Risk factors, prevention, and management of postoperative recurrence after resection of hepatocellular carcinorna

Annals of Surgery

Volumn 232, Issue 1, 2000, Pages 10-24

  Poon, Ronnie Tung Ping ^a   Fan, Sheung Tat ^a   Wong, John ^a  

^a QUEEN MARY HOSPITAL   (Hong Kong)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CARMOFUR; CISPLATIN; DOXORUBICIN; EPIRUBICIN; FLUOROURACIL; MITOMYCIN C; RECOMBINANT INTERLEUKIN 2;

ADULT; CANCER RECURRENCE; CLINICAL TRIAL; CONTROLLED CLINICAL TRIAL; CONTROLLED STUDY; DRUG EFFICACY; HISTOPATHOLOGY; HUMAN; HUMAN CELL; HUMAN TISSUE; LIVER CELL CARCINOMA; LYMPHOKINE ACTIVATED KILLER CELL; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROGNOSIS; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL; RECURRENCE RISK; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR;

ANTINEOPLASTIC COMBINED CHEMOTHERAPY PROTOCOLS; CARCINOMA, HEPATOCELLULAR; CHEMOEMBOLIZATION, THERAPEUTIC; CHEMOTHERAPY, ADJUVANT; HEPATECTOMY; HUMANS; LIVER NEOPLASMS; NEOPLASM INVASIVENESS; NEOPLASM RECURRENCE, LOCAL; PROGNOSIS; RISK FACTORS; SURVIVAL ANALYSIS;

EID: 0033947630     PISSN: 00034932     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/00000658-200007000-00003     Document Type: Review

References (162)

1. Mor E, Kaspa RT, Sheiner P, Schwartz M. Treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma associated with cirrhosis in the era of liver transplantation Ann Intern Med 1998; 129:643-653.
2. Makuuchi M, Takayama T, Kubota K, et al. Hepatic resection for hepatocellular carcinoma: Japanese experience. Hepatogastroenterology 1998; 45:1267-1274.
3. Fan ST, Lo CM, Liu CL, et al. Hepatectomy for hepatocellular carcinoma: toward zero hospital deaths. Ann Surg 1999; 229:322-330.
4. Kosuge T, Makuuchi M, Takayama T, et al. Long-term results after resection of hepatocellular carcinoma: experience of 480 cases. Hepatogastroenterology 1993; 40:328-332.
5. Bismuth H, Chiche L, Castaing D. Surgical treatment of hepatocellular carcinomas in noncirrhotic liver: experience with 68 liver resections. World J Surg 1995; 19:35-41.
6. Vauthey JN, Klimstra D, Franceschi D, et al. Factors affecting long-term outcome after hepatic resection for hepatocellular carcinoma. Am J Surg 1995; 169:28-35.
7. Takenaka K, Kawahara N, Yamamoto K, et al. Results of 280 liver resections for hepatocellular carcinoma. Arch Surg 1996; 131:71-76.
8. Lau H, Fan ST, Ng IOL, Wong J. Long-term prognosis after hepatectomy for hepatocellular carcinoma: a survival analysis of 204 consecutive patients. Cancer 1998; 83:2302-2311.
9. Lise M, Bacchetti S, Da Pian P, et al. Prognostic factors affecting long-term outcome after liver resection for hepatocellular carcinoma: results in a series of 100 Italian patients. Cancer 1998; 82:1028-1036.
10. Mazziotti A, Grazi GL, Cavellari A. Surgical treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma on cirrhosis: a Western experience. Hepatogastroenterology 1998; 45:1281-1287.
11. Belghiti J, Panis Y, Farges O, et al. Intrahepatic recurrence after resection of hepatocellular carcinoma complicating cirrhosis. Ann Surg 1991; 214:114-117.
12. Arii S, Tanaka J, Yamozoe Y, et al. Predictive factors for intrahepatic recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma after partial hepatectomy. Cancer 1992; 69:913-919.
13. Ikeda K, Saitoh S, Tsubota A, et al. Risk factors for tumor recurrence and prognosis after curative resection of hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer 1993; 71:19-25.
