Conservation and heterogeneity of vlsE among human and tick isolates of Borrelia burgdorferi

Infection and Immunity

Volumn 68, Issue 3, 2000, Pages 1714-1718

  Iyer, Radha ^a   Hardham, John M ^b,c   Wormser, Gary P ^a   Schwartz, Ira ^a   Norris, Steven J ^b  

^a NEW YORK MEDICAL COLLEGE   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS MEDICAL SCHOOL   (United States)

^c PFIZER INC   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANTIGENIC VARIATION; ARTICLE; BACTERIAL GENE; BACTERIAL VIRULENCE; BACTERIUM ISOLATE; BORRELIA BURGDORFERI; BORRELIA INFECTION; GENE CASSETTE; GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION; GENE SEQUENCE; GENETIC HETEROGENEITY; NONHUMAN; NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE; PLASMID; POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RESTRICTION FRAGMENT LENGTH POLYMORPHISM; SOUTHERN BLOTTING; TICK;

AMINO ACID SEQUENCE; ANIMALS; ANTIGENS, BACTERIAL; ANTIGENS, SURFACE; BACTERIAL PROTEINS; BORRELIA BURGDORFERI GROUP; ELECTROPHORESIS, GEL, PULSED-FIELD; GENOTYPE; HUMANS; LIPOPROTEINS; MOLECULAR SEQUENCE DATA; POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION; TICKS;

EID: 0033955721     PISSN: 00199567     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1128/IAI.68.3.1714-1718.2000     Document Type: Article

References (25)

