The surgical treatment of spasticity

Muscle and Nerve

Volumn 23, Issue 2, 2000, Pages 153-163

  Smyth, Matthew D ^a   Peacock, Warwick J ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

Baclofen pump; Cerebral palsy; Rhizotomy; Spasticity; Surgery; Surgical treatment of spasticity

Indexed keywords

BRAIN INJURY; CEREBRAL PALSY; CORDOTOMY; HUMAN; MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS; MYOTATIC REFLEX; NERVE BLOCK; NEURECTOMY; NEUROSURGERY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REFLEX ARC; REVIEW; RHIZOTOMY; SPASTICITY; SPINAL CORD INJURY; SPINAL CORD STIMULATION; SPINAL REFLEX; STEREOTAXIC SURGERY;

EFFERENT PATHWAYS; HUMANS; MUSCLE SPASTICITY; NEUROSURGICAL PROCEDURES;

EID: 0033956952     PISSN: 0148639X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/(SICI)1097-4598(200002)23:2<153::AID-MUS3>3.0.CO;2-4     Document Type: Review

References (131)

1. Abbe R. Resection of the posterior roots of spinal nerves to relieve pain, pain reflex, athetosis and spastic paralysis -Dana's operation. Med Record (NY) 1911;79:377-381.
2. Abbot R. Complications with selective posterior rhizotomy. Pediatr Neurosurg 1992;18:43-47.
3. Abdennebi B, Bougatene B. Selective neurotomies for relief of spasticity focalized to the foot and to the knee flexors. Results in a series of 58 patients. Acta Neurochir 1996;138: 917-920.
4. Albright AL. Intrathecal baclofen in cerebral palsy movement disorders. J Child Neurol 1996;11(suppl 1):S29-S35.
5. Albright AL, Barry MJ, Fasick MP, Janosky J. Effects of continuous intrathecal baclofen infusion and selective posterior rhizotomy on upper extremity spasticity. Pediatr Neurosurg 1995;23:82-85.
6. Albright AL, Cervi A, Singletary J. Intrathecal baclofen for spasticity in cerebral palsy. JAMA 1991;265:1418-1422.
7. Arens LJ, Peacock WJ, Peter J. Selective posterior rhizotomy. A long term follow-up study. Pediatr Neurosci 1987;13: 61-66.
8. Arens LJ, Peacock WJ, Peter J. Selective posterior rhizotomy: a long-term follow-up study. Child Nerv Syst 1989;5:148-152.
9. Armstrong RW, Steinbok P, Cochrane DD, Kube SD, Fife SE, Farrell K. Intrathecally administered baclofen for treatment of children with spasticity of cerebral origin. J Neurosurg 1997;87:409-414.
10. Armstrong R, Steinbok P, Farrel K, Cochrane D, Norman MG, Kube S. Continuous intrathecal baclofen treatment of severe spasms in two children with spinal-cord injury. Dev Med Child Neurol 1992;34:731-738.
11. Azouvi P, Mane M, Thiebaut JB, Denys P, Remy-Neris O, Bussel B. Intrathecal baclofen administration for control of severe spinal spasticity: functional improvement and long-term follow-up. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1996;77:35-39.
12. Baker LD, Hill LM. Foot alignment in the cerebral palsy patient. J Bone Joint Surg [Am] 1964;46:1-15.
13. Balasubramaniam V, Kanaka TS, Ramanujam PB. Stereotaxic surgery for cerebral palsy. J Neurosurg 1974;40:577-582.
14. Banks HH, Green WT. The correction of equinus deformity in cerebral palsy. J Bone Joint Surg [Am] 1958;40:1359-1379.
15. Barolat G, Singh-Sahni K, Staas WE , Shatin D, Ketcik B, Allen, K. Epidural spinal cord stimulation in the management of spasms in spinal cord injury: a prospective study. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg 1995;64:153-164.
16. Becker R, Alberti O, Bauer BL. Continuous intrathecal baclofen infusion in severe spasticity after traumatic or hypoxic brain injury. J Neurol 1997;244:160-166.
17. Becker WJ, Harris CJ, Long ML, Ablett DP, Klein GM, DeForge DA. Long term intrathecal baclofen therapy in patients with intractable spasticity. Can J Neurol Sci 1995;22: 208-217.