14. Nagasue N, Uchida M, Makino Y, et al. Incidence and factors associated with intrahepatic recurrence following resection of hepatocellular carcinoma. Gastroenterology 1993; 105:488-494.
15. Chen MF, Hwang TL, Jeng LB, et al. Postoperative recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma. Two hundred five consecutive patients who underwent hepatic resection in 15 years. Arch Surg 1994; 129:738-742.
16. Hashimoto T, Nakayama S, Fukkuhara T, et al. The state of recurrence and the role of hepatectomy in hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatogastroenterology 1994; 41:144-149.
17. Balsells J, Charco R, Lazaro JL, et al. Resection of hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with cirrhosis. Br J Surg 1996; 83:758-761.
18. Yamamoto J, Kosuge T, Takayama T, et al. Recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma after surgery. Br J Surg 1996; 83:1219-1222.
19. Okada S, Shimada K, Yamamoto J, et al. Predictive factors for postoperative recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma. Gastroenterology 1994; 106:1618-1624.
20. Kawasaki S, Makuuchi M, Miyagawa S, et al. Results of hepatic resection for hepatocellular carcinoma. World J Surg 1995; 19:31-34.
21. Di Carlo V, Ferrari G, Castoldi R, et al. Surgical treatment and prognostic variables of hepatocellular carcinoma in 122 cirrhotics. Hepatogastroenterology 1995; 42:222-229.
22. Shirabe K, Kanematsu T, Matsumata T, et al. Factors linked to early recurrence of small hepatocellular carcinoma after hepatectomy: univariate and multivariate analyses. Hepatology 1991; 14:802-805.
23. Fuster J, Garcia-Valdecasas JC, Grande L, et al. Hepatocellular carcinoma and cirrhosis. Results of surgical treatment in a European series. Ann Surg 1996; 223:297-302.
24. Hsu HC, Wu TT, Wu MZ, et al. Tumor invasiveness and prognosis in resected hepatocellular carcinoma. Clinical and pathogenetic implications. Cancer 1988; 61:2095-2099.
25. Matsumata T, Kanematsu T, Takenaka K, et al. Patterns of intrahepatic recurrence after curative resection of hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatology 1989; 9:457-460.
26. Izumi R, Shimizu K, Ii T, et al. Prognostic factors of hepatocellular carcinoma in patients undergoing hepatic resection. Gastroenterology 1994; 106:720-727.
27. Toyosaka A, Okamoto E, Mitsunobu M, et al. Pathologic and radiographic studies of intrahepatic metastasis in hepatocellular carcinoma: the role of efferent vessels. HBP Surgery 1996; 10:97-104.
28. Ikeda Y, Kajiyama K, Adachi E, et al. Early recurrence after surgery of hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatogastroenterology 1995; 42:469-472.
29. Jwo SC, Chiu JH, Chau GY, et al. Risk factors linked to tumor recurrence of human hepatocellular carcinoma after hepatic resection. Hepatology 1992; 16:1367-1371.
30. Harada T, Shigemura T, Kodama S, et al. Hepatic resection is not enough for hepatocellular carcinoma. A follow-up study of 92 patients. J Clin Gastroenterol 1992; 14:245-250.
31. Suenaga M, Nakao A, Harada A, et al. Hepatic resection for hepatocellular carcinoma. World J Surg 1992; 16:97-104.
32. Nagao T, Inoue S, Goto S, et al. Hepatic resection for hepatocellular carcinoma. Clinical features and long-term prognosis. Ann Surg 1987; 205:33-40.
33. Otto G, Heuschen U, Hofmann WJ, et al. Survival and recurrence after liver transplantation versus resection for hepatocellular carcinoma: a retrospective analysis. Ann Surg 1998; 227:424-432.
34. Adachi E, Maeda T, Kajiyama K, et al. Factors correlated with portal venous invasion by hepatocellular carcinoma: univariate and multivariate analyses of 232 resected cases without preoperative treatments. Cancer 1996; 77:2022-2031.
35. Sobin LH, Wittekind Ch, eds. TNM classification of malignant tumors. 5th ed. New York: John Wiley; 1997.
36. Nonami T, Harada A, Kurokawa T, et al. Hepatic resection for hepatocellular carcinoma. Am J Surg 1997; 173:288-291.
37. Lai ECS, Ng IOL, Ng MMT, et al. Long-term results of resection for large hepatocellular carcinoma: a multivariate analysis of clinicopathological features. Hepatology 1990; 11:815-818.
