 1993
96. Haddad W, Idowu J, Georgeson K, et al: Septic atrial thrombosis. A potentially lethal complication of Broviac catheters in infants. Am J Dis Child 140:778-780, 1986
97. Atkinson JB, Chamberlin K, Boody BA: A prospective randomized trial of urokinase as an adjuvant in the treatment of proven Hickman catheter sepsis. J Pediatr Surg 33:714-716, 1998
98. La Quaglia MP, Caldwell C, Lucas A, et al: A prospective randomized double-blind trial of bolus urokinase in the treatment of established Hickman catheter sepsis in children. J Pediatr Surg 29:742-745, 1994
99. Keohane PP, Jones BJ, Attrill H, et al: Effect of catheter tunneling and a nutrition nurse on catheter sepsis during parenteral nutrition. A controlled trial. Lancet 2:1388-1390, 1983
100. Rizzari C, Palamone G, Corbetta A, et al: Central venous catheter-related infections in pediatric hematology-oncology patients: Role of home and hospital management. Pediatr Hematol Oncol 9:115-123, 1992
101. Shaul DB, Scheer B, Rokhsar S, et al: Risk factors for early infection of central venous catheters in pediatric patients. J Am Coll Surg 186:654-658, 1998
102. Al-Sibai MB, Harder EJ, Faskin RW, et al: The value of prophylactic antibiotics during the insertion of long-term indwelling Silastic right atrial catheters in cancer patients. Cancer 60:1891-1895, 1987
103. McKee R, Dunsmuir R, Whitby M, et al: Does antibiotic prophylaxis at the time of catheter insertion reduce the incidence of catheter-related sepsis in intravenous nutrition? J Hosp Infect 6:419-425, 1985
104. Ranson MR, Oppenheim BA, Jackson A, et al: Double-blind placebo-controlled study of vancomycin prophylaxis for central venous catheter insertion in cancer patients. J Hosp Infect 15:95-102, 1990
105. Bock SN, Lee RE, Fisher B, et al: A prospective randomized trial evaluating prophylactic antibiotics to prevent triple-lumen catheter-related sepsis in patients with immunotherapy. J Clin Oncol 8:161-169, 1990
106. Lim SH, Smith MP, Machin SJ, et al: A prospective randomized study of prophylactic teicoplanin toprevent early Hickman catheter-related sepsis in patients receiving intensive chemotherapy for haematologic malignancies. Eur J Haematol Suppl 54:10-13, 1993
107. Kropec A, Huebner J, Frank U, et al: In vitro activity of sodium bisulfite and heparin against staphylococci: New strategies in the treatment of catheter-related infection. J Infect Dis 168:235-237, 1993
108. Elliot TS, Curran A: Effects of heparin and chlorbutol on bacterial colonisation of intravascular cannulae in an in vitro model. J Hosp Infect 14:193-200, 1989
109. Freeman R, Holden MP, Lyon R: Addition of sodium metabisulfite to left atrial catheter infusates as a means of preventing bacterial colonisation of the catheter tip. Thorax 37:142-144, 1982
110. Schwartz C, Henrickson KJ, Roghmann K, et al: Prevention of bacteremia attributed to luminal colonization of tunneled central venous catheters with vancomycin-susceptible organisms. J Clin Oncol 8:1591-1597, 1990
111. Randolph AG, Cook DJ, Gonzales CA, et al: Benefit of heparin in central venous and pulmonary artery catheters: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Chest 113:165-171, 1998
112. Daghistani D, Horn M, Rodriguez Z, et al: Prevention of indwelling central venous catheter sepsis. Med Pediatr Oncol 26:405-408, 1996
113. Rubie H, Juricic M, Claeyssens S, et al: Morbidityusing subcutaneous ports and efficacy of vancomycin flushing in cancer. Arch Dis Child 72:325-329, 1995
114. Kacica MA, Morgan MJ, Ochoa L, et al: Prevention of gram-positive sepsis in neonates weighing less than 1500 grams. J Pediatr 125:253-258, 1994
115. Spafford PS, Sinkin RA, Cox C, et al: Prevention of central venous catheter-related coagulase-negative staphylococcal sepsis in neonates. J Pediatr 125:259-263, 1994
116. Conly JM, Grieves K, Peters B: A prospective, randomized study comparing transparent and dry gauze dressings for central venous catheters. J Infect Dis 159:310-319, 1989
117. Treston-Aurand J, Olmsted RN, Allen-Bridson K, et al: Impact of dressing materials on central venous catheter infection rates. J Intraven Nur 20:201-206, 1997
118. Zinner SH, Denny-Brown BC, Braun P, et al: Risk of infection with intravenous indwelling catheters: Effect of application of antibiotic ointment. J Infect Dis 120:616-619, 1969
119. Maki DG, Band JD: A comparative study of polyantibiotic and iodophor ointments in prevention of vascular catheter-related infection. Am J Med 70:739-744, 1981
120. Mendelson MH, Short LJ, Schechter CB, et al: Study of a needleless intermittent intravenous-access system for peripheral infusions: Analysis of staff, patient, and institutional outcomes. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 19:401-406, 1998
121. Cookson ST, Ihrig M, O'Mara EM, et al: Increased bloodstream infection rates in surgical patients associated with variation from recommended use and care following implementation of a needleless device. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 19:23-27, 1998
122. Danzig LE, Short LJ, Collins K, et al: Bloodstream infections associated with a needleless intravenous infusion system in patients receiving home infusion therapy. JAMA 273:1862-1864, 1995