Fluconazole and itraconazole: A primer for the professional - Part I

Infectious Diseases in Clinical Practice

Volumn 9, Issue 2, 2000, Pages 43-50

  Graybill, John R ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS HEALTH SCIENCE CENTER AT SAN ANTONIO   (United States)

^b VETERANS AFFAIRS MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

FLUCONAZOLE; ITRACONAZOLE;

ANTIBIOTIC THERAPY; ANTIFUNGAL ACTIVITY; DRUG CLEARANCE; DRUG ELIMINATION; DRUG USE; HUMAN; MYCOSIS; SHORT SURVEY;

EID: 0033960067     PISSN: 10569103     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/00019048-200009020-00004     Document Type: Short Survey

References (70)

1. Baciewicz AM, Baciewicz FA Jr. Ketoconazole and fluconazole drug interactions. Arch Intern Med 1993;153: 1970-6.
2. Daneshmend TK, Warnock DW, Ene MD. Influence of food on the pharmacokinetics of ketoconazole. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1984;25:1-3.
3. Gandhi BV, Kale S, Bhowmik DM, et al. Concomitant administration of cyclosporine and ketoconazole in renal transplant patients. Transplant Proc 1992;24:1715.
4. Greenblatt DJ, Von Moltke LL, Harmatz JS, et al. Interaction of triazolam and ketoconazole [letter]. Lancet 1995; 345:191.
5. Lewis JH, Zimmerman HJ, Benson GD, et al. Hepatic injury associated with ketoconazole therapy. Gastroenterology 1984;86:503-13.
6. Sugar AM, Alsip SG, Galgiani JN, et al. Pharmacology and toxicity of high-dose ketoconazole. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1987;31:1874-8.
7. Powderly WG, Saag MS, Cloud GA, et al. A controlled trial of fluconazole or amphotericin B to prevent relapse of cryptococcal meningitis in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. N Engl J Med 1992;326: 793-8.
8. Rex JH, Bennett JE, Sugar AM, et al. A randomized trial comparing fluconazole with amphotericin B for the treatment of candidemia in patients without neutropenia. N Engl J Med 1994;331:1325-30.
9. Dismukes WE. Management of cryptococcosis. Clin Infect Dis 1993;17 Suppl 2:S507-S512.
10. Denning DW. When to use fluconazole [letter]. Lancet 1995;345:584.
11. Sugiyama D. Fluconazole. VA Practitioner 1991;8:55-61.
12. Pons V, Greenspan D, Debruin M. Therapy for oropharyngeal candidiasis in HIV infected patients: a randomized prospective multicenter study of oral fluconazole versus clotrimazole troches. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 1993;6:1311-6.
13. Pons V, Greenspan D, Lozada-Nur F, et al. Oropharyngeal candidiasis in patients with AIDS: randomized comparison of fluconazole verus nystatin oral suspensions. Clin Infect Dis 1997;24:1204-7.
14. Laine L. The natural history of esophageal candidiasis after successful treatment in patients with AIDS. Gastroenterology 1994;107:744-6.
15. Laine L, Dretler RH, Conteas CN, et al. Fluconazole compared with ketoconazole for the treatment of candida esophagitis in AIDS. Ann Intern Med 1992;117:655-60.
16. Darouiche RO. Oropharyngeal and esophageal candidiasis in immunocompromised patients: treatment issues. Clin Infect Dis 1999;26:259-74.
17. Revankar SG, Kirkpatrick WR, McAtee RK, et al. Development of fluconazole resistance with continuous vs intermittent therapy in oropharyngeal candidiasis in HIV-infected patients [abstract 83:51]. Abstracts of the Infectious Diseases Society of America 34th Annual Meeting; 1996.
18. Schuman P, Cappa L, Peng G, et al. Weekly fluconazole for the prevention of mucosal candidiasis in women with HIV infection. Ann Intern Med 1997;126:689-96.
19. Havlir DV, Dube MP, McCutchan JA, et al. Prophylaxis with weekly versus daily fluconazole for fungal infections in patients with AIDS. Clin Infect Dis 1998;27: 1369-75.
20. Maenza JR, Keruly JC, Moore RD, et al. Risk factors for fluconazole-resistant candidiasis in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients. J Infect Dis 1996;173: 219-25.
21. Rex JH, Rinaldi MG, Pfaller MA. Resistance of Candida species to fluconazole. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1995;39:1-8.
22. White TC, Marr KA, Bowden RA. Clinical, cellular, and molecular factors that contribute to antifungal drug resistance. Clin Microbiol Rev 1998;11:382-402.
23. Lopez-Ribot JL, McAtee RK, Lee LN, et al. Distinct patterns of gene expression associated with development of fluconazole resistance in serial Candida albicans isolates from human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients with oropharyngeal candidiasis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1998;42:2932-7.
