Possible health hazards from exposure to power-frequency electric and magnetic fields - A COMAR Technical Information Statement

IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Magazine

Volumn 19, Issue 1, 2000, Pages 131-137

[No Author Info available]

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CARCINOGEN;

CANCER RISK; DOSE RESPONSE; ELECTRIC FIELD; ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE; ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION; HEALTH HAZARD; HUMAN; MAGNETIC FIELD; NONHUMAN; REVIEW; RISK ASSESSMENT;

ANIMALS; COCARCINOGENESIS; ELECTRICITY; ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS; ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE; HUMANS; MAGNETICS; NEOPLASMS, RADIATION-INDUCED; RADIATION DOSAGE; RADIATION EFFECTS; RISK ASSESSMENT;

EID: 0033977403     PISSN: 07395175     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (100)

1. ICNIRP (1998) Guidelines on limits of exposure to time-varying electric, magnetic and electromagnetic fields (up to 300 GHz). International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection. Health Physics 74:494-522.
2. Swanson, J. and Kaune W.T. (1999): Comparison of residential power-frequency magnetic fields away from appliances in different countries, Bioelectromagnetics 20(4):244-254.
3. Deno, D.W., Zaffanella, L.E., Silva, J.M (1987): Transmission line electric field shielding by objects. IEEE Trans Power Deliv 2(1):269-280.
4. Caola, Jr. R.J., Deno D.W., and Dymek V.S.W. (1987): Measurements of electric and magnetic fields in and around homes near a 500 kV transmission line. IEEE Trans. Power Apparatus and Systems PAS-102(10):3338-3347.
5. London, S.J., Thomas, D.C., Bowman J.D., Sobel E., Cheng. T-C., and Peters, J.M. (1991): Exposure to residential electric and magnetic fields and risk of childhood leukemia. Am J Epidemiol 134:923-937.
6. Foster K.R., Erdreich L.S., and Moulder J.E., (1997): Weak electromagnetic fields and cancer in the context of risk assessment, Proceedings of the IEEE 86(6):733-746.
7. Davis, J.G. et al., (1992): Health Effects of Low-Frequency Electric and Magnetic Fields. Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU).
8. National Radiological Protection Board (NRPB) (U.K.), (1992): Electromagnetic fields and the risk of cancer. Report of an Advisory Group on Non-Ionizing Radiation, Doc. NRPB 3, No. 1.
9. National Research Council (NRC) (1997): Possible Health Effects of Residential Exposure to Electric and Magnetic Fields. Washington: National Academy Press.
10. NIEHS Working Group (1998): Assessment of Health Effects from Exposure to Power-Line Frequency Electric and Magnetic Fields, NIH Publication No. 98-3981 (URL: http://www.niehs.nih.gov/emfrapid/html/ WGReport/WorkingGroup.html).
11. Repacholi, M.H. and Greenebaum, B. (for World Health Organization working groups) (1999): Interaction of static and extremely low frequency electric and magnetic fields with living systems: health effects and research needs. Bioelectromagnetics 20:133-160.
12. Gurney, J.G., Mueller, B.A., Davis, S., Schwartz, S.M., Stevens, R.G. and Kopecky, K.J. (1996): Childhood brain tumor occurrence in relation to residential power line configurations, electric heating sources, and electric appliance use. Amer J Epidemiol 143:120-128.
13. Preston-Martin, S.. Navidi, W., Thomas, D., Lee, P-J., Joseph Bowman, J. and Pogoda, J. (1996): Los Angeles study of residential magnetic fields and childhood brain tumors. Amer J Epidemiol. 143:105-119.
14. Preston-Martin, S., Gurney, J.G., Pogoda, J.M., Holly, E.A., and Mueller, B.A. (1996): Brain tumor risk in children in relation to use of electric blankets and water bed heaters. Amer J Epidemiol 143:1116-1122.
15. Linet, M.S., Hatch E.E., Kleinerman R.A., Robison L.L., Kaune W.T., et al. (1997): Residential exposure to magnetic fields and acute lymphoblastic leukemia in children. New Eng J Med 337:1-7.
