On the future of reanimatology

Academic Emergency Medicine

Volumn 7, Issue 1, 2000, Pages 75-89

  Safar, Peter ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH   (United States)

Author keywords

Emergency medical services; Reanimatology; Research; Resuscitation

Indexed keywords

BRAIN ISCHEMIA; BRAIN PROTECTION; HEART ARREST; HYPOTHERMIA; LIFESPAN; LONG TERM CARE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RESUSCITATION; REVIEW;

EID: 0033988993     PISSN: 10696563     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1553-2712.2000.tb01898.x     Document Type: Review

References (97)

1. Negovsky VA, Gurvitch AM, Zolotokrylina ES. Postresuscitation Disease. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1983.
2. Safar P. The mechanisms of dying and their reversal. In: Schwartz G, Safar P, Stone J, Storey P, Wagner D (eds). Principles and Practice of Emergency Medicine. Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders, 1986, pp 17-50.
3. Safar P, Bircher NG. Cardiopulmonary-Cerebral Resuscitation. An Introduction to Resuscitation Medicine. World Federation of Societies of Anaesthesiologists, 3rd ed. London: W. B. Saunders, 1988.
4. American Society of Anesthesiologists, Committee on Acute Medicine (Safar P, Chair). Community-wide emergency medical services. JAMA. 1968; 204:595-602.
5. Safar P. The critical care medicine continuum from scene to outcome. In: Parrillo JE, Ayres SM (eds). Major Issues in Critical Care Medicine. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1984, pp 71-84.
6. Safar P. History of cardiopulmonary-cerebral resuscitation. In: Kaye W, Bircher N (eds). Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation. New York: Churchill Livingstone, 1989.
7. Beck CS, Pritchard H, Feil SH. Ventricular fibrillation of long duration abolished by electric shock. JAMA. 1947; 135: 985-6.
8. Elam JO, Brown ES, Elder JD Jr. Artificial respiration by mouth-to-mask method. A study of the respiratory gas exchange of paralyzed patients ventilated by operator's expired air. N Engl J Med. 1954; 250:749-54.
9. Safar P, Aguto-Escarraga L, Chang F. Upper airway obstruction in the unconscious patient. J Appl Physiol. 1959; 14: 760-4.
10. Safar P, Escarraga L, Elam J. A comparison of the mouth-to-mouth and mouth-to-airway methods of artificial respiration with the chest-pressure arm-lift methods. N Engl J Med. 1958; 258:671-7.
11. Safar P. Ventilatory efficacy of mouth-to-mouth artificial respiration. Airway obstruction during manual and mouth-to-mouth artificial respiration. JAMA. 1958; 167:335-41.
12. Safar P. Introduction to Respiratory and Cardiac Resuscitation. A Documentary Film of Human Volunteer Research. Produced by U.S. Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Washington, DC. Army film #PMF5349, 1957 and 1961. Available from: University of Pittsburgh Center for Instructional Resources, Pittsburgh, PA 15260.
13. Kouwenhoven WB, Jude JR, Knickerbocker GG. Closed-chest cardiac massage. JAMA. 1960; 173:1064-7.
14. Safar P, Brown TC, Holtey WH, Wilder R. Ventilation and circulation with closed chest cardiac massage in man. JAMA. 1961; 176:574-6.
15. Becker LB, Berg RA, Pepe PE, et al. A reappraisal of mouth-to-mouth ventilation during bystander-initiated cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Circulation. 1997; 96:2102-12.
16. Safar P, Bircher N, Pretto E, et al. Reappraisal of mouth-to-mouth ventilation during bystander-initiated cardiopulmonary resuscitation [letter]. Circulation. 1998; 98:608-10.