18. Benedetti A, Carbonin C, Colombo F. Extended posterior cervical rhizotomy for severe spastic syndromes with dyskinesias. Appl Neurophysiol 1977;40:41-47.
19. Bensman AS, Szegho M. Cerebellar electrical stimulation: a critique. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1978;59:485-487.
20. Berard C, Sindou M, Berard J, Carrier H. Selective neurotomy of the tibial nerve in the spastic hemiplegic child: an explanation of the recurrence. J Pediatr Orthop 1998;7B: 66-70.
21. Bischof W. Die longitudinale Myelotomie. Zentralbl Neurochir 1951;11:79-88.
22. Bischof W. Zur dorsalen longitudinalen Myelotomie. Zentralbl Neurochir 1967;28:123-126.
23. Bloom KK, Nazar GB. Functional assessment following selective posterior rhizotomy in spastic cerebral palsy. Child Nerv Syst 1994;10:84-86.
24. Boscarino LF, Ounpuu S, Davis RB, Gage JR, DeLuca PA. Effects of selective dorsal rhizotomy on gait in children with cerebral palsy. J Pediatr Orthop 1993;13:174-179.
25. Broggi G, Angelini L, Bono R. Long-term results of stereotactic thalamotomy for cerebral palsy. Neurosurgery 1983; 12:195-202.
26. Buckon CE, Thomas S, Pierce R, Piatt JH Jr, Ariona MD. Developmental skills of children with spastic diplegia: functional and qualitative changes after selective dorsal rhizotomy. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1997;78:946-950.
27. Burke D. Spasticity as an adaptation to pyramidal tract injury. Adv Neurol 1988;47:401-423.
28. Cahan LD, Adams JM, Perry J, Beeler LM. Instrumented gait analysis after selective dorsal rhizotomy. Dev Med Child Neurol 1990;32:1037-1043.
29. Caillet F, Mertens P, Rabaseda S, Boisson D. The development of gait in the hemiplegic patient after selective tibial neurotomy. Neurochirurgie 1998;44:183-191.
30. Carpenter EB. Role of nerve blocks in the foot and ankle in cerebral palsy. Foot Ankle 1983;4:164-166.
31. Cohen AR, Webster HC. How selective is selective posterior rhizotomy? Surg Neurol 1991;35:267-272.
32. Cook AW, Weinstein SP. Chronic dorsal column stimulation in multiple sclerosis. NT State J Med 1973;73:2868-2872.
33. Cooper IS, Riklan M, Amin I, Waltz JM, Cullinan T. Chronic cerebellar stimulation in cerebral palsy. Neurology 1976;26: 744-753.
34. Cooper IS, Upton ARM. Use of chronic cerebellar stimulation for disorders of disinhibition. Lancet 1978;i:595-600.
35. Das TK, Park DM. Botulinum toxin in treating spasticity. Br J Clin Pract 1989;43:401-403.
36. Davis R, Barolat-Romana G, Engle H. Chronic cerebellar stimulation for cerebral palsy - five year study. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 1980;30(suppl):317-332.
37. Davis R, Schulman J, Delehanty A. Cerebellar stimulation for cerebral palsy - double blind study. Acta Neurochir 1987;39(suppl):126-128.
38. Decq P, Cuny E, Filipetti P, Feve A, Keravel Y. Peripheral neurotomy in the treatment of spasticity. Indications, techniques and results in the lower limbs. Neurochirurgie 1998; 44:175-182.
39. Decq P, Filipetti P, Feve A. Peripheral selective neurotomy of the brachial plexus collateral branches for treatment of the spastic shoulder: anatomical study and clinical results in five patients. J Neurosurg 1997;86:648-653.
40. Decq P, Filipetti P, Feve A, Saraoui A. Selective peripheral neurotomy of the hamstring branches of the sciatic nerve in the treatment of spastic flexion of the knee. Apropos of a series of 11 patients. Neurochirurgie 1996;42:275-280.
41. Doutae DA, Sponseller PD, Tolo VT. Soleus neurectomy for dynamic ankle equinus in children with cerebral palsy. Am J Orthop 1997;26:613-616.
42. Engsberg JR, Olree KS, Ross SA, Park TS. Spasticity and strength changes as a function of selective dorsal rhizotomy. J Neurosurg 1998;88:1020-1026.