38. Ng IOL, Lai ECS, Fan ST, et al. Prognostic significance of pathologic features of hepatocellular carcinoma. A multivariate analysis of 278 patients. Cancer 1995; 76:2443-2448.
39. Franco D, Capussotti L, Smadja C, et al. Resection of hepatocellular carcinoma. Results in 72 European patients with cirrhosis. Gastroenterology 1990; 98:733-738.
40. Ng IOL, Lai ECS, Ng MMT, Fan ST. Tumor encapsulation in hepatocellular carcinoma. A pathologic study of 189 cases. Cancer 1992; 70:45-49.
41. Nzeako UC, Goodman ZD, Ishak KG. Hepatocellular carcinoma in cirrhotic and noncirrhotic livers. A clinico-histopathologic study of 804 North American patients. Am J Clin Pathol 1996; 105:65-75.
42. Shirabe K, Matsumata T, Adachi E, et al. Prognosis of well differentiated small hepatocellular carcinoma - is well-differentiated hepatocellular carcinoma clinically early cancer? Hepatogastroenterology 1995; 42:923-930.
43. Adachi E, Maeda T, Matsumata T, et al. Risk factors for intrahepatic recurrence in human small hepatocellular carcinoma. Gastroenterology 1995; 108:768-775.
44. Ezaki T, Kanematsu T, Okamura T, et al. DNA analysis of hepatocellular carcinoma and clinicopathologic implications. Cancer 1988; 61:106-109.
45. Chiu JH, Kao HL, Wu LH, et al. Prediction of relapse or survival after resection in human hepatomas by DNA flow cytometry. J Clin Invest 1992; 89:539-545.
46. Chen MF, Hwang TL, Tsao KC, et al. Flow cytometric DNA analysis of hepatocellular carcinoma: preliminary report. Surgery 1991; 109: 455-458.
47. McEntee GP, Bans KA, Katzmann JA, et al. Relationship of nuclear DNA content to clinical and pathologic findings in patients with primary hepatic malignancy. Surgery 1992; 111:376-379.
48. Nagasue N, Yamanoi A, Takemoto Y, et al. Comparison between diploid and aneuploid hepatocellular carcinoma. Br J Surg 1992; 79:667-670.
49. Kitamoto M, Nakanishi T, Kira S, et al. The assessment of proliferating cell nuclear antigen immunohistochemical staining in small hepatocellular carcinoma and its relationship to histologic characteristics and prognosis. Cancer 1993; 72:1859-1865.
50. Suehiro T, Matsumata T, Itasaka H, et al. Clinicopathologic features and prognosis of resected hepatocellular carcinomas of varied sizes with special reference to proliferating cell nuclear antigen. Cancer 1995; 76:399-405.
51. Ng IOL, Lai ECS, Fan ST, et al. Prognostic significance of proliferating cell nuclear antigen expression in hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer 1994; 73:2268-2274.
52. Ohta K, Kanamaru T, Morita Y, et al. Telomerase activity in hepatocellular carcinoma as a predictor of postoperative recurrence. J Gastroenterol 1997; 32:791-796.
53. Suda T, Isokawa O, Aoyagi Y, et al. Quantitation of telomerase activity in hepatocellular carcinoma: a possible aid for a prediction of recurrent diseases in the remnant liver. Hepatology 1948; 27:402-406.
54. Nagasue N, Yu L, Yukaya H, et al. Androgen and oestrogen receptors in hepatocellular carcinoma and surrounding liver parenchyma: impact on imrahepatic recurrence after hepatic resection. Br J Surg 1995; 82:542-547.
55. Boix L, Castells A, Bruix J, et al. Androgen receptors in hepatocellular carcinoma and surrounding liver: relationship with tumor size and recurrence rate after surgical resection. J Hepatol 1995; 22:616-622.
56. Hayashi H, Sugio K, Matsumata T, et al. The clinical significance of p53 gene mutation in hepatocellular carcinoma from Japan. Hepatology 1995; 22:1702-1707.