17. Safar P. Ventilation and cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Curr Opin Anesthesiol. 1999; 12:165-71.
18. Eisenburger P, Safar P. Life supporting first aid training of the public-review and recommendations. Resuscitation. 1999; 41:3-18.
19. Safar P. Resuscitation of the ischemic brain. In: Albin MS (ed). Textbook of Neuroanesthesia with Neurosurgical and Neuroscience Perspectives. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1997, pp 557-93.
20. Zoll PM, Linenthal AJ, Gibson W. Paul MH, Norman LR. Treatment of ventricular fibrillation in man by externally applied electric countershock. N Engl J Med. 1956; 254:727-32.
21. Lown B. The Lost Art of Healing. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin, 1996; New York: Ballantine Books (paperback), 1999.
22. Safar P, DeKornfeld TJ, Pearson JW, et al. Intensive care unit. Anaesthesia. 1961; 16:275-84.
23. Safar P, Berman B, Diamond E, et al. Cuffed tracheostomy tube vs. tank respirator for prolonged artificial ventilation. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1962; 43:487-93.
24. Safar P, Grenvik A. Organization and physician education in critical care medicine. Anesthesiology. 1977; 47:82-95.
25. Safar P (ed). Respiratory Therapy. Philadelphia: F. A. Davis, 1965, p 361.
26. Eisenberg MS, Horwood BT, Cummins RO, et al. Cardiac arrest and resuscitation: a tale of 29 cities. Ann Emerg Med. 1990; 19:79-86.
27. Cummins R, Chamberlain D, Abramson NS, et al. Recommended guidelines for uniform reporting of data from out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: the Utstein style. Circulation. 1991; 84:960-75.
28. Brain Resuscitation Clinical Trial (BRCT) I Study Group (Safar P, P.I.). Randomized clinical study of thiopental loading in comatose survivors of cardiac arrest. N Engl J Med. 1986; 314:397-403.
29. Brain Resuscitation Clinical Trial (BRCT) II Study Group (Safar P, P.I.). A randomized clinical study of a calcium-entry blocker (lidoflazine) in the treatment of comatose survivors of cardiac arrest. N Engl J Med. 1991; 324:1225-31.
30. Abramson N, Kelsey S, Safar P, Sutton-Tyrrell K. Simpson's paradox and clinical trials: what you find is not necessarily what you prove. Ann Emerg Med. 1992; 21:1480-2.
31. Abramson NS, Safar P, Sutton-Tyrrell K, Craig MT, for the BRCT III Study Group. A randomized clinical trial of escalating doses of high dose epinephrine during cardiac resuscitation [abstract]. Crit Care Med. 1995; A178:A178.
32. Safar P, Ebmeyer U, Katz L, Tisherman S (eds). Future directions for resuscitation research. Crit Care Med. 1996; 24/ 2 (suppl):S1-S99. [Resuscitation Researchers' Conference, Pittsburgh, PA, May 1994].
33. Edgren E, Hedstrand U, Kelsey S, et al. Assessment of neurological prognosis in comatose survivors of cardiac arrest. Lancet. 1994; 343:1055-9.
34. Sasser HC, Safar P, BRCT Study Group. Clinical signs early after CPR predict neurologic outcome [abstract]. Crit Care Med. 2000; in press.
35. Tisherman SA, Vandevelde K, Safar P, et al. Future directions for resuscitation research. V. Ultra-advanced life support. Resuscitation. 1997; 34:281-93.
36. Hachimi-Idrissi S, Leeman J, Hubloue Y, et al. Open chest cardiopulmonary resuscitation in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Resuscitation. 1997; 35:151-6.
37. Safar P, Abramson NS, Angelos M, et al. Emergency cardiopulmonary bypass for resuscitation from prolonged cardiac arrest. Am J Emerg Med. 1990; 8:55-67.
38. Tisherman S, Safar P, Kormos R, Paris P, Peitzman A. Clinical feasibility of emergency cardiopulmonary bypass for external CPR-refractory prehospital cardiac arrest [abstract]. Resuscitation. 1994; 28:S5.
39. Safar P, Stezoski SW, Klain M. Portable and modular cardiopulmonary bypass apparatus and associated aortic balloon catheter. U.S. patent #5,308,320, issued May 3, 1994.
40. Safar P, Stezoski SW, Klain M. Portable and modular cardiopulmonary bypass apparatus and associated aortic balloon catheter and associated method. U.S. patent #5,383,854, issued Jan 24, 1995.
41. Safar P, Elam J (eds). Advances in Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation. Wolf Creek Conference on CPR Research No. 1 in 1975. New York: Springer-Verlag, 1977.
42. Uchino H, Elmer E, Uchino K, et al. Amelioration by cyclosporin A of brain damage in transient forebrain ischemia in the rat. Brain Res. 1998; 812:216-26.
43. Prueckner S, Clark R, Woods R, et al. Cold aortic arch flush decreases apoptosis after exsanguinantion cardiac arrest in dogs [abstract]. Crit Care Med. 2000; in press.
44. Radovsky A, Safar P, Sterz F, Leonov Y, Reich H, Kuboyama K. Regional prevalence and distribution of ischemic neurons in dog brains 96 hours after cardiac arrest of 0 to 20 minutes. Stroke. 1995; 26:2127-34.
45. Lind B, Snyder J, Safar P. Total brain ischaemia in dogs: cerebral physiological and metabolic changes after 15 minutes of circulatory arrest. Resuscitation. 1975; 4:97-113.
46. Snyder JV, Nemoto EM, Carroll RG, Safar P. Global ischemia in dogs: intracranial pressures, brain blood flow and metabolism. Stroke. 1975; 6:21-7.
47. Safar P, Stezoski SW, Nemoto EM. Amelioration of brain damage after 12 minutes cardiac arrest in dogs. Arch Neurol. 1976; 33:91-5.
48. Leonov Y, Sterz F, Safar P, Johnson DW, Tisherman SA, Oku K. Hypertension with hemodilution prevents multifocal cerebral hypoperfusion after cardiac arrest in dogs. Stroke. 1992; 23:45-53
49. Sterz F, Leonov Y, Safar P, Radovsky A, Tisherman S, Oku K. Hypertension with or without hemodilution after cardiac arrest in dogs. Stroke. 1990; 21:1178-84.
50. Sasser HC, Safar P, Kelsey SF, Ricci EM, Sutton-Tyrell KC, Wisniewski SR. Arterial hypertension after cardiac arrest is associated with good cerebral outcome in patients [abstract]. Crit Care Med. 2000; in press.
51. Martin DR, Persse D, Brown CG, et al. Relation between initial post-resuscitation systolic blood pressure and neurologic outcome following cardiac arrest [abstract]. Ann Emerg Med. 1993; 22:206.
52. Mullner M, Sterz F, Binder M, et al. Arterial blood pressure after human cardiac arrest and neurological recovery. Stroke. 1996; 27:59-62.
53. Vaagenes P, Cantadore R, Safar P, et al. Amelioration of brain damage by lidoflazine after prolonged ventricular fibrillation cardiac arrest in dogs. Crit Care Med. 1984; 12:846-55.
54. Steen PA, Gisvold SE, Milde JH, et al. Nimodipine improves outcome when given after complete cerebral ischemia in primates. Anesthesiology. 1985; 62:406-14.
55. Katz L, Wang Y, Ebmeyer U, Radovsky A, Safar P. Glucose plus insulin infusion improves cerebral outcome after asphyxial cardiac arrest. Neuroreport. 1998; 9:3363-7.
56. Oku K, Sterz F, Safar P, et al. Mild hypothermia after cardiac arrest in dogs does not affect postarrest multifocal cerebral hypoperfusion. Stroke. 1993; 24:1590-8.
57. Gisvold SE, Safar P, Rao G, Moossy J, Kelsey S, Alexander H. Multifaceted therapy after global brain ischemia in monkeys. Stroke. 1984; 15:803-12.
58. Leonov Y, Sterz F, Safar P, Radovsky A. Moderate hypothermia after cardiac arrest of 17 min in dogs: effect on cerebral and cardiac outcome. A preliminary study. Stroke. 1990; 21:1600-6.