43. Fasano VA, Broggi G, Barolat-Romana G, Sguazzi A. Surgical treatment of spasticity in cerebral palsy. Child Brain 1978;4: 289-305.
44. Feve A, Decq P, Filipetti P. Physiological effects of selective tibial neurotomy on lower limb spasticity. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1997;63:575-578.
45. Foerster O. On the indications and results of the excision of posterior spinal nerve roots in man. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1913;16:463-474.
46. Fraioli B, Nucci F, Baldassarre L. Bilateral cervical posterior rhizotomy: effects on dystonia and athetosis, on respiration and other autonomie functions. Appl Neurophysiol 1977;40: 26-40.
47. Gahm NH, Russman BS, Cerciello RL, Fiorentino MR, McGrath DM. Chronic cerebellar stimulation for cerebral palsy: a double blind study. Neurology 1981;31:87-90.
48. Galanda M, Hovath S. Different effect of chronic electrical stimulation of the region of the superior cerebellar peduncle and the nucleus ventralis intermedius of the thalamus in the treatment of movement disorders. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg 1997;69:116-120.
49. Galanda M, Mistina L, Zoltan O. Behavioural responses to cerebellar stimulation in cerebral palsy. Acta Neurochir 1989;46(suppl):37-38.
50. Garland DE, Lucie RS, Waters RL. Current uses of open phenol nerve block for adult acquired spasticity. Clin Orthop Rel Res 1982;165:217-222.
51. Garland DE, Thompson R, Waters R. Musculocutaneous neurectomy for spastic elbow flexion in non-functional upper extremities in adults. J Bone Joint Surg 1981;63-A:767-772.
52. Gertszten PC, Albright AL, Johnstone GF. Intrathecal baclofen infusion and subsequent orthopedic surgery in patients with spastic cerebral palsy. J Neurosurg 1998;88:1009-1013.
53. Gornall P, Hitchcock E, Kirkland IS. Stereotaxic neurosurgery in the management of cerebral palsy. Dev Med Child Neurol 1975:17:279-286.
54. Gottlieb GL, Myklebust BM, Stefosk D. Evaluation of cervical stimulation for chronic treatment of spasticity. Neurology 1985;35:699-704.
55. Gronley JK, Perry J. Gait analysis techniques: Rancho Los Amigos Hospital. Phys Ther 1984;64:1831-1838.
56. Gros C. La chirurgie de la spasticite. Neurochirurgie 1972; 23:317-388.
57. Gros G. Spasticity - clinical classification and surgical treatment. Adv Techn Stand Neurosurg 1979;6:55-97.
58. Gros C, Ouknine G, Vlahovitch B, Frerebeau P. La radicotomie selective posterieure dans le traitement neurochirurgical de l'hypertonie pyramidale. Neurochirurgie 1967;13:505-518.
59. Guidetti B, Fraioli B. Neurosurgical treatment of spasticity and dyskinesias. Acta Neurochir 1977;24(suppl):27-39.
60. Harris GF, Millar EA, Hemmy DC, Lochner RC. Neuroelectric stimulation in cerebral palsy: long-term quantitative assessment. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg 1993;61:49-59.
61. Heimburger RF, Slominski A, Griswold P. Cervical posterior rhizotomy for reducing spasticity in cerebral palsy. J Neurosurg 1973;39:30-34.
62. Helweg-Larsen J, Jacobsen E. Treatment of spasticity in cerebral palsy by means of phenol nerve block of peripheral nerves. Dan Med Bull 1969;16:20-25.
63. Hugenholtz H, Humphreys P, McIntyre WM, Spasoff RA, Steel K. Cervical spinal cord stimulation for spasticity in cerebral palsy. Neurosurgery 1988;22:707-714.
64. Irwin-Carruthers SH, Davids LM, Van Rensburg CK. Early physiotherapy in selective posterior rhizotomy. Physiotherapy (S Afr) 1985;41:45-49.
65. Ivan LP, Ventureyra EC. Chronic cerebellar stimulation in cerebral palsy. Child Brain 1982;9:121-125.
66. Ivan LP, Ventureyra EC, Wiley J, Doyle D, Pressman E, Knights R, Guzman C, Uttley D. Chronic cerebellar stimulation in cerebral palsy. Surg Neurol 1981;15:81-84.
