Anaesthesia for patients with a transplanted organ

Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica

Volumn 44, Issue 7, 2000, Pages 812-833

  Toivonen, Hannu ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF HELSINKI   (Finland)

Author keywords

Anesthesia; Bone; Cornea; Drug effect; Heart; Immunosuppression; Kidney; Liver; Lung; Ma rrow; Transplantation

Indexed keywords

ALLOPURINOL; ALUMINUM HYDROXIDE; AMPHOTERICIN B; ANESTHETIC AGENT; AZATHIOPRINE; BARBITURIC ACID DERIVATIVE; BETA ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR STIMULATING AGENT; BREQUINAR; CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKING AGENT; CEPHALOSPORIN; CORTICOSTEROID; COTRIMOXAZOLE; CYCLOSPORIN A; FENTANYL; IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE AGENT; KETAMINE; LEFLUNOMIDE; LYMPHOCYTE ANTIBODY; METHYLPREDNISOLONE; MIZORIBINE; MYCOPHENOLIC ACID 2 MORPHOLINOETHYL ESTER; PENTAMIDINE; PREDNISOLONE; PREDNISONE; PROPOFOL; RAPAMYCIN; TACROLIMUS; UNINDEXED DRUG; VANCOMYCIN; WARFARIN;

ANESTHESIA; CANCER; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CARDIOVASCULAR FUNCTION; DIABETES MELLITUS; DRUG ANTAGONISM; DRUG BLOOD LEVEL; DRUG CHOICE; DRUG INDUCED DISEASE; EYE DISEASE; GRAFT REJECTION; HUMAN; IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE TREATMENT; LUNG FUNCTION; MINERAL DEFICIENCY; NONHUMAN; ORGAN TRANSPLANTATION; POSTOPERATIVE INFECTION; PREMEDICATION; PREOPERATIVE EVALUATION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW;

ANESTHESIA; HUMANS; ORGAN TRANSPLANTATION;

EID: 0033943650     PISSN: 00015172     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1034/j.1399-6576.2000.440708.x     Document Type: Review

References (209)

1. 1. Sharpe MD. Anaesthesia and the transplanted patient. Can J Anaesth 1996: 43: R89-R93.
2. 2. Kostopanagiotou G, Smyrniotis V, Arkadopoulos N, Theodoraki K, Papadimitriou L, Papadimitriou J. Anesthetic and perioperative management of adult transplant recipients in nontransplant surgery. Anesth Analg 1999: 89: 613-622.
3. 3. Dash A. Anesthesia for patients with a previous heart transplant. Int Anesthesiol Clin 1995: 33: 1-9.
4. 4. Stover EP, Siegel LC. Physiology of the transplanted heart. Int Anesthesiol Clin 1995: 33: 11-20.
5. 5. Boscoe M. Anesthesia for patients with transplanted lungs and heart and lungs. Int Anesthesiol Clin 1995: 33: 21-44.
6. 6. Sear JW. Kidney transplants: Induction and analgesic agents. Int Anesthesiol Clin 1995: 33: 45-68.
7. 7. Smith CE, Hunter JM. Anesthesia for renal transplantation: relaxants and volatiles. Int Anesthesiol Clin 1995: 33: 69-92.
8. 8. Payne N. Anesthetic implications of immunosuppressants used for transplantation. Int Anesthesiol Clin 1995: 33: 93-106.
9. 9. Black AE. Anesthesia for pediatric patients who have had a transplant. Int Anesthesiol Clin 1995: 33: 107-123.
10. 10. Riley ET. Obstetric management of patients with transplants. Int Anesthesiol Clin 1995: 33: 125-140.
11. 11. Kanter SF, Samuels SI. Anesthesia for major operations on patients who have transplanted hearts, a review of 29 cases. Anesthesiology 1977: 46: 65-68.
12. 12. Shaw IH, Kirk AJB, Conacher ID. Anaesthesia for patients with transplanted hearts and lungs undergoing non-cardiac surgery. Br J Anaesth 1991: 67: 772-778.