24. White TC. Increased mRNA levels of ERG16, CDR, and MDR1 correlates with increases in azole resistance in Candida albicans isolates from a patient infected with human immunodeficiency virus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1997;41:1482-7.
25. Redding S, Smith J, Farinacci M, et al. Resistance of Candida albicans to fluconazole during treatment of oropharyngeal candidiasis in a patient with AIDS: documentation by in vitro susceptibility testing and DNA subtype analysis. Clin Infect Dis 1994;18:240-2.
26. Hitchcock CA. Resistance of Candida albicans to azole antifungal agents. Biochem Soc Trans 1993;21:1039-47.
27. Johnson EM, Richardson MD, Warnock DW. In vitro resistance to imidazole antifungals in Candida albicans. J Antimicrob Chemother 1994;13:547-58.
28. Kerridge D, Nicholas RO. Drug resistance in the opportunistic pathogens Candida albicans and Candida glabrata. J Antimicrob Chemother 1986;18 Suppl B:39-49.
29. Le Guennec R. Fluconazole resistance followed by itraconazole resistance in thrush. J Clin Microbiol 1995;33: 2732-7.
30. Vanden Bossche H, Warnock DW, DuPont B, et al. Mechanisms and clinical impact of antifungal drug resistance. J Med Vet Mycol 1994;32 Suppl 1:189-202.
31. Calvet H, Yeaman M, Filler SG. Reversible fluconazole resistance in Candida albicans: a potential in vitro model. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1997;41:535-9.
32. Cartledge JD, Midgley J, Youle M, et al. Itraconazole cyclodextrin solution-effective treatment for HIV-related candidosis unresponsive to other azole therapy. J Antimicrob Chemother 1994;33:1071-3.
33. Fichtenbaum CJ, Powderly W. Refractory mucosal candidiasis in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection. Clin Infect Dis 1997;26:556-65.
34. Phillips P, Zemcov J, Mahmood W, et al. Itraconazole cyclodextrin solution for fluconazole-refractory oropharyngeal candidiasis in AIDS: correlation of clinical response with in vitro susceptibility. AIDS 1996;10:1369-76.
35. Moskovitz B, Wu J, Baruch A, et al. Long-term safety and efficacy of itraconazole oral solution for the treatment of fluconazole refractory oropharyngeal candidiasis in HIV-positive patients [abstract 627]. Program and proceedings of the 4th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Diseases; 1997 Jan 22-26; Washington (DC).
36. Rex JH, Pfaller MA, Barry AL, et al. Antifungal susceptibility testing of isolates from a randomized, multicenter trial of fluconazole versus amphotericin B as treatment of nonneutropenic patients with candidemia. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1995;39:40-4.
37. Anaissie EJ, Vartivarian SE, Abi-Said D, et al. Fluconazole versus amphotericin B in the treatment of hematogenous candidiasis: a matched cohort study. AmJ Med 1996;101: 170-6.
38. Edwards JE. International conference for the development of a consensus on the management and prevention of severe candidal infections. Clin Infect Dis 1997;25:43-9.
39. Jacobs LG, Skidmore EA, Freeman K, et al. Oral fluconazole compared with bladder irrigation with amphotericin B for treatment of fungal urinary tract infections in elderly patients. Clin Infect Dis 1996;22:30-5.
40. Fan-Havard P, O'Donovan C, Smith SM, et al. Oral fluconazole versus amphotericin B bladder irrigation for treatment of candidal funguria. Clin Infect Dis 1995;21: 960-5.
41. Fisher JF, Newman CL, Sobekl JD. Yeast in the urine: solutions for a budding problem. Clin Infect Dis 1995;20: 183-9.
42. Sobel JD. Vaginitis. N Engl J Med 1997;337:1896-903.
43. Sobel JD, Chaim W. Treatment of Torulopsis glabrata vaginitis: retrospective review of boric acid therapy. Clin Infect Dis 1997;24:649-52.
44. Goodman JL, Winston DJ, Greenfield RA, et al. A controlled trial of fluconazole to prevent fungal infections in patients undergoing bone marrow transplantation. N Engl J Med 1992;326:845-51.
45. Venkateswarlu K, Denning DW, Manning NJ, et al. Reduced accumulation of drug in Candida krusei accounts for itraconazole resistance. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1996;40:2443-6.
46. Akova M, Akalin HE, Uzun O, et al. Emergence of Candida krusei infections after therapy of oropharyngeal candidiasis with fluconazole. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 1991;10:598-9.
47. Hitchcock CA, Pye GW, Troke PF, et al. Fluconazole resistance in Candida glabrata. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1993;37:1962-5.
48. Lewis RE, Klepser ME. The changing face of nosocomial candidemia: epidemiology, resistance, and drug therapy. Am J Health Syst Pharm 1999;56:525-33.
49. Wingard JR. Importance of Candida species other than C. albicans as pathogens in oncology patients. Clin Infect Dis 1995;20:115-25.
50. Wingard JR, Merz WG, Rinaldi MG, et al. Association of Torulopsis glabrata infections with fluconazole prophylaxis in neutropenic bone marrow transplant patients. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1993;37:1847-9.
51. Larsen RA, Leal MAE, Chan LS. Fluconazole compared with amphotericin B plus flucytosine for cryptococcal meningitis in AIDS: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med 1992;113:183-7.
52. Larsen RA, Bozzette SA, Jones BE, et al. Fluconazole combined with flucytosine for treatment of cryptococcal meningitis in patients with AIDS. Clin Infect Dis 1994; 19:741-5.
53. Pappas PG, Hamill RJ, Kauffman CA, et al. Treatment of cryptococcal meningitis in non-HIV infected patients: a randomized, comparative trial [abstract 73:49]. Abstracts of the Infectious Diseases Society of America 34th Annual Meeting; 1996 Sep; New Orleans (LA). Washington (DC): Infectious Diseases Society of America; 1996.
54. Van der Horst C, Saag M, Cloud G, et al. Treatment of cryptococcal meningitis associated with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. N Engl J Med 1997;337: 15-21.
55. Bozzette SA, Larsen RA, Chiu J. A placebo-controlled trial of maintenance therapy with fluconazole after treatment of cryptococcal meningitis in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. N Engl J Med 1991;324:580-4.
56. Pinner RW, Hajjeh RA, Powderly WG. Prospects for preventing cryptococcosis in persons infected with human immunodeficiency virus. Clin Infect Dis 1995;21 Suppl 1:S103-S107.
57. Powderly WG. Prophylaxis for HIV-related infections: a work in progress. Ann Intern Med 1996;124:342-4.
58. Birley HD, Johnson EM, McDonald P, et al. Azole drug resistance as a cause of clinical relapse in AIDS patients with cryptococcal meningitis. Int J STD AIDS 1995;6: 353-5.
59. Berry AJ, Rinaldi MG, Graybill JR. High-dose fluconazole as salvage therapy for cryptococcal meningitis in patients with AIDS. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1992;36:690-2.
60. Powderly WG, Finkelstein DM, Feinberg J, et al. A randomized trial comparing fluconazole with clotrimazole troches for the prevention of fungal infections in patients with advanced human immunodeficiency virus infection. N Engl J Med 1995;332:700-5.
61. Hajjeh R, Farley M, Baughman W, et al. Multistate population-based surveillance for cryptococcal disease: 1992-1994 [abstract]. Program and abstracts of the 36th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy; 1996; New Orleans (LA). Washington (DC): American Society for Microbiology; 1996. p. 196.
62. Dromer F, Mathoulin S, DuPont B, et al. Comparison of the efficacy of amphotericin B and fluconazole in the treatment of cryptococcosis in human immunodeficiency virus-negative patients: retrospective analysis of 83 cases. Clin Infect Dis 1996;22 Suppl 2:S154-S160.
63. Dromer F, Mathoulin S, DuPont B, et al. Epidemiology of cryptococcosis in France: a 9-year survey (1985-1993). Clin Infect Dis 1996;23:82-90.
64. 1-infected patients. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 1990;3:480-4.
65. Meyohas MC, Roux P, Bollens D, et al. Pulmonary cryptococcosis: localized and disseminated infections in 27 patients with AIDS. Clin Infect Dis 1995;21:628-33.
66. Diaz M, Negroni R, Montero-Gei F, et al. A pan-American 5-year study of fluconazole therapy for deep mycoses in the immunocompetent host. Clin Infect Dis 1992;14 Suppl 1:S68-S76.
67. Norris S, Wheat J, McKinsey D, et al. Prevention of relapse of histoplasmosis with fluconazole in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Am J Med 1994;96:504-8.
68. Stevens DA. Current concepts: coccidioidomycosis. N Engl J Med 1995;332:1077-82.
69. McKinsey DS, Kauffman CA, Pappas P, et al. Fluconazole therapy for histoplasmosis. Clin Infect Dis 1996;23: 996-1001.
70. Anaissie EJ, Kontoyiannis DP, Huls C, et al. Safety, plasma concentrations, and efficacy of high-dose fluconazole in invasive mold infections. J Infect Dis 1995; 172:599-602.