57. Ng IOL, Lai ECS, Chan AS, So MKP. Overexpression of p53 in hepatocellular carcinomas: a clinicopathological and prognostic correlation. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 1995; 10:250-255.
58. Boix L, Bruix J, Campo E, Sole M, Castells A, Fuster J, et al. nm23-A 1 expression and disease recurrence after surgical resection of small hepatocellular carcinoma. Gastroenterology 1994; 107:486-491.
59. Mise M, Arii S, Higashituji H, et al. Clinical significance of vascular endothelial growth factor and basic fibroblast growth factor gene expression in liver tumor. Hepatology 1996; 23:455-464.
60. Chow NH, Hsu PI, Lin XZ, et al. Expression of vascular endothelial srowth factor in normal liver and hepatocellular carcinoma: an immunohistochemical study. Hum Pathol 1997; 28:698-703.
61. El-Assal ON, Yamanoi A, Soda Y, et al. Clinical significance of microvessel density and vascular endothelial growth factor expression in hepatocellular carcinoma and surrounding liver: possible involvement of vascular endothelial growth factor in the angiogenesis of cirrhotic liver. Hepatology 1998; 27:1554-1562.
62. Ker CG, Chen HY, Juan CC, et al. Role of angiogenesis in hepatitis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatogastroenterology 1999; 46: 646-650.
63. Kozyraki R, Scoazec JY, Flejou JF, et al. Expression of cadherins and alpha-catenin in primary epithelial tumors of the liver. Gastroenterology 1996; 110:1137-1149.
64. Huang GT, Lee HS, Chen CH, et al. Correlation of E-cadherin expression and recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatogastroenterology 1999; 46:1923-1927.
65. Ng IOL, Ng MMT, Lai ECS, Fan ST. Better survival in female patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Possible causes from a pathologic approach. Cancer 1995; 75:18-22.
66. Kumada T, Nakano S, Takeda I, et al. Patterns of recurrence after initial treatment in patients with small hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatology 1997; 25:87-92.
67. Yamanaka N, Tanaka T, Tanaka W, et al. Correlation of hepatitis virus serologic status with clinicopathologic features in patients undergoing hepatectomy for hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer 1997; 79:1509-1515.
68. Okada S, Ishii H, Nose H, et al. Influence of alcohol abuse on recurrence after curative resection of hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatogastroenterology 1995; 42:944-999.
69. Sasaki Y, Imaoka S, Matsutani S, et al. Influence of coexisting cirrhosis on long-term prognosis after surgery in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Surgery 1992; 112:515-521.
70. Ko S, Nakajima Y, Kanehiro H, et al. Significant influence of accompanying chronic hepatitis status on recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma after hepatectomy. Results of multivariate analysis. Ann Surg 1996; 224:591-595.
71. Shirabe K, Takenaka K, Taketomi A, et al. Postoperative hepatitis status as a significant risk factor for recurrence in cirrhotic patients with small hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer 1996; 77:1050-1055.
72. Tarao K, Takemiya S, Tamai S, et al. Relationship between the recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and serum alanine aminotransferase levels in hepatectomized patients with hepatitis C virus-associated cirrhosis and HCC. Cancer 1997; 79:688-694.
73. Chiu JH, Wu LH, Kao HL, et al. Can determination of the proliferative capacity of the nontumor portion predict the risk of tumor recurrence in the liver remnant after resection of human hepatocellular carcinoma? Hepatology 1993; 18:96-102.
74. Tarao K, Hoshino H, Shimizu A, et al. Role of increased DNA synthesis activity of hepatocytes in multicentric hepatocarcinogenesis in residual liver of hepatectomized cirrhotic patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Jpn J Cancer Res 1994; 85:1040-1044.
75. Taketomi A, Takenaka K, Matsumata T, et al. Circulating intercellular adhesion molecule-1 in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma before and after hepatic resection. Hepatogastroenterology 1997; 44:477-483.
76. Ueno S, Tanabe G, Yoshida A, et al. Postoperative prediction of and strategy for metastatic recurrent hepatocellular carcinoma according to histologic activity of hepatitis. Cancer 1999; 86:248-254.