1. Barbour, A. G., and D. Fish. 1993. The biological and social phenomenon of Lyme disease. Science 260:1610-1616.
2. Barbour, A. G., and C. F. Garon. 1987. Linear plasmids of the bacterium Borrelia burgdorferi have covalently closed ends. Science 237:409-411.
3. Casjens, S., W. Huang, G. Sutton, J. Peterson, N. Palmer, R. van Vugt, B. Stevenson, P. Rosa, R. Lathigra, and C. Fraser. A genome in flux: the twelve linear and nine circular extrachromosomal DNAs of an infectious isolate of the Lyme disease spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi. Mol. Microbiol., in press.
4. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 1997. Lyme disease - United States, 1996. Morbid. Mortal. Weekly Rep. 46:531-535.
5. Daniels, T. J., T. M. Boccia, S. Varde, J. Marcus, J. Le, D. J. Bucher, R. C. Falco, and I. Schwartz. 1998. Geographic risk for Lyme disease and human granulocytic ehrlichiosis in southern New York state. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 64:4663-4669.
6. Kawabata, H., F. Myouga, Y. Inagaki, N. Murai, and H. Watanabe. 1998. Genetic and immunological analyses of VIs (VMP-like sequences) of Borrelia burgdorferi. Microb. Pathog. 24:155-166.
7. Lawrenz, M. B., J. M. Hardham, R. T. Owens, J. Nowakowski, A. C. Steere, G. P. Wormser, and S. J. Norris. 1999. Human antibody responses to VIsE antigenic variation protein of Borrelia burgdorferi. J. Clin. Microbiol. 37: 3997-4004.
8. Liveris, D., A. Gazumyan, and I. Schwartz. 1995. Molecular typing of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato by PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis. J. Clin. Microbiol. 33:589-595.
9. Liveris, D., S. Varde, R. Iyer, S. Koenig, S. Bittker, D. Cooper, D. McKenna, J. Nowakowski, R. B. Nadelman, G. P. Wormser, and I. Schwartz. 1999. Genetic diversity of Borrelia burgdorferi in Lyme disease patients as determined by culture versus direct PCR with clinical specimens. J. Clin. Microbiol. 37:565-569.
10. Liveris, D., G. P. Wormser, J. Nowakowski, R. Nadelman, S. Bittker, D. Cooper, S. Varde, F. H. Moy, G. Forseter, C. S. Pavia, and I. Schwartz. 1996. Molecular typing of Borrelia burgdorferi from Lyme disease patients by PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis. J. Clin. Microbiol. 34: 1306-1309.
11. Nocton, J. J., and A. C. Steere. 1995. Lyme disease. Adv. Intern. Med. 40:69-117.
12. Norris, S. J., C. J. Carter, J. K. Howell, and A. G. Barbour. 1992. Low-passage-associated proteins of Borrelia burgdorferi B31: characterization and molecular cloning of OspD, a surface-exposed, plasmid-encoded lipoprotein. Infect. Immun. 60:4662-4672.
13. Norris, S. J., J. K. Howell, S. A. Garza, M. S. Ferdows, and A. G. Barbour. 1995. High- and low-infectivity phenotypes of clonal populations of in vitro-cultured Borrelia burgdorferi. Infect. Immun. 63:2206-2212.
14. Schwan, T. G., W. Burgdorferi, and C. F. Garon. 1988. Changes in infectivity and plasmid profile of the Lyme disease spirochete, Borrelia burgdorferi, as a result of in vitro cultivation. Infect. Immun. 56:1831-1836.
15. Schwartz, I., S. Varde, R. B. Nadelman, G. P. Wormser, and D. Fish. 1997. Inhibition of efficient polymerase chain reaction amplification of Borrelia burgdorferi DNA in blood-fed ticks. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 56:339-342.
16. Schwartz, I., G. P. Wormser, J. J. Schwartz, D. Cooper, P. Weissensee, A. Gazumyan, E. Zimmermann, N. S. Goldberg, S. Bittker, G. L. Campbell, and C. S. Pavia. 1992. Diagnosis of early Lyme disease by polymerase chain reaction amplification and culture of skin biopsies from erythema migrans lesions. J. Clin. Microbiol. 30:3082-3088.
17. Simpson, W. J., C. F. Garon, and T. G. Schwan. 1990. Analysis of supercoiled circular plasmids in infectious and non-infectious Borrelia burgdorferi. Microb. Pathog. 8:109-118.
18. Steere, A. C. 1989. Lyme disease. N. Engl. J. Med. 321:586-596.
19. Walker, E. M., J. K. Howell, Y. You, A. R. Hoffmaster, J. D. Heath, G. M. Weinstock, and S. J. Norris. 1995. Physical map of the genome of Treponema pallidum subsp. pallidum (Nichols). J. Bacteriol. 177:1797-1804.
20. Wormser, G. P., D. Liveris, J. Nowakowski, R. B. Nadelman, L. F. Cavaliere, D. McKenna, D. Holmgren, and I. Schwartz. 1999. Association of specific subtypes of Borrelia burgdorferi with hematogenous dissemination in early Lyme disease. J. Infect. Dis. 180:720-725.
21. Wormser, G. P., J. Nowakowski, R. B. Nadelman, S. Bittker, D. Cooper, and C. Pavia. 1998. Improving the yield of blood cultures for patients with early Lyme disease. J. Clin. Microbiol. 36:296-298.
22. Xu, Y., C. Kodner, L. Coleman, and R. C. Johnson. 1996. Correlation of plasmids with infectivity of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto type strain B31. Infect. Immun. 64:3870-3876.
23. Zhang, J. R., J. M. Hardham, A. G. Barbour, and S. J. Norris. 1997. Antigenic variation in Lyme disease borreliae by promiscuous recombination of VMP-like sequence cassettes. Cell 89:275-285.
24. Zhang, J.-R., and S. J. Norris. 1998. Genetic variation of the Borrelia burgdorferi gene vlsE involves cassette-specific, segmental gene conversion. Infect. Immun. 66:3698-3704.
25. Zhang, J.-R., and S. J. Norris. 1998. Kinetics and in vivo induction of genetic variation of vlsE in Borrelia burgdorferi. Infect. Immun. 66:3689-3697.