16. Hatch, E.E., Linet, M.S., Kleinerman, R.A., Tarone, R.E., Severson, R.K., et al. (1998): Association between childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia and use of electrical appliances during pregnancy and childhood. Epidemiol 9:234-245.
17. Michaelis, J., Schüz, J., Rolf Meinert, R., Zemann, E., Grigat, J-P., et al. (1998): Combined risk estimates for two German population-based case-control studies on residential magnetic fields and childhood acute leukemia. Epidemiol 9:92-94.
18. McBride, M.L., Gallagher, R.P., Theriault, G., Armstrong, B.G., Tamaro, S. et al. (1999): Power-frequency electric and magnetic fields and risk of childhood leukemia in Canada. Am J Epidemiol 149:831-42.
19. Tynes, T and Haldorsen, T. (1997): Electromagnetic fields and cancer in children residing near Norwegian high-voltage power lines. Amer J Epidemiol 145:219-226.
20. Verkasalo, P.K., Pukkala, E., Kaprio, J., Heikkila, K.V. and Koskenvuo M. (1996): Magnetic fields of high voltage power lines and risk of cancer in Finnish adults: nationwide cohort studies. Br Med J 313:1047-1051.
21. Li, C-Y., Gilles Thériault, G. and Lin R.S. (1997): Residential exposure to 60-Hertz magnetic fields and adult cancers in Taiwan. Epidemiology 8:25-30.
22. Feychting, M., Forssen, U., Rutqvist, L.E. and Ahlbom, A. (1998): Magnetic fields and breast cancer in Swedish adults residing near high-voltage power lines. Epidemiology 9:392-397.
23. Gammon M.D., Schoenberg, J.B., Britton, J.A., Kelsey, J.L., Stanford, J.L., et al. (1998): Electric blanket use and breast cancer risk among younger women. Am J. Epidemiol 148:556-63.
24. Guenel, P., Nicolau, J., Imbernon, E., Chevalier, A. and Goldberg, M. (1996): Exposure to 50-Hz electric field and the incidence of leukemia, brain tumors, and other cancers among French electric utility workers. Am J Epidemiol 144:1107-1121.
25. Miller, A.B., To, T., Agnew, D.A., Wall, C. and Green, L.M. (1996): Leukemia following occupational exposure to 60-Hz electric and magnetic fields among Ontario electric utility workers. Am. J Epidemiol 144:150-160.
26. Feychting, M., Forssen, U., and Floderus, B. (1997): Occupational and residential magnetic field exposure and leukemia and central nervous system tumors. Epidemiology 8:384-389.
27. Harrington, J.M.pr, McBride, D.I., Sorahan, T., Paddle, G.M. and vanTongeren, M. (1997): Occupational exposure to magnetic fields in relation to mortality from brain cancer among electricity generation and transmission workers. Occup Environ Med 54:7-13.
28. Rodvall, Y., Ahlbom, A., Stenlund, C., Preston-Martin, S., Lindh, T. and Spannare, B. (1998) Occupational exposure to magnetic fields and brain tumours in Central Sweden. Euro. J Epi 14:563-569.
29. Kheifets, L.I. et al. (1997): Leukemia risk and occupational electric field exposure in Los Angeles County, California. Amer J Epidemiol 146:87-90.
30. Savitz, D.A., Dufort, V., Armstrong, B. and Theriault, G. (1997): Lung cancer in relation to employment in the electrical utility industry and exposure to magnetic fields. Occup Environ Med 54:396-402.
31. Wartenberg, D. (1998): Residential magnetic fields and childhood leukemia: a meta-analysis. Am J Public Health 88:1787-1794.
32. Kheifets, L.I., Afifi, A.A., Buffler, P.A., Zhang, Z.W. (1995): Occupational electric and magnetic field exposure and brain cancer: a meta-analysis. J Occup Environ Med. 37:1327-1341.