77. Okamoto E, Tanaka N, Yamanaka N, Toyosaka A. Results of surgical treatments of primary hepatocellular carcinoma: some aspects to improve long-term survival. World J Surg 1984; 8:360-366.
78. Lee CS, Sung JL, Hwang LY, et al. Surgical treatment of 109 patients with symptomatic and asymptomatic hepatocellular carcinoma. Surgery 1986; 99:481-490.
79. Sugioka A, Tsuzuki T, Kanal T. Postresection prognosis of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Surgery 1993; 113:612-618.
80. Chau GY, Lui WY, Tsay SH, et al. Prognostic significance of surgical margin in hepatocellular carcinoma resection: an analysis of 165 Child's A patients. J Surg Oncol 1997; 66:122-126.
81. Tang ZY, Yu YQ, Zhou XD, et al. Surgery of small hepatocellular carcinoma. Analysis of 144 cases. Cancer 1989; 64:536-541.
82. Yoshida Y, Kanematsu T, Matsumata T, et al. Surgical margin and recurrence after resection of hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with cirrhosis. Further evaluation of limited hepatic resection. Ann Surg 1989; 209:297-301.
83. Lai ECS, You KT, Ng IOL, Shek TWH. The pathological basis of resection margin for hepatocellular carcinoma. World J Surg 1993; 17:786-791.
84. Ochiai T, Takayama T, Inoue K, et al. Hepatic resection with and without surgical margins for hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with impaired liver function. Hepatogastroenterology 1999; 46:1885-1889.
85. Matsumata T, Ikeda Y, Hayashi H, et al. The association between transfusion and cancer-free survival after curative resection for hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer 1993; 72:1866-1871.
86. Yamamoto J, Kosuge T, Takayama T, et al. Perioperative blood transfusion promotes recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma after hepatectomy. Surgery 1994; 115:303-309.
87. Asahara T, Katayama K, Itamoto T, et al. Perioperative blood transfusion as a prognostic indicator in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. World J Surg 1999; 23:676-680.
88. Yamanaka N, Okamoto E, Fujihara S, et al. Do the tumor cells of hepatocellular carcinomas dislodge into the portal venous stream during hepatic resection? Cancer 1992; 70:2263-2267.
89. Matsumata T, Kanematsu T, Takenaka K, Sugimachi K. Lack of intrahepatic recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma by temporary portal venous embolization with starch microspheres. Surgery 1989; 105:188-191.
90. Okamura J, Horikawa S, Fujiyama T, et al. An appraisal of transcatheter arterial embolization combined with transcatheter arterial infusion of chemotherapeutic agent for hepatic malignancies. World J Surg 1982; 6:352-357.
91. Nakamura H, Tanaka T, Hori S, et al. Transcatheter embolization of hepatocellular carcinoma: assessment of efficacy in cases of resection following embolization. Radiology 1983; 147:401-405.
92. Sakurai M, Okamura J, Kuroda C. Transcatheter chemo-embolization effective for treating hepatocellular carcinoma. A histopathologic study. Cancer 1984; 54:387-392.
93. Hwang TL, Chen MF, Lee TY, et al. Resection of hepatocellular carcinoma after transarterial embolization. Reevaluation of the advantages and disadvantages of preoperative embolization. Arch Surg 1987; 122:756-759.
94. Imaoka S, Sasaki Y, Shibata T, et al. A pre-operative chemoembolization therapy using lipiodol, cisplatin and gelatin sponge for hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 1989; 23:S126-S128.
95. Monden M, Okamura J, Sakon M, et al. Significance of transcatheter chemoembolization combined with surgical resection for hepatocellular carcinomas. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 1989; 23:S90-S95.
96. Nagasue N, Galizia G, Kohno H, et al. Adverse effects of preoperative hepatic artery chemoembolization for resectable hepatocellular carcinoma: a retrospective comparison of 138 liver resections. Surgery 1989; 106:81-86.
97. Adachi E, Matsumata T, Nishizaki T, et al. Effects of preoperative transcatheter hepatic arterial chemoembolization for hepatocellular carcinoma. The relationship between postoperative course and tumor necrosis. Cancer 1993; 72:3593-3598.