59. Hossmann KA. Recovery of integrative central nervous function after one hour global cerebro-circulatory arrest in normothermic cat. Crit Care Med. 1988;16:964-71.
60. Safar P. Resuscitation from clinical death: patho-physiologic limits and therapeutic potentials. Crit Care Med. 1988; 16:923-41.
61. Leonov Y, Sterz F, Safar P, et al. Mild cerebral hypothermia during and after cardiac arrest improves neurologic outcome in dogs. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 1990; 10:57-70.
62. Sterz F, Safar P, Tisherman S, Radovsky A, Kuboyama K, Oku K. Mild hypothermic cardiopulmonary resuscitation improves outcome after prolonged cardiac arrest in dogs. Crit Care Med. 1991; 19:379-89.
63. Weinrauch V, Safar P, Tisherman S, Kuboyama K, Radovsky A. Beneficial effect of mild hypothermia and detrimental effect of deep hypothermia after cardiac arrest in dogs. Stroke. 1992; 23:1454-62.
64. Kuboyama K, Safar P, Radovsky A, Tisherman SA, Stezoski SW, Alexander H. Delay in cooling negates the beneficial effect of mild resuscitative cerebral hypothermia after cardiac arrest in dogs: a prospective, randomized, controlled study. Crit Care Med. 1993; 21:1348-58.
65. Safar P, Xiao F, Radovsky A, et al. Improved cerebral resuscitation from cardiac arrest in dogs with mild hypothermia plus blood flow promotion. Stroke. 1996; 27:105-13.
66. Boris-Moller F, Smith ML, Siesjo BK. Effect of hypothermia on ischemic brain damage: a comparison between preischemic and postischemic cooling. Neurosci Res Comm. 1989; 5: 87-94.
67. Busto R, Dietrich WD, Globus MY-T, et al. Small differences in intra-ischemic brain temperature critically determine the extent of ischemic neuronal injury. J Cereb Blood Flow Metabol. 1987; 7:729-38.
68. Chopp M, Chen H, Dereski MO, Garcia JH. Mild hypothermic: intervention after graded ischemic stress in rats. Stroke. 1991; 22:37-43.
69. Dietrich WD, Busto R, Alonso O, et al. Intraischemic but not postischemic brain hypothermia protects chronically following global forebrain ischemia in rats. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 1993; 13:541-9.
70. Colbourne F, Li H, Buchan AM. Indefatigable CA1 sector neuroprotection with mild hypothermia induced 6 hours after severe forebrain ischemia in rats. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 1999; 19:724-49.
71. Coimbra C, Boris MF, Drake M, Wieloch T. Diminished neuronal damage in the rat brain by late treatment with the antipyretic drug dipyrone or cooling following cerebral ischemia. Acta Neuropathol Berl. 1996; 92:447-53.
72. Coimbra C, Wieloch T. Hypothermia ameliorates neuronal survival when induced 2 hours after ischemia in the rat. Acta Physiol Scand. 1992; 146:543-4.
73. Hickey RW, Ferimer HN, Alexander HL, et al. Cerebral resuscitation with prolonged, delayed spontaneous hypothermia after asphyxial cardiac arrest in rats [abstract]. Soc Neurosci. 1998; 24:1506.
74. Tisherman S, Safar P, Sterz F, et al. Methods for rapid induction of resuscitative cerebral hypothermia [abstract]. Prehosp Disaster Med. 1991; 6:207.
75. Safar P, Klain M, Tisherman S. Selective brain cooling after cardiac arrest. Crit Care Med. 1996; 24:911-4.
76. Xiao F, Safar P, Alexander H. Peritoneal cooling for mild cerebral hypothermia after cardiac arrest in dogs. Resuscitation. 1995; 30:51-9.
77. Rosomoff HL, Safar P. Management of the comatose patient. In: Safar P (ed). Respiratory Therapy. Philadelphia: F. A. Davis, 1965, pp 243-58.