33. Kheifets, L.I., Afifi, A.A., Buffler, P.A., Zhang, Z.W., Matkin, C.C. (1997): Occupational electric and magnetic field exposure and leukemia: a meta-analysis. J Occup Environ Med. 39:1074-1091.
34. Yasui, M., Takehiko K., Ogawa M., Otaka Y., Tsuchitani M., and Iwata H. (1997): Carcinogenicity test of 50 Hz sinusoidal magnetic fields in rats. Bioelectromagnetics 18:531-540.
35. Mandeville R., Franco E., Sidrac-Ghali S., Paris-Nadon L., Rocheleau N. et al. (1997): Evaluation of the potential carcinogenicity of 60 Hz linear sinusoidal continuous-wave magnetic fields in Fischer F344 rats. FASEB J. 11:1127-1136.
36. Boorman G.A., McCormick D.L., Findlay J.C., Hailey J.R., Gauger J.R., et al. (1999): Chronic toxicity/oncogenicity evaluation of 60 Hz (power frequency) magnetic fields in F344/N rats. Toxicol Pathol. 27(3):267-78.
37. McCormick D.L., Boorman G.A., Findlay J.C., Hailey J.R., Johnson T.R., et al. (1999): Chronic toxicity/oncogenicity evaluation of 60 Hz (power frequency) magnetic fields in B6C3F1 mice. Toxicol Pathol. 27(3):279-85.
38. Rannug A. et al (1993): A study on skin tumor formation in mice with 50 Hz magnetic field exposure. Carcinogenesis 14:573-578.
39. Stuchly M.A., McLean J.R.N., Burnett R., Goddard M., Lecuyer D.W., and Mitchel R.E.J. (1992): Modification of tumor promotion in the mouse skin by exposure to an alternating magnetic field. Cancer Letters, 65: 1-7.
40. Stuchly M.A. (1993): Tumor co-promotion studies by exposure to alternating magnetic fields. Radiation Research 133:118-119.
41. McLean J.R.N., Thanasandote A., Lecuyer D. and Goddard M. (1997): The effect of 60-Hz magnetic fields on co-promotion of chemically induced skin tumors in SENCAR mice: A discussion of three studies. Environ. Health Perspect. 105:94-96.
42. Rannug A., Holmberg B., Ekstrom T., Mild K.H., Gimenez-Conti I., and Slaga T.J. (1994): Intermittent 50 Hz magnetic field and skin tumor promotion in SENCAR mice. Carcinogenesis 15 (no. 2): 153-157.
43. Kumlin T., Kosma, V.M., Alhonen, L., Janne, J., Komulainen, H., Lang, S., Rytomaa, T., Servomaa, K. and Juutilainen, J. (1998): Effects of 50 Hz magnetic fields on UV-induced skin tumourigenesis in ODC-transgenic and non-transgenic mice. Int J Radiat Biol 73:113-121.
44. Sasser L.B., Morris J.E., Miller D.L., Rafferty C.N., Ebi K.L. and Anderson L.E. (1996): Exposure to 60 Hz magnetic fields does not alter clinical progression of LGL leukemia in Fischer rats. Carcinogenesis 17:2681-2687.
45. Morris J.E., Sasser L.B., Miller D.L., Dagle G.E., Rafferty C.N., et al. (1999): Clinical progression of transplanted large granular lymphocytic leukemia in Fischer 344 rats exposed to 60 Hz magnetic fields. Bioelectromagnetics 20(1):48-56.
46. Shen, Y.H., Shao, B.J., Chiang, H., Fu, Y.D. and Yu, M. (1997): The effects of 50 Hz magnetic field exposure on dimethylbenz(a)anthracene induced thymic lymphoma/leukemia in mice. Bioelectromag 18:360-364.
47. Harris, A.W., Basten, A., Gebski, V., Noonan, D., Finnie, J. et al. (1998): A Test of Lymphoma Induction by Long-Term Exposure of Emicro-Pim1 Transgenic Mice to 50 Hz Magnetic Fields. Radiation Research 149:300.