13. 13. Firestone L. Heart transplantation. Int Anesthesiol Clin 1991: 29: 41-58.
14. 14. Cheng DCH, Ong DD. Anaesthesia for noncardiac surgery in heart-transplanted patients. Can J Anaesth 1993: 40: 981-986.
15. 15. Lyons JB, Chambers FA, MacSullivan R, Moriarty DC. Anaesthesia for non-cardiac surgery in the post-cardiac transplant patient. Ir J Med Sci 1995: 164: 132-135.
16. 16. Haddow GR. Anaesthesia for patients after lung transplantation. Can J Anaesth 1997: 44: 182-197.
17. 17. Stein RA, Messino MJ, Hessel EA. Anaesthetic implications for bone marrow transplant recipients. Can J Anaesth 1990: 37: 571-578.
18. 18. Madsen M, Ásmundsson P, Brekke IB, Grunnet N, Persson HN, Salmela K et al. Scandiatransplant: Thirty years of cooperation in organ transplantation in the Nordic countries. Clin Transpl 1998: 121-131.
19. 19. Höckerstedt K, Halme L, Isoniemi H, Lindgren L, Mäkisalo H, Orko R et al. Liver transplantation. Ann Chir Gynaecol 1997: 86: 102-111.
20. 20. Transplant newsletter. Matesanz R, Miranda B, eds. Madrid: Aula Médica Eds., 1998.
21. 21. Madsen M, Ásmundsson P, Brekke IB, Höckerstedt K, Kirkegaard P, Persson NH et al. Organ exchange in the Nordic countries. Ann Chir Gynaecol 1997: 86: 186-194.
22. 22. Cecka JM. The UNOS scientific renal transplant registry. Clin Transpl 1998: 1-15.
23. 23. Cecka JM, Terasaki PI, eds. Preface. Clin Transpl 1998: III.
24. 24. Gruessner AC, Sutherland DER. Analysis of United States (US) and non-US pancreas transplants as reported to the international pancreas transplant registry (IPTR) and to the united network for organ sharing (UNOS). Clin Transpl 1998: 53-71.
25. 25. Salmela K, Isoniemi H. Kidney transplantation. Ann Chir Gynaecol 1997: 86: 94-100.
26. 26. Hosenpud JD, Bennett LE, Keck BM, Fiol B, Boucek MM, Novick RJ. The registry of the international society for heart and lung transplantation: sixteenth official report - 1999. J Heart Lung Transplant 1999: 18: 611-626.
27. 27. Mattila S, Heikkilä L, Sipponen J, Verkkala K, Kyösola K, Mattila T et al. Heart transplantation in Finland 1985-1995. Ann Chir Gynaecol 1997: 86: 113-120.
28. 28. Ruutu T. Bone marrow transplantation. Ann Chir Gynaecol 1997: 86: 127-137.
29. 29. Bjoro K, Friman S, Höckerstedt K, Kirkegaard P, Keiding S, Schrumpf E et al. Liver transplantations in the Nordic countries, 1982-1998: Changes of indications and improving results. Scand J Gastroenterol 1999: 34: 714-722.
30. 30. Sairanen H, Jalanko H, Höckerstedt K, Salmela K, Holmberg C, Leijala M. Organ transplantation in children. Ann Chir Gynaecol 1997: 86: 141-148.
31. 31. Mäkisalo H, Ericzon B-G. Intestinal transplantation. Ann Chir Gynaecol 1997: 86: 155-162.
32. 32. Grant D. Intestinal transplantation: 1997 report of the international registry. Transplantation 1999: 67: 1061-1064.
33. 33. Ekstrand A, Groop L, Pettersson E, Grönhagen-Riska C, Laatikainen L, Matikainen E et al. Metabolic control and progression of complications in insulin-dependent diabetic patients after kidney transplantation. J Intern Med 1992: 232: 253-261.
34. 34. Ettinger NA, Trulock EP. Pulmonary considerations of organ transplantation. Part I. Am Rev Respir Dis 1991: 143: 1386-1405.
35. 35. Carson KL, Hunt CM. Medical problems occurring after orthotopic liver transplantation. Digest Dis Sci 1997: 42: 1666-1674.