98. Uchida M, Kohno H, Kubota H, et al. Role of preoperative transcatheter arterial oily chemoembolization for resectable hepatocellular carcinoma. World J Surg 1996; 20:326-331.
99. Harada T, Matsuno K, Inoue T, et al. Is preoperative hepatic arterial chemoembolization safe and effective for hepatocellular carcinoma? Ann Surg 1996; 224:4-9.
100. Majno PE, Adam R, Bismuth H, et al. Influence of preoperative transarterial lipiodol chemoembolization on resection and transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with cirrhosis. Ann Surg 1997; 226:688-703.
101. Paye F, Jagot P, Vilgrain V, et al. Preoperative chemoembolization of hepatocellular carcinoma: a comparative study. Arch Surg 1998; 133:767-772.
102. Wu CC, Ho YZ, Ho WL, et al. Preoperative transcatheter arterial chemoembolization for resectable large hepatocellular carcinoma: a reappraisal. Br J Surg 1995; 82:122-126.
103. Yamasaki S, Hasegawa H, Kinoshita H, et al. A prospective randomized trial of the preventive effect of pre-operative transcatheter arterial embolization against recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma. Jpn J Cancer Res 1996; 87:206-211.
104. Yu YQ, Xu DB, Zhou XD, et al. Experience with liver resection after hepatic arterial chemoembolization for hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer 1993; 71:62-65.
105. Nonami T, Isshiki K, Katoh H, et al. The potential role of postoperative hepatic artery chemotherapy in patients with high-risk hepatomas. Ann Surg 1991; 213:222-226.
106. Takenaka K, Yoshida K, Nishizaki T, et al. Postoperative prophylactic lipiodolization reduces the intrahepatic recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma. Am J Surg 1995; 169:400-405.
107. Nakashima K, Kitano S, Kim YI, et al. Postoperative adjuvant arterial infusion chemotherapy for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatogastroenterology 1996; 43:1410-1414.
108. Asahara T, Itamoto T, Katayama K, et al. Adjuvant hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy after radical hepatectomy for hepatocellular carcinoma - results of long-term follow-up. Hepatogastroenterology 1999; 46:1042-1048.
109. Tanaka K, Shimada H, Togo S. et al. Use of transcatheter arterial infusion of anticancer agents with lipiodol to prevent recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma after hepatic resection. Hepatogastroenterology 1999; 46:1083-1088.
110. Izumi R, Shimizu K, Iyobe T, et al. Postoperative adjuvant hepatic arterial infusion of lipiodol containing anticancer drugs in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatology 1994; 20:295-301.
111. Kohno H, Nagasue N, Hayashi T, et al. Postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy after radical resection for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Hepatogastroenterology 1996; 43:1405-1409.
112. Ono T, Nagasue N, Kohno H, et al. Adjuvant chemotherapy with epirubicin and carmofur after radical resection of hepatocellular carcinoma: a prospective randomized study. Semin Oncol 1997; 24(Suppl 6):S6-18-S6-25.
113. Lai ECS, Lo CM, Fan ST, et al. Postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy after curative resection of hepatocellular carcinoma: a randomized controlled trial. Arch Surg 1998; 133:183-188.
114. Kanematsu T, Matsumata T, Takenaka K, et al. Clinical management of recurrent hepatocellular carcinoma after primary resection. Br J Surg 1988; 75:203-206.
115. Yamamoto M, Arii S, Sugahara K, Tobe T. Adjuvant oral chemotherapy to prevent recurrence after curative resection for hepatocellular carcinoma. Br J Surg 1996; 83:336-340.
116. Kawata A, Une Y, Hosokawa M, et al. Adjuvant chemoimmunotherapy for hepatocellular carcinoma patients. Adriamycin, interleukin-2, and lymphokine-activated killer cells versus Adriamycin alone. Am J Clin Oncol 1995; 18:257-262.
117. Lygidakis NJ, Tsiliakos S. Multidisciplinary management of hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatogastroenterology 1996; 43:1611-1619.
118. Muto Y, Moriwaki H, Ninomiya M, et al. Prevention of second primary tumors by an acyclic retinoid, polyprenoic acid, in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. N Engl J Med 1996; 334:1561-1567.
119. Muto Y, Moriwaki H, Saito A. Prevention of second primary tumors by an acyclic retinoid in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. N Engl J Med 1999; 340:1046-1047.
120. Nagasue N, Yukaya H, Ogawa Y, et al. Second hepatic resection for recurrent hepatocellular carcinoma. Br J Surg 1986; 73:434-438.
121. Lange JF, Leese T, Castaing D, Bismuth H. Repeat hepatectomy for recurrent malignant tumors of the liver. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1989; 169:119-126.
122. Nakajima Y, Ohmura T, Kimura J, et al. Role of surgical treatment for recurrent hepatocellular carcinoma after hepatic resection. World J Surg 1993; 17:792-795.
123. Matsuda Y, Ito T, Oguchi Y, et al. Rationale of surgical management for recurrent hepatocellular carcinoma. Ann Surg 1993; 217:28-34.
124. Zhou XD, Yu YQ, Tang ZY, et al. Surgical treatment of recurrent hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatogastroenterology 1993; 40:333-336.
125. Kakazu T, Makuuchi M, Kawasaki S, et al. Repeat hepatic resection for recurrent hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatogastroenterology 1993; 40:337-341.
126. Suenaga M, Sugiura H, Kokuba Y, et al. Repeated hepatic resection for recurrent hepatocellular carcinoma in eighteen cases. Surgery 1994; 115:452-457.
127. Shimada M, Matsumata T, Taketomi A, et al. Repeat hepatectomy for recurrent hepatocellular carcinoma. Surgery 1994; 115:703-706.
128. Lee PH, Lin WJ, Tsang YM, et al. Clinical management of recurrent hepatocellular carcinoma. Ann Surg 1995; 222:670-676.
129. Nagasue N, Kohno T, Hayashi M, et al. Repeat hepatectomy for recurrent hepatocellular carcinoma. Br J Surg 1996; 83:127-131.
130. Hu RH, Lee PH, Yu SC, et al. Surgical resection for recurrent hepatocellular carcinoma: prognosis and analysis of risk factors. Surgery 1996; 120:23-29.
131. Shuto T, Kinoshita H, Hirohashi K, et al. Indications for, and effectiveness of, a second hepatic resection for recurrent hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatogastroenterology 1996; 43:932-937.
132. Shimada M, Takenaka K, Taguchi K, et al. Prognostic factors after repeat hepatectomy for recurrent hepatocellular carcinoma. Ann Surg 1998; 227:80-85.
133. Arii S, Monden K, Niwano M, et al. J Results of surgical treatment for recurrent hepatocellular carcinoma: comparison of outcome among patients with multicentric carcinogenesis, intrahepatic metastasis, and extrahepatic recurrence. J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Surg 1998; 5:86-92.
134. Farges O, Regimbeau JM, Belghiti J. Aggressive management of recurrence following surgical resection of hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatogastroenterology 1998; 45:1275-1280.
135. Poon RTP, Fan ST, Lo CM, et al. Intrahepatic recurrence after curative resection of hepatocellular carcinoma: long-term results of treatment and prognostic factors. Ann Surg 1999; 229:216-222.
136. Sasaki Y, Imaoka S, Fujita M, et al. Regional therapy in the management of intrahepatic recurrence after surgery for hepatoma. Ann Surg 1987; 206:40-47.
137. Nagao T, Inoue S, Yoshimi F, et al. Postoperative recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma. Ann Surg 1990; 211:28-33.
138. Nakao N, Kamino K, Miura K, et al. Recurrent hepatocellular carcinoma after partial hepatectomy: value of treatment with transcatheter arterial chemoembolization. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1991; 156:1177-1179.
139. Takayasu K, Wakao F, Moriyama N, et al. Postresection recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma treated by arterial embolization: analysis of prognostic factors. Hepatology 1992; 16:906-911.
140. Ouchi V, Matsubara S, Fukuhara K, et al. Recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma in the liver remnant after hepatic resection. Am J Surg 1993; 166:270-273.
141. Park JH, Han JK, Chung JW, et al. Postoperative recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma: results of transcatheter arterial chemoembolization Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol 1993; 16:21-24.