78. Pomeranz S, Safar P, Radovsky A, Tisherman SA, Alexander H, Stezoski W. The effect of resuscitative moderate hypothermia following epidural brain compression on cerebral damage in a canine outcome model. J Neurosurg. 1993; 79: 241-51.
79. Ebmeyer U, Safar P, Radovsky A, Obrist W, Alexander H, Pomeranz S. Moderate hypothermia for 48 hours after temporary epidural brain compression injury in a canine outcome model. J Neurotrauma. 1998; 15:323-36.
80. Kochanek PM, Clark RSB, Carlos TM, et al. Role of inflammation after severe head injury. In: Porembka D (ed). Critical Care State of the Art. Society of Critical Care Medicine, Anaheim, CA, 1977, pp 119-34.
81. Marion DW, Penrod LE, Kelsey SF, et al. Treatment of traumatic brain injury with moderate hypothermia. N Engl J Med. 1997; 336:540-6.
82. Albin MS. Resuscitation of the spinal cord. Crit Care Med. 1978; 5:270-6.
83. Tisherman SA, Rodriquez A, Safar P. Therapeutic hypothermia in traumatology. Surg Clin of North Am. 2000, in press.
84. Bar-Joseph G, Safar P, Saito R, Stezoski SW, Alexander H. Monkey model of severe volume-controlled hemorrhagic shock with resuscitation to outcome. Resuscitation. 1991; 22:27-43.
85. Crippen D, Safar P, Porter L, Zona J. Improved survival of hemorrhagic shock with oxygen and hypothermia in rats. Resuscitation. 1991; 21:271-81.
86. Capone AC, Safar P, Stezoski W, Tisherman S, Peitzman AB. Improved outcome with fluid restriction in treatment of uncontrolled hemorrhagic shock. J Am Coll Surg. 1995; 180: 49-56.
87. Kim SH, Stezoski SW, Safar P, Capone A, Tisherman S. Hypothermia and minimal fluid resuscitation increase survival after uncontrolled hemorrhagic shock in rats. J Trauma. 1997; 42:213-22.
88. Takasu A, Stezoski SW, Stezoski J, Safar P, Tisherman SA. Mild or moderate hypothermia, but not increased oxygen breathing, increases long-term survival after uncontrolled hemorrhagic shock in rats. Crit Care Med. 1999; in press.
89. Prueckner S, Safar P, Kentner R, Stezoski J, Tisherman SA. Mild hypothermia increases survival from severe pressure controlled hemorrhage shock in rats [abstract]. J Trauma. In press.
90. 2) during and after severe hemorrhagic shock (HS) protect viscera and improve outcome? A preliminary study in rats [abstract]. Crit Care Med. 1999; 27:A136.
91. Bellamy R, Safar P, Tisherman SA, et al. Suspended animation for delayed resuscitation. Crit Care Med. 1996; 24/ 2(suppl):S24-S47.
92. Tisherman SA, Safar P, Radovsky A, et al. Profound hypothermia (<10°C) compared with deep hypothermia (15°C) improves neurologic outcome in dogs after two hours' circulatory arrest induced to enable resuscitative surgery. J Trauma. 1991; 31:1051-62.
93. Capone A, Safar P, Radovsky A, Wang Y, Peitzman A, Tisherman SA. Complete recovery after normothermic hemorrhagic shock and profound hypothermic circulatory arrest of 60 minutes in dogs. J Trauma. 1996; 40:388-94.
94. Behringer W, Prueckner S, Tisherman SA, Radovsky A, Safar P. Cold aortic flush for rapid induction of cerebral preservation during exsanguination cardiac arrest (ExCA) of 30 min in dogs [abstract]. Anesthesiology. 1999; 91:3A.
95. Umar RK, Katz LM, Manning JE, Pearce BL, Gawryl MS. Selective aortic arch perfusion of hemoglobin bovine oxygen carrier 201 during cardiac arrest decreases heart damage in dogs [abstract]. Acad Emerg Med. 1999; 6:508.
96. Safar P. Suspended animation for temporarily unresuscitable cardiac arrest. In: Weil MH, Tang W (eds). Recent Advances in CPR. Wolf Creek V CPR Researchers Conference. New Horizons (SCCM) 2000. In preparation.
97. Safar P. Resuscitation medicine research: quo vaids. Ann Emerg Med. 1996; 27:542-52.