36. 36. Littlefield C, Abbey S, Fiducia D, Cardella C, Greig P, Levy G et al. Quality of life following transplantation of the heart, liver, and lungs. Gen Hasp Psychiatry 1996: 18 (Suppl 6): 36S-47S.
37. 37. Matas AJ, Lawson W, McHugh L, Gillingham K, Payne WD, Dunn DL et al. Employment patterns after successful kidney transplantation. Transplantation 1996: 61: 729-733.
38. 38. Manninen DL, Evans RW, Dugan MK. Work disability, functional limitations, and the health status of kidney transplantation recipients posttransplant. Clin Transpl 1991: 193-203.
39. 39. Adams PC, Ghent CN, Grant DR, Wall WJ. Employment after liver transplantation. Hepatology 1995: 21: 140-144.
40. 40. Paris W, Diercks M, Bright J, Zamora M, Kesten S, Scavuzzo M et al. Return to work after lung transplantation. J Heart Lung Transplant 1998: 17: 430-436.
41. 41. Nixon PA, Fricker FJ, Noyes BE, Webber SA, Orenstein DM, Armitage JM. Exercise testing in pediatric heart, heart-lung, and lung transplant recipients. Chest 1995: 107: 1328-1335.
42. 42. Eriksson L, Steen S, Koul B, Mared L, Solem J-O. Lung transplantation at the University of Lund 1990-1995. Scand Cardiovasc J 1998: 32: 23-28.
43. 43. Lands LC, Smountas AA, Mesiano G, Brosseau L, Shennib H, Charbonneau M et al. Maximal exercise capacity and peripheral skeletal muscle function following lung transplantation. J Heart Lung Transplant 1999: 18: 113-120.
44. 44. Painter PL, Luetkemeier MJ, Moore GE, Dibble SL, Green GA, Myll JO et al. Health-related fitness and quality of life in organ transplant recipients. Transplantation 1997: 64:1795-1800.
45. 45. Stinson EB, Griepp RB, Schroeder JS, Dong E Jr, Shumway NE. Hemodynamic observations one and two years after cardiac transplantation in man. Circulation 1972: 45: 1183-1194.
46. 46. Navasa M, Feu F, García-Pagán JC, Jiménez W, Llach J, Rimola A et al. Hemodynamic and humoral changes after liver transplantation in patients with cirrhosis. Hepatology 1993: 17: 355-360.
47. 47. Eriksson LS, Söderman C, Ericzon B-G, Eleborg L, Wahren J, Hedenstierna G. Normalization of ventilation/perfusion relationships after liver transplantation in patients with decompensated cirrhosis: Evidence for a hepatopulmonary syndrome. Hepatology 1990: 12: 1350-1357.
48. 48. Henderson JM. Abnormal splanchnic and systemic hemodynamics of end-stage liver disease: What happens after liver transplantation? (Editorial). Hepatology 1993: 17: 514-516.
49. 49. Hadengue A, Lebrec D, Moreau R, Sogni P, Durand F, Gaudin C et al. Persistence of systemic and splanchnic hyperkinetic circulation in liver transplant patients. Hepatology 1993: 17: 175-178.
50. 50. Henderson JM, Mackay GJ, Lumsden AB, Atta HM, Brouillard R, Kutner MH. The effect of liver denervation on hepatic hemodynamics during hypovolemic shock in swine. Hepatology 1992: 15: 130-133.
51. 51. von Scheidt W, Ziegler U, Kemkes BM, Erdmann E. Heart transplantation: Hemodynamics over a five-year period. J Heart Lung Transplant 1991: 10: 342-350.
52. 52. Miyamoto Y, Curtiss EI, Kormos RL, Armitage JM, Hardesty RL, Griffith BP. Bradyarrhythmia after heart transplantation. Incidence, time course and outcome. Circulation 1990: 82 (Suppl. IV): IV313-IV317.
53. 53. Schwaiblmair M, von Scheidt W, Überfuhr P, Reichart B, Vogelmeier C. Lung function and cardiopulmonary exercise performance after heart transplantation. Influence of cardiac allograft vasculopathy. Chest 1999: 116: 332-339.