48. McCormick D.L., Ryan B.M., Findlay J.C., Gauger J.R., Johnson T.R., et al. (1998): Exposure to 60 Hz magnetic fields and risk of lymphoma in PIM transgenic and TSG-p53 (p53 knockout) mice. Carcinogenesis 19(9):1649-53.
49. Mevissen M., Lerchl A., Szamel M. and Löscher W. (1996): Exposure of DMBA-treated female rats in a 50 Hz magnetic field: effects on mammary tumor growth, melatonin levels, and T lymphocyte activation. Carcinogenesis 17(5): 903-910.
50. Löscher W., Mevissen M., Lehmacher W. and Stamm A. (1993): Tumor promotion in a breast cancer model by exposure to a weak alternating magnetic field. Cancer Letters 71:75-81.
51. Ekström, T., Mild, K.H. and Holmberg, B. (1998): Mammary tumours in Sprague-Dawley rats after initiation with DMBA followed by exposure to 50 Hz electromagnetic fields in a promotional scheme. Cancer Letters 123:107-111.
52. Boorman, G.A., Anderson, L.E. Morris J.E., Sasser L.B., Mann P.C., et al. (1999): Effect of 26-week magnetic field exposures in a DMBA initiation-promotion mammary gland model in Sprague-Dawley rats. Carcinogenesis 20:899-904.
53. Lai H. and Singh N.P. (1997): Acute exposure to a 60Hz magnetic field increases DNA strand breaks in rat brain cells. Bioelectromag 18:156-165.
54. Polk C. (1996): Electric and magnetic fields for bone and soft tissue repair. IN Polk C. and Postow E., eds. Handbook of Biological Effects of Electromagnetic Fields, 2nd Ed. CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp. 231-246.
55. Wilson B.W., Anderson L.E., Hilton D.I. and Phillips R.D. (1981): Chronic exposure to 60 Hz electric fields. Effects on pineal function in the rat. Bioelectromagnetics 2: 271-280.
56. Wilson B.W., Anderson L.E., Hilton D.I. and Phillips R.D. (1983): Erratum. Bioelectromagnetics 4: 293.
57. Kato M., Homma K.-i, Shigemitsu T., Shiga Y. (1993): Effects of exposure to a circularly polarized 50-Hz magnetic field on plasma and pineal Melatonin level in rats. Bioelectromagnetics 14: 97-106.
58. Kato M., Homma K.-i, Shigemitsu T., Shiga Y. (1994a): Circularly polarized 50 Hz magnetic field exposure reduces pineal gland and blood melatonin concentrations of Long-Evans rats. Neurosci. Lett. 166: 59-62.
59. Kato M., Homma K.-i, Shigemitsu T., Shiga Y. (1994b): Recovery of nocturnal melatonin concentration takes place within one week following cessation of 50 Hz circularly polarized magnetic field exposure for six weeks. Bioelectromagnetics 15:489-492.
60. Kato M., Homma K.-i, Shigemitsu T., Shiga Y. (1994c): Horizontal or vertical 50-Hz, 1-micro T magnetic fields have no effect on pineal gland or plasma melatonin concentration of albino rats. Neurosci. Lett. 168:205-208.
61. Graham C., Cook M.R., Riffle D.W., Gerkovich M.M., Cohen H.D. (1996): Nocturnal melatonin levels in human volunteers exposed to intermittent 60 Hz magnetic fields. Bioelectromagnetics 17:263-273.
62. Graham, C., Cook, M.R. and Riffle D.W. (1997): Human melatonin during continuous magnetic field exposure. Bioelectromagnetics 18:166-171.
63. Wood A.W., Armstrong S.M., Sait M.L., Devine, L., Martin, M.J. (1998): Changes in human plasma melatonin profiles in response to 50 Hz magnetic field exposure. J. Pineal Res. 25:116-127.
64. Bakos, J., Nagy N., Thuroczy G. and Szabo, L.D. (1995): Sinusoidal 50 Hz, 500μ T magnetic field has no acute effect on urinary 6-sulphatoxymelatonin in Wistar rats. Bioelectromag 16:377-380.
65. Lee J.M. Jr., Stormshak F., Thompson J.M., Hess D.L. and Foster D.L. (1995): Melatonin and puberty in female lambs exposed to EMF: a replicate study. Bioelectromag 16:119-123.
66. Truong H., Smith J.C., and Yellon S.M. (1996): Photoperiod Control of the melatonin rhythm and reproductive maturation in the juvenile Djungarian hamster: 60-Hz magnetic field exposure effects. Biol. Reprod. 55:455-460.
67. Yellon S.M. (1996): 60-Hz magnetic field exposure effects on the melatonin rhythm and photoperiod control of reproduction. Am J Physio. 270:E816-821.
68. 1 Mice. Toxicity Report Series No. 58. NIH Publication No. 96-3939. US Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC.
69. Truong, H. and Yellon S.M. (1997): Effect of various acute 60 Hz magnetic field exposures on the nocturnal melatonin rise in the adult Djungarian hamster. J Pineal Res 22:177-183.
70. Reiter R.J. (1992): Changes in Circadian Melatonin Synthesis in the Pineal Gland of Animals Exposed to Extremely Low Frequency Electromagnetic Radiation: A Summary of Observations and Speculation on their Implications, In "Electromagnetic Fields and Circadian Rhythmicity" (Eds. M.C. Moore-Ede, S.S. Campbell and R.J. Reiter). Boston: Birkhauser, 13-17.
71. Tan D.X., Poeggeler B., Reiter R. J., Chen L.D., Chen S., Manchester L.C. and Barlow-Walden R.R. (1993): The pineal hormone melatonin inhibits DNA-adduct formation induced by the chemical carcinogen safrole in vivo. Cancer Lett. 70 (1-2): 65-71.
72. Sastre A., Cook M.R., Graham C. (1998): Nocturnal exposure to intermittent 60-Hz magnetic fields alters human cardiac rhythm. Bioelectromagnetics 19:98-106.
73. Savitz, D.A., Liao, D., Sastre, A., Kleckner, R.C., and Kavet, R. (1999): Magnetic field exposure and cardiovascular disease mortality among electric utility workers. Am J Epidemiol. 149:135-142.
74. Tremblay L., Houde, M., Mercier, G., Gagnon, J. and Mandeville, R. (1996): Differential modulation of natural and adaptive immunity in Fischer rats exposed for 6 weeks to 60 Hz linear sinusoidal continuous-wave magnetic fields. Bioelectromag 17:373-383.
75. House R.V., Ratajczak H.V., Gauger J.R., Johnson T.R., Thomas P.T. and McCormick D.L. (1996): Immune function and host defense in rodents exposed to 60-Hz magnetic fields. Fundam Appl Toxicol 34:228-239.
76. Walleczek J. and Budinger T.F. (1992): Pulsed magnetic field effects on calcium signalling in lymphocytes: dependence on cell status and field intensity. FEBS Letters 314:351-355.
77. Fitzsimmons R.J., Farley J., Adey R.W., Baylink D.J. (1986): Embryonic bone matrix formation is increased after exposure to a low-amplitude capacitively coupled electric field in vitro. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 882: 51-56.
78. Blank M., (1992): Na, K-ATPase Function at Alternating Electric Fields, FASEB Journal 6: 2434-2438.
79. Blank M. and Soo L. (1993): The Na, K-ATPase as a model for electromagnetic field effects on cells. Bioelectrochem. Bioenerg. 30: 85-92.
80. Phillips J.L., Hagren W., Thomas W.J., Ishida-Jones T. and Adey W.R. (1992): Magnetic fields induced changes in specific gene transcription. Biochemica et Biophysica acta, 1132: 140-144.
81. Liburdy R.P., Sloma T.R., Sokolic R. and Yaswen P. (1993): Magnetic Fields, Breast Cancer and Melatonin: 60 Hz Fields Block Melatonin's Oncostatic Action on ER+ Breast Cancer Cell Proliferation. J. Pineal Research: 14: 89-97.
82. Walleczek J., Shiu E.C., and Hahn G.M. (1999): Increase in radiation-induced HPRT gene mutation frequency after non-thermal exposure to nonionizing 60-Hz electromagnetic fields. Radiat. Res. 151: 489-497.
83. Goodman R. and Shirley-Henderson A. (1991): Transcription and translation in cells exposed to extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields. Bioelectrochemistry and Bioenergetics 25: 335-355.
84. Lacy-Hulbert A., Wilkins R.C., Hesketh T.R., and Metcalfe J.C. (1995): No effect of 60 Hz electromagnetic fields on MYC or beta-actin expression in human leukemic cells. Radiat. Res. 144: 9-17.
85. Saffer J.D., and Thurston S.J. (1995): Short exposures to 60 Hz magnetic fields do not alter MYC expression in HL60 or Daudi cells. Radiat. Res. 144: 18-25.
86. Saffer J.D., Thurston S.J., Lacy-Hulbert A., Wilkins R.C., Hesketh T.R., Metcalfe J.C. (1995): Cancer risk and electromagnetic fields. Nature 375 (4 May): 22-23.
87. Weaver J.C. and Astumian D. (1990): The response of living cells to very weak electric fields: The thermal noise limit. Science 247 (29 Jan.): 459-462.
88. Kaiser F. (1992): Biophysical models related to Fröhlich excitations. Neurobiology 1: 149-161.
89. Kirschvink J.L. (1992): Comment on constraints on biological effects of weak extremely-low-frequency electromagnetic fields. Phys. Rev. A46: 2178-2184.
90. Blanchard J.P. and Blackman C.F. (1994): Clarification and application of an ion parametric resonance model for magnetic field interaction with biological systems. Bioelectromagnetics 15: 217-238.
91. Litovitz T.A., Montrose C.J., Doinov P., Brown K.M. and Barber M. (1994a): Superimposing spatially coherent electromagnetic noise inhibits field-induced abnormalities in developing chick embryos. Bioelectromagnetics 15: 105-113.
92. Litovitz T.A., Krause D., Montrose C.J. and Mullins J.M. (1994b): Temporally incoherent magnetic fields mitigate the response of biological systems to temporally coherent magnetic fields. Bioelectromagnetics 15: 399-409.
93. Eichwald, C. and Walleczek, J. (1996): Model for magnetic field effects on radical pair recombination in enzyme kinetics. Biophys. J. 71, 623-631.
94. Timmel, C.R., Till, U., Brocklehurst, B., McLauchlan K.A., and Hore P.J. (1998): Effects of weak magnetic fields on free-radical recombination reactions. Molecular Physics 95:71-89.
95. Harkins, T.T. and Grissom, C.B. (1994): Magnetic field effects on B12 ethanolamine ammonia lyase: evidence for a radical mechanism. Science 263: 958-960.
96. Taoka, S., Padmakumar. R., Grissom, C.B. and Banerjee, R. (1997): Magnetic field effects on B12-dependent enzymes: validation of ethanolamine ammonia lyase results and extension to methylmalonyl CoA mutase. Bioelectromagnetics 18: 506-513.
97. Taraban, M.B., Leshina, T.V., Anderson, M.A. and Grissom, C.B. (1997): Magnetic field dependence of electron transfer and the role of electron spin in heme enzymes: horseradish peroxidase. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 119: 5768-5769.
98. Adair, R.K. (1991): Constraints on biological effects of weak, extremely-low-frequency electromagnetic fields. Phys. Rev. A-43, 1039-1048
99. Adair, R.K. (1998): A physical analysis of the ion parametric resonance model. Bioelectromagnetics 19:181-191.
100. Weaver, J.C., Vaughan, T.E., Adair, R.K. and Astumian, R.D. (1998): Theoretical limits on the threshold for the response of long cells to weak extremely low frequency electric fields due to ionic and molecular flux rectification. Biophys J 75:2251-2254.