67. Kottke FJ. Modification of athetosis by denervation of the tonic neck reflexes. Dev Med Child Neurol 1970;12:236-237.
68. Laitinen LV, Nilsson S, Fugl-Meyer AR. Selective posterior rhizotomy for treatment of spasticity. J Neurosurg 1983;58: 895-899.
69. Laitinen L, Singounas E. Longitudinal myelotomy in the treatment of spasticity of the legs. J Neurosurg 1971;35: 536-540.
70. Lance JW. Symposium synopsis. In: Feldman RG, Young RR, Koella WP, editors. Spasticity-disordered motor control. St. Louis, MO: Mosby-Year Book; 1980. p 45.
71. Lang FF, Deletis V, Cohen HW, Velasquez L, Abbott R. Inclusion of S2 dorsal rootlets in functional posterior rhizotomy for spasticity in children with cerebral palsy. Neurosurgery 1994;34:847-853.
72. Lazorthes Y, Sallerin-Caute B, Verdi J, Bastide R, Carillo JP. Chronic intrathecal baclofen administration for control of severe spasticity. J Neurosurg 1990;72:393-402.
73. Lorenz, F. Ober chirurgische Behandlung der angeborenen spastischen Gliedstarre. Wien Klin Rdsch 1887;21:25-27.
74. Matsuo T, Shunsaku T, Hajime T. Insufficiency of the hip adductor after anterior obturator neurectomy in 42 children with cerebral palsy. J Pediatr Orthop 1986;6:686-692.
75. McCarty CS, Kiefer EJ. Thoracic lumbar and sacral spinal cordectomy. Proc Staff Meet Mayo Clin 1949;24:108.
76. McCouch GP, Deering ID, Ling TH. Location of receptors for tonic neck reflexes. J Neurophysiol 1951;14:191-195.
77. Mertens P, Sindou M. Microsurgical drezotomy for the treatment of spasticity of the lower limbs. Neurochirurgie 1998; 44:209-218.
78. Meythaler JM, Guin-Renfroe S, Grabb P, Hadley MN. Long-term continuously infused intrathecal baclofen for spastic-dystonic hypertonia in traumatic brain injury: 1-year experience. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1999;80:13-19.
79. Meythaler JM, Guin-Renfroe S, Hadley MN. Continuously infused intrathecal baclofen for spastic/dystonic hemiplegia. A preliminary report. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 1999;78: 247-254.
80. Meythaler JM, McCary A, Hadley MK. Prospective assessment of continuous intrathecal infusion of baclofen for spasticity caused by acquired brain injury: a preliminary report. J Neurosurg 1997;87:415-419.
81. Meythaler JM, Steers WD, Tuel SM. Continuous intrathecal baclofen in spinal cord spasticity: a prospective study. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 1992;71:321-327.
82. Meythaler JM, Steers WD, Tuel SM, Cross LL, Sesco DC, Haworth CS. Intrathecal baclofen in hereditary spastic paraparesis. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1992;73:794-797.
83. Middel B, Kuipers-Upmeijer H, Bouma J, Staal M, Oenema D, Postma T, Terpstra S, Stewart R. Effect of intrathecal baclofen delivered by an implanted programmable pump on health related quality of life in patients with severe spasticity. J Neurol Neurosurg psychiatry 1997;63:204-209.
84. Midha M, Schmitt JK. Epidural spinal cord stimulation for the control of spasticity in spinal cord injury patients lacks long-term efficacy and is not cost-effective. Spinal Cord 1998; 36:190-192.
85. Montoya GA, Soteros RW, Rudolph IM, Ulloa CM. Effect of phenol on conduction and synaptic transmission block. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 1980;59:184-195.
86. Morin C, Perrot-Deseilligny E. Evidence for presynaptic inhibition of muscle spindle Ia afferents in man. Neurosci Lett 1984;44:137-142.
87. Morota N, Abbott R, Koller M, Epstein FJ, Cohen H. Residual spasticity after selective posterior rhizotomy. Child Nerv Syst 1995;11:161-165.
88. Moyes PD. Longitudinal myelotomy for spasticity. J Neurosurg 1969;31:615-619.
89. Munro D. The rehabilitation of patients totally paralyzed below the waist: anterior rhizotomy for spastic paraplegia. N Engl J Med 1945;233:453-461.