54. 54. Rudas L, Pflugfelder PW, Menkis AH, Novick RJ, McKenzie FN, Kostuk WJ. Evolution of heart rate responsiveness after orthotopic cardiac transplantation. Am J Cardiol 1991: 68: 232-236.
55. 55. Wilson RF, Christensen BV, Olivari MT, Simon A, White CW, Laxson DD. Evidence for structural sympathetic reinnervation after orthotopic cardiac transplantation in humans. Circulation 1991: 83: 1210-1220.
56. 56. Fitzpatrick AP, Banner N, Cheng A, Yacoub M, Sutton R. Vasovagal reactions may occur after orthotopic heart transplantation. J Am Coll Cardiol 1993: 21: 1132-1137.
57. 57. Dietz NM, Joyner MJ, Shepherd JT. Vasovagal syncope and skeletal muscle vasodilatation: The continuing conundrum. PACE 1997: 20: 775-780.
58. 58. Ettinger NA, Trulock EP. Pulmonary considerations of organ transplantation. Part III. Am Rev Respir Dis 1991: 144: 433-451.
59. 59. Ravenscraft SA, Gross CR, Kubo SH, Olivari MT, Shumway SJ, Bolman RM III et al. Pulmonary function after successful heart transplantation. One year follow-up. Chest 1993: 103: 54-58.
60. 60. Egan JJ, Lowe L, Yonan N, Rahman AN, Campbell CA, Deiraniya AK et al. Pulmonary diffusion impairment following heart transplantation: a prospective study. Eur Respir J 1996: 9: 663-668.
61. 61. Bussières LM, Pflugfelder PW, Ahmad D, Taylor AW, Kostuk WJ. Evolution of resting lung function in the first year after cardiac transplantation. Eur Respir J 1995: 8: 959-962.
62. 62. Battaglia SE, Pretto JJ, Irving LB, Jones RM, Angus PW. Resolution of gas exchange abnormalities and intrapulmonary shunting following liver transplantation. Hepatology 1997: 25: 1228-1232.
63. 63. Ettinger NA, Trulock EP. Pulmonary considerations of organ transplantation. Part II. Am Rev Respir Dis 1991: 144: 213-223.
64. 64. Chan CHS, Lai CKW, Li PKT, Leung CB, Ho ASS, Lai KN. Effect of renal transplantation on pulmonary function in patients with end-stage renal failure. Am J Nephrol 1996: 16: 144-148.
65. 65. Prince DS, Wingard JR, Saral R, Santos GW, Wise RA. Longitudinal changes in pulmonary function following bone marrow transplantation. Chest 1989: 96: 301-306.
66. 66. Higenbottam T, Jackson M, Woolman P, Lowry R, Wallwork J. The cough response to ultrasonically nebulized distilled water in heart-lung transplantation patients. Am Rev Respir Dis 1989: 140: 58-61.
67. 67. Herve P, Silbert D, Cerrina J, Simonneau G, Dartevelle P, Paris-Sud Lung Transplant Group. Impairment of bronchial mucociliary clearance in long-term survivors of heart/lung and double-lung transplantation. Chest 1993: 103: 59-63.
68. 68. Duncan SR, Kagawa FT, Starnes VA, Theodore J. Hypercarbic ventilatory responses of human heart-lung transplant recipients. Am Rev Respir Dis 1991: 144: 126-130.
69. 2 rebreathing in lung transplant recipients. Ann Thorac Surg 1994: 58: 1709-1717.
70. 70. Ninane V, Estenne M. Regulation of breathholding time and sensation after heart-lung transplantation. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1995: 152: 1010-1015.
71. 71. Nakae S, Webb WR, Theodorides T, Sugg WL. Respiratory function following cardiopulmonary denervation in dog, cat, and monkey. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1967: 125: 1285-1292.
72. 72. Mattila IP, Sovijärvi A, Malmberg P, Heikkilä L, Sipponen J, Laitinen LA et al. Altered regulation of breathing after bilateral lung transplantation. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 1995: 9: 237-241.
73. 73. Singh H, Bossard RF. Perioperative anaesthetic considerations for patients undergoing lung transplantation. Can J Anaesth 1997: 44: 284-299.
74. 74. Haugen G, Fauchald P, Sodal G, Leivestad T, Moe N. Pregnancy outcome in renal allograft recipients in Norway. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 1994: 73: 541-546.
75. 75. Jain A, Venkataramanan R, Lever J, Warty V, Fung J, Todo S et al. FK506 and pregnancy in liver transplant patients. Transplantation 1993: 56: 1588-1589.
76. 76. Salmela KT, Kyllönen LEJ, Holmberg C, Grönhagen-Riska C. Impaired renal function after pregnancy in renal transplant recipients. Transplantation 1993: 56: 1372-1375.
77. 77. Isoniemi H. New trends in maintenance immunosuppression. Ann Chir Gynaecol 1997: 86: 164-170.
78. 78. Taylor DO, Barr ML, Radovancevic B, Renlund DC, Mentzer RM Jr, Smart FW et al. A randomized, multicenter comparison of tacrolimus and cyclosporine immunosuppressive regimens in cardiac transplantation: decreased hyperlipidemia and hypertension with tacrolimus. J Heart Lung Transplant 1999: 18: 336-345.
79. 79. Reichart B, Meiser B, Viganò M, Rinaldi M, Martinelli L, Yacoub M et al. European multicenter tacrolimus (FK506) heart pilot study: One-year results - European tacrolimus multicenter heart study group. J Heart Lung Transplant 1998: 17: 775-781.
80. 80. Kahan BD. Cyclosporine. N Engl J Med 1989: 321: 1725-1738.
81. 81. Yee GC, McGuire TR. Pharmacokinetic drug interactions with cyclosporin (Part I). Clin Pharmacokinet 1990: 19: 319-332.
82. 82. Yee GC, McGuire TR. Pharmacokinetic drug interactions with cyclosporin (Part II). Clin Pharmacokinet 1990: 19: 400-415.
83. 83. Yildiz A, Sever MS, Türkmen A, Ecder T, Türk S, Akkaya V et al. Interaction between cyclosporine A and verapamil, felodipine, and isradipine [letter]. Nephron 1999: 81: 117-118.
84. 84. Mignat C. Clinically significant drug interactions with new immunosuppressive agents. Drug Saf 1997: 16: 267-278.
85. 85. Rao VK. Posttransplant medical complications. Surg Clin North Am 1998: 78: 113-132.
86. 86. Hood KA, Zarembski DG. Mycophenolate mofetil: A unique immunosuppressive agent. Am J Heath Syst Pharm 1997: 54: 285-294.
87. 87. Mazariegos GV, Reyes J, Marino IR, Demetris AJ, Flynn B, Irish W et al. Weaning of immunosuppression in liver transplant recipients. Transplantation 1997: 63: 243-249.
88. 88. Hricik DE. Withdrawal of immunosuppression: Implications for composite tissue allograft transplantation. Transplant Proc 1998: 30: 2721-2723.
89. 89. Keck BM, Bennett LE, Fiol BS, Daily OP, Novick RJ, Hosenpud JD. Worldwide thoracic organ transplantation: A report from the UNOS/ISHLT international registry for thoracic organ transplantation. Clin Transpl 1998: 39-52.
90. 90. Lindholm A, Albrechtsen D, Frödin L, Tufveson G, Persson NH, Lundgren G. Ischemic heart disease - major cause of death and graft loss after renal transplantation in Scandinavia. Transplantation 1995: 60: 451-457.
91. 91. Nicholson V, Johnson PC. Infectious complications in solid organ transplant recipients. Surg Clin North Am 1994: 74: 1223-1245.
92. 92. Steed DL, Brown B, Reilly JJ, Peitzman AB, Griffith BP, Hardesty RL et al. General surgical complications in heart and heart-lung transplantation. Surgery 1985: 98: 739-744.
93. 93. Villar HV, Neal DD, Levinson M, Fuller JM, Emery RW, Graham AR et al. Gastrointestinal complications after human transplantation and mechanical heart replacement. Am J Surg 1989: 157: 168-174.
94. 94. Kirklin JK, Holm A, Aldrete JS, White C, Bourge RC. Gastrointestinal complications after cardiac transplantation. Ann Surg 1990: 211: 538-542.
95. 95. Bhatia DS, Bowen JC, Money SR, Van Meter CH Jr, McFadden PM, Kot JB et al. The incidence, morbidity, and mortality of surgical procedures after orthotopic heart transplantation. Ann Surg 1997: 225: 686-694.
96. 96. Paya CV, Wiesner RH, Hermans PE, Larson-Keller JJ, Ilstrup DM, Krom RAF et al. Risk factors for cytomegalovirus and severe bacterial infections following liver transplantation: a prospective multivariate time-dependent analysis. J Hepatol 1993: 18: 185-195.
97. 97. Jindal RM. Posttransplant diabetes mellitus - a review. Transplantation 1994: 58: 1289-1298.
98. 98. Clavien P-A, Camargo CA Jr, Croxford R, Langer B, Levy GA, Greig PD. Definition and classification of negative outcomes in solid organ transplantation. Application in liver transplantation. Ann Surg 1994: 220: 109-120.
99. 99. Nozue T, Kobayashi A, Kodama T, Uemasu F, Endoh H, Sako A et al. Pathogenesis of cyclosporine-induced hypomagnesemia. J Pediatr 1992: 120: 638-640.
100. 100. Nozue T, Kobayashi A, Sako A, Satoh T, Kodama T, Yamazaki H et al. Evidence that cyclosporine causes both intracellular migration and inappropriate urinary excretion of magnesium in rats. Transplantation 1993: 55: 346-349.
101. 101. Pere A-K, Krogerus L, Mervaala EMA, Laakso J, Karppanen H, Inkinen K et al. Detrimental effect of dietary sodium and beneficial effect of dietary magnesium on glomerular changes in cyclosporin-A-treated spontaneously hypertensive rats. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1998: 13: 904-910.
102. 102. Reissell E, Lindgren L, Tikkanen I, Ahonen J. Renal transplantations from the same kidney donor: outcome of diabetic and non-diabetic patients. Scand J Urol Nephrol 1992: 26: 403-408.
103. 103. Uretsky BF, Murali S, Reddy PS, Rabin B, Lee A, Griffith BP et al. Development of coronary artery disease in cardiac transplant patients receiving immunosuppresive therapy with cyclosporine and prednisone. Circulation 1987: 76: 827-834.
104. 104. Rubin DA, Schulman DS, Edwards TD, Starzl TE, Curtiss EI. Myocardial ischemia after orthotopic liver transplantation. Am J Cardiol 1994: 74: 53-56.
105. 105. Rodino MA, Shane E. Osteoporosis after organ transplantation. Am J Med 1998: 104: 459-469.
106. 106. Ramsey-Goldman R, Dunn JE, Dunlop DD, Stuart FP, Abecassis MM, Kaufman DB et al. Increased risk of fracture in patients receiving solid organ transplants. J Bone Miner Res 1999: 14: 456-463.
107. 107. Penn I. Occurrence of cancers in immunosuppressed organ transplant recipients. Clin Transpl 1998: 147-158.
108. 108. Birkeland SA, Storm HH, Lamm LU, Barlow L, Blohmé I, Forsberg B et al. Cancer risk after renal transplantation in the Nordic countries, 1964-1986. Int J Cancer 1995: 60: 183-189.
109. 109. Jensen P, Clausen OPF, Geiran O, Simonsen S, Relbo A, Hansen S et al. Cutaneous complications in heart transplant recipients in Norway 1983-1993. Acta Derm Venereol 1995: 75: 400-403.
110. 110. Patchell RA. Neurological complications of organ transplantation. Ann Neurol 1994: 36: 688-703.
111. 111. Thompson GB, Sullivan KM, June CH, Thomas ED. Association between cyclosporin neurotoxicity and hypomagnesemia. Lancet 1984: 2: 1116-1120.
112. 112. Testa G, Goldstein RM, Toughanipour A, Abbasoglu O, Jeyarajah R, Levy MF et al. Guidelines for surgical procedures after liver transplantation. Ann Surg 1998: 227: 590-599.
113. 113. Leapman SB, Vidne BA, Butt KM, Kountz SL. Elective and emergency surgery in renal transplant patients. Ann Surg 1976: 183: 266-270.
114. 114. Wekerle T, Klepetko W, Wisser W, Senbaklavaci Ö, Artemiou O, Zuckermann A et al. Incidence and outcome of major non-pulmonary surgical procedures in lung transplant recipients. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 1997: 12: 718-723.
115. 115. Ammori BJ, Madan M, Bodenham AR, Gough MJ. A review of the management of abdominal aortic aneurysms in patients following cardiac transplantation. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 1997: 14: 185-190.
116. 116. Graham SM, Flowers JL, Schweitzer E, Bartlett ST, Imbembo AL. The utility of prophylactic laparoscopic cholecystectomy in transplant candidates. Am J Surg 1995: 169: 44-49.
117. 117. Melvin WS, Meier DJ, Elkhammas EA, Bumgardner GL, Davies EA, Henry ML et al. Prophylactic cholecystectomy is not indicated following renal transplantation. Am J Surg 1998: 175: 317-319.
118. 118. Haddow GR, Brock-Utne JG. A non-thoracic operation for a patient with single lung transplantation. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 1999: 43: 960-963.
119. 119. Lowes JR, Hubscher SG, Neuberger JM. Chronic rejection of the liver allograft. Gastroenterol Clin North Am 1993: 22: 401-420.
120. 120. Kirvelä M, Salmela K, Toivonen L, Koivusalo A-M, Lindgren L. Heart rate variability in diabetic and non-diabetic renal transplant patients. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 1996: 40: 804-808.
121. 121. Kirvelä M, Yli-Hankala A, Lindgren L. QT dispersion and autonomic function in diabetic and non-diabetic patients with renal failure. Br J Anaesth 1994: 73: 801-804.
122. 122. Ewing DJ, Boland O, Neilson JMM, Cho CG, Clarke BF. Autonomic neuropathy, QT interval lengthening, and unexpected deaths in male diabetic patients. Diabetologia 1991: 34: 182-185.
123. 123. Thomas AN, Pollard BJ. Renal transplantation and diabetic autonomic neuropathy. Can J Anaesth 1989: 36: 590-592.
124. 124. Tallgren M, Höckerstedt K, Isoniemi H, Orko R, Lindgren L. Intraoperative death in cardiac amyloidosis with increased QT dispersion in the electrocardiogram. Anesth Analg 1995: 80: 1233-1235.
125. 125. Reissell E, Yli-Hankala A, Orko R, Lindgren L. Sudden cardiorespiratory arrest after renal transplantation in a patient with diabetic autonomic neuropathy and prolonged QT interval. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 1994: 38: 406-408.
126. 126. Derumeaux G, Mouton-Schleifer D, Soyer R, Saoudi N, Cribier A, Letac B. High incidence of left atrial thrombus detected by transoesophageal echocardiography in heart transplant recipients. Eur Heart J 1995: 16: 120-125.
127. 127. Gonzáles ALF, Herreros JM. Left atrial thrombus in heart transplant recipients. Eur Heart J 1996: 17: 1756-1757.
128. 128. Gao S, Hunt SA, Wiederhold V, Schroeder JS. Characteristics of serial electrocardiograms in heart transplant recipients. Am Heart J 1991: 122: 771-774.
129. 129. Little RE, Kay GN, Epstein AE, Plumb VJ, Bourge RC, Neves J et al. Arrhythmias after orthotopic cardiac transplantation. Prevalence and determinants during initial hospitalization and late follow-up. Circulation 1989: 80 (Suppl. III): 140-146.
130. 130. Barrett BJ. Contrast nephrotoxicity. J Am Soc Nephrol 1994: 5: 125-137.
131. 131. Solomon R, