Auditory evoked responses and learning and awareness during general anesthesia

Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica

Volumn 44, Issue 2, 2000, Pages 133-143

  Ghoneim, M M ^a   Block, R I ^a   Dhanaraj, V J ^a   Todd, M M ^a   Choi, W W ^a   Brown, C K ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF IOWA   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF IOWA   (United States)

Author keywords

Anesthetics; Awareness; Evoked responses; Learning; Memory

Indexed keywords

ALFENTANIL; FENTANYL; ISOFLURANE; NITRIC OXIDE; THIOPENTAL;

ADULT; ARTICLE; AWARENESS; CONTROLLED STUDY; DREAM; EVOKED AUDITORY RESPONSE; FEMALE; GENERAL ANESTHESIA; HUMAN; LEARNING; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; MEMORY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RECALL; RECOGNITION;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; ANESTHESIA, GENERAL; AWARENESS; DREAMS; EVOKED POTENTIALS, AUDITORY; FEMALE; HUMANS; LEARNING; MALE; MENTAL RECALL; MIDDLE AGED;

EID: 0033983203     PISSN: 00015172     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1034/j.1399-6576.2000.440202.x     Document Type: Article

References (25)

1. 1. Schacter DL. Implicit memory: History and current status. J Exp Psychol (Learn Mem Cogn) 1987: 134: 501-518.
2. 2. Ghoneim MM, Block RI. Learning and memory during general anesthesia: An update, Anesthesiology 1997: 87: 387-410.
3. 3. Heier T, Steen PA. Awareness in anaesthesia: Incidence, consequences and prevention. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 1996: 40: 1073-1086.
4. 4. Merikle PM, Reingold EM. Comparing direct (explicit) and indirect (implicit) measures to study unconscious memory. J Exp Psychol (Learn Mem Cogn) 1991: 17: 224-233.
5. 5. Merikle PM. On the futility of attempting to demonstrate null awareness. Behav Brain Sci 1994: 17: 412.
6. 6. Thornton C, Jones JG. Evaluating depth of anesthesia: Review of methods. Int Anesthesiol Clin 1993: 31: 67-88.
7. 7. Schwender D, Kaiser A, Klasing S, Peter K, Pöppel E. Midlatency auditory evoked potentials and explicit and implicit memory in patients undergoing cardiac surgery. Anesthesiology 1994: 80: 493-501.
8. nd edn.). Norwalk, Connecticut: Appleton & Lange, 1994: 222-224, 243-246.
9. 9. Woolson RF. Statistical methods for the analysis of biomedical data. New York: Wiley, 1987: 205-213.
10. 10. Roorda-Hrdlicková V, Wolters G, Bonke B, Phaf RH. Unconscious perception during general anesthesia demonstrated by an implicit memory task. In: B Bonke, W Fitch, K Millar, eds. Memory and awareness in anesthesia. Amsterdam: Swets & Zeitlinger, 1990: 150-155.
11. 11. Jelicic M, Bonke B, Appelboom DK. Indirect memory for words presented during anaesthesia. Lancet 1990: 2: 249.
12. 12. Bonebakker AE, Bonke B, Klein J, Wolters G, Stijnen T, Passchier J et al. Information processing during balanced anaesthesia: Evidence for unconscious memory. Memory and Cognition 1996: 24: 766-776.
13. 13. Bonebakker AE, Bonke B, Klein J, Wolters G, Hop WCJ. Implicit memory during balanced anaesthesia: Lack of evidence. Anaesthesia 1993: 48: 657-660.
14. 14. Fang JC, Hinrichs JV, Ghoneim MM. Diazepam and memory: Evidence for spared memory function. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1987: 28: 347-352.
15. 15. Challis BH, Sidhu R. Dissociative effect of massed repetition on implicit and explicit measures of memory. J Exp Psychol (Learn Mem Cogn) 1993: 19: 115-127.
16. 16. Musen G. Effects of verbal labeling and exposure duration on implicit memory for visual patterns. J Exp Psychol (Learn Mem Cogn) 1991: 17: 954-962.
17. 17. Block RI, Ghoneim MM, Sum Ping ST, Ali MA. Human learning during general anaesthesia and surgery. Br J Anaesth 1991: 66: 170-178.
18. 18. Block RI, Ghoneim MM, Sum Ping ST, Ali MA. Efficacy of therapeutic suggestions for improved postoperative recovery presented during general anesthesia. Anesthesiology 1991: 75: 746-755.
19. 19. Utting JE. Awareness: Clinical aspects. In: Rosen M, Lunn JN, eds. Consciousness, awareness and pain in general anaesthesia. London: Butterworths, 1987: 171-179.
20. 20. Russell IF, Wang M. Absence of memory for intraoperative information during surgery under adequate general anaesthesia. Br J Anaesth 1997: 78: 3-9.
21. 21. Hobson JA, Stickgold R. Dreaming. A neurocognitive approach. Consciousness and Cognition 1994: 3: 1-15.
22. 22. Hobson JA, Stickgold R, Pace-Schott EF. The neuropsychology of REM sleep dreaming. Neuro Report 1998: 9: R1-R14.
23. 23. Lubke GH, Kerssens C, Phaf H, Sebel PS. Dependence of explicit and implicit memory on hypnotic state in trauma patients. Anesthesiology 1999: 90: 670-680.
24. 24. Kami A, Tanne D, Rubenstein BS, Askenasy JJM, Sagi D. Dependence on REM sleep of overnight improvement of a perceptual skill. Science 1994: 265: 679-682.
25. 25. Rosenberg J, Wildschiøsdtz G, Pedersen MH, von Jessen F, Kehlet H. Late postoperative nocturnal episodic hypoxaemia and associated sleep pattern. Br J Anaesth 1994: 72: 145-150.