90. Myklebust BM, Gottlieb GL, Penn RD, Agarwal GC. Reciprocal excitation of antagonistic muscles as a differentiating feature in spasticity. Ann Neurol 1982;12:367-374.
91. Nance P, Schryvers O, Schmidt B, Dubo H, Loveridge B, Fewer D. Intrathecal baclofen therapy for adults with spinal spasticity: therapeutic efficacay and effect on hospital admissions. Can J Neurol Sci 1995;22:22-29.
92. Nomura Y, Fukuuchi A, Iwade M, Mukuboh Y, Kawamata M, Suzuki H, Katoh Y, Itoh T. A case of spasticity following spinal cord injury improved by epidural spinal cord stimulation. Masui Jpn J Anesthesiol 1995;44:732-734.
93. Ordia JI, Fischer E, Adamski E, Spatz EL. Chronic intrathecal delivery of baclofen by a programmable pump for the treatment of severe spasticity.J Neurosurg 1996; 85:452-457.
94. Peacock WJ, Arens LJ, Berman B. Cerebral palsy spasticity: selective posterior rhizotomy. Pediatr Neurosci 1987;13: 61-66.
95. Peacock WJ, Standt LA. Central and peripheral neurosurgical management of cerebral palsy. Semin Orthop 1989;4: 229-235.
96. Peacock WJ, Staudt LA. Functional outcomes following selective posterior rhizotomy in children with cerebral palsy. J Neurosurg 1991;74:380-385.
97. Penn RD, Gianino JM, York MM. Brief report. Intrathecal baclofen for motor disorders. Mov Disord 1995;10:675-677.
98. Penn RD, Myklebust BM, Gottlieb GL, Agarwal GC, Etzel ME. Chronic cerebellar stimulation for cerebral palsy. Prospective and double-blind studies. J Neurosurg 1980;53: 160-165.
99. Penn RD, Savoy SM, Corcos DM, Latash M, Gottlieb G, Parke B, Kroin JS. Intrathecal baclofen for severe spinal spasticity. N Engl J Med 1989;320:1517-1522.
100. Perry J, Adams J, Cahan LD. Foot-floor contact patterns following selective dorsal rhizotomy. Dev Med Child Neurol 1989;31(suppl):19-20.
101. Peter JC, Arens LJ. Selective posterior lumbosacral rhizotomy in teenagers and young adults with spastic cerebral palsy. Br J Neurosurg 1994;8:135-139.
102. Pierson SH, Katz DI, Tarsy D. Botulinum toxin A in the treatment of spasticity: functional implications and patient selection. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1996;77:717-721
103. Privat JM, Benezech J, Frerebeau P, Gros C. Sectorial posterior rhizotomy, a new technique of surgical treatment for spasticity. Acta Neurochir 1976;35:181-195.
104. Purohit AK, Raju BSV, Shiv Kumar K, Mallikarjun KD. Selective musculocutaneous fasciculotomy for spastic elbow in cerebral palsy: a preliminary study. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 1998;140:473-478.
105. Rosenbaum PL, Russell DJ, Cadman DT, Gowland C, Jarvis S, Hardy S. Issues in measuring change in motor function in children with cerebral palsy: a special communication. Phys Ther 1990;70:125-131.
106. Russell DJ, Rosenbaum PL, Cadman DT, Gowland C, Jarvis S, Hardy S. The Gross Motor Function Measure: a means to evaluate the effect of physical therapy. Dev Med Child Neurol 1989;31:341-352.
107. Schulman JH, Davis R, Nanes M. Cerebellar stimulation for spastic cerebral palsy: preliminary report; on-going double blind study. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 1987;10:226-231.
108. Sherrington CS. Decerebrate rigidity and reflex coordination of movements. J Physiol (Lond) 1898;22:319-337.
109. Siegfried J, Lazorthes Y, Broggi G, Claverie P, Deonna T, Frerebeau P, Verdie JC, Alexandre F, Angelini L, Benezech J, Carillo J-P, Demierre B, Gayraud J-P, Henry A, Lebarbier P, Nardocci N, Prestes A, Privat J.Ch., Privat J-M, Ronzier J-F, Segnarbieux F, Vidal M. La neurochirurgie fonctionnelle de l'infirmite motrice cerebrale. Neurochirurgie 1985;31: 1-118.
110. Sindou M, Misfud JJ, Boisson D, Goutelle A. Selective posterior rhizotomy in the dorsal root entry zone for treatment of hyperspasticity and pain in the hemiplegic upper limb. Neurosurgery 1986;18:587-595.
111. Snow BJ, Tsui JKC, Bhatt MH, Vareles M, Hashimoto SA, Calne DB. Treatment of spasticity with botulinum toxin: a double-blind study. Ann Neurol 1990;28:512-515.
112. Speelman JD, van Manen J. Cerebral palsy and stereotactic neurosurgery: long-term results. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1989;52:23-30.
113. Spira R. Management of spasticity in cerebral palsied children by peripheral nerve block with phenol. Dev Med Child Neurol 1971;13:164-173.
114. Steinbok P, Armstrong R, Farrel K, Reiner A, Cochrane D. Intrathecal baclofen for treatment of spasticity in children: report of 9 cases. Can J Neurol Sci 1991;18:232.
115. Steinbok P, Daneshvar H, Evans D. Cost analysis of continuous intrathecal baclofen versus selective functional posterior rhizotomy in the treatment of spastic quadriplegia associated with cerebral palsy. Pediatr Neurosurg 1995;22:255-265.
116. Steinbok P, Gustavsson B, Kestle JR, Reiner A, Cochrane DD. Relationship of intraoperative electrophysiological criteria to outcome after selective functional posterior rhizotomy. J Neurosurg 1995;83:18-26.
117. Steinbok P, Reiner A, Beauchamp RD, Cochrane DD, Keyes R. Selective functional posterior rhizotomy for treatment of spastic cerebral palsy in children. Pediatr Neurosurg 1992; 18:34-42.
118. Steinbok P, Reiner AM, Beauchamp R, Armstrong RW, Cochrane DD. A randomized clinical trial to compare selective posterior rhizotomy plus physiotherapy with physiotherapy alone in children with spastic diplegic cerebral palsy. Dev Med Child Neurol 1997;39:178-184.
119. Steinbok P, Schrag C. Complications after selective posterior rhizotomy for spasticity in children with cerebral palsy. Pediatr Neurosurg 1998;28:300-313.
120. Subramanian N, Vaughan CL, Peter JC, Arens LJ. Gait before and 10 years after rhizotomy in children with cerebral palsy spasticity. J Neurosurg 1998;88:1014-1019.
121. Thomas SS, Aiona MD, Buckon CE, Piatt JH Jr. Does gait continue to improve 2 years after selective dorsal rhizotomy? J Pediatr Orthop 1997;17:387-391.
122. Thomas SS, Aiona MD, Pierce R, Piatt JH Jr. Gait changes in children with spastic diplegia after selective dorsal rhizotomy. J Pediatr Orthop 1996;16:747-752.
123. Tolo V, Sponseller P. An effective procedure in cerebral palsy. Orthop Trans 1988;12:696.
124. Van de Wiele BM, Staudt LA, Rubenstein EH, Nuwer M, Peacock WJ. Perioperative complications in children undergoing selective posterior rhizotomy: a review of 105 cases. Pediatr Anaesth 1996;6:479-486.
125. Vaughan CL, Berman B, Peacock WJ. Cerebral palsy and rhizotomy: a 3 year follow-up evaluation with gait analysis. J Neurosurg 1991;74:178-184.
126. Vaughan CL, Berman B, Staudt L, Peacock WJ. Gait analysis of cerebral palsied children before and after rhizotomy. Pediatr Neurosci 1989;14:297-300.
127. Weiss IP, Schiff SJ. Reflex variability in selective dorsal rhizotomy. J Neurosurg 1993;79:346-353.
128. Whittaker CK. Cerebellar stimulation for cerebral palsy. J Neurosurg 1980;52:648-653.
129. Wright FV, Sheil EM, Drake JM, Wedge JH, Naumann S. Evaluation of selective dorsal rhizotomy for the reduction of spasticity in cerebral palsy: a randomized controlled trial. Dev Med Child Neurol 1998;40:239-247.
130. Yang TF, Chan RC, Wong TT, Bair WN, Kao CC, Chuang, TY, Hsu TC. Quantitative measurement of improvement in sitting balance in children with spastic cerebral palsy after selective dorsal rhizotomy. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 1996;5: 348-352.
131. Young RR, Wiegner AW. Spasticity. Clin Orthop 1987;219: 50-62.