142. Okazaki M, Yamasaki S, Ono H, et al. Chemoembolotherapy for recurrent hepatocellular carcinoma in the residual liver after hepatectomy. Hepatogastroenterology 1993; 40:320-323.
143. Shimada M, Takenaka K, Gion T, et al. Prognosis of recurrent hepatocellular carcinoma: a 10-year surgical experience in Japan. Gastroenterology 1996; 111:720-726.
144. Ezaki T, Koyanagi N, Yamagata M, et al. Postoperative recurrence of solitary small hepatocellular carcinoma. J Surg Oncol 1996; 62:115-122.
145. Tanaka K, Okazaki H, Nakamura S, et al. Hepatocellular carcinoma: treatment with a combination therapy of transcatheter arterial embolization and percutaneous ethanol injection. Radiology 1991; 179: 713-717.
146. Ishii H, Okada S, Sato T, et al. Effect of percutaneous ethanol injection for postoperative recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma in combination with transcatheter arterial embolization. Hepatogastroenterology 1996; 43:644-650.
147. Sato M, Watanabe Y, Iseki N, et al. Chemoembolization and percutaneous ethanol injection for intrahepatic recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma after hepatic resection. Hepatogastroenterology 1996; 43: 1421-1426.
148. Ohnishi K, Yoshioka H, Ito S, Fujiwara K. Prospective randomized controlled trial comparing percutaneous acetic acid injection and percutaneous ethanol injection for small hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatology 1998; 27:67-72.
149. Kainuma O, Asano T, Aoyama H, Shinohara Y. Recurrent hepatocellular carcinoma successfully treated with radiofrequency thermal ablation. J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Surg 1999; 6:190-194.
150. Lam CM, Yuen WK, Fan ST. Hepatic cryosurgery for recurrent hepatocellular carcinoma after hepatectomy: a preliminary report. J Surg Oncol 1998; 68:104-106.
151. Lo CM, Lai ECS, Fan ST, et al. Resection for extrahepatic recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma. Br J Surg 1994; 81:1019-1021.
152. Lam CM, Lo CM, Yuen WK, et al. Prolonged survival in selected patients following surgical resection for pulmonary metastasis from hepatocellular carcinoma. Br J Surg 1998; 85:1198-1200.
153. Sakamoto Y, Kubota K, Mori M, et al. Surgical management for adrenal gland metastasis of hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatogastroenterology 1999; 46:1036-1041.
154. Nakayama H, Takayama T, Makuuchi M, et al. Resection of peritoneal metastases from hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatogastroenterology 1999; 46:1049-1052.
155. Chen PJ, Chen DS, Lai MY, et al. Clonal origin of recurrent hepatocellular carcinoma. Gastroenterology 1989; 96:527-529.
156. Yamamoto T, Kajino K, Kudo M, et al. Determination of the clonal origin of multiple human hepatocellular carcinomas by cloning and polymerase chain reaction of the integrated hepatitis B virus DNA. Hepatology 1999; 29:1446-1452.
157. Lai ECS, Fan ST, Lo CM, et al. Anterior approach for difficult major right hepatectomy. World J Surg 1996; 20:314-318.
158. Liu CL, Fan ST, Lo CM, et al. Anterior approach for major right hepatic resection for large hepatocellular carcinoma. Ann Surg 2000; 232:25-31.
159. Lai CL, Ching CK, Tung AKM, et al. Lamivudine is effective in suppressing hepatitis B virus DNA in Chinese hepatitis B surface antigen carriers: a placebo-controlled trial. Hepatology 1997; 25: 241-244.
160. Nishiguchi S, Kuroki T, Nakatani S, et al. Randomised trial of effects of interferon-α on incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma in chronic active hepatitis C with cirrhosis. Lancet 1995; 346:1051-1055.
161. Kuiper RA, Schellens JH, Blijiham GH, et al. Clinical research on antiangiogenic therapy. Pharmacol Res 1998; 37:11-16.
162. Xia JL, Yang BH, Tang ZY, et al. Inhibitory effect of the angiogenesis inhibitor TNP-470 on tumor growth and metastasis in nude mice bearing human hepatocellular carcinoma. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 1997; 123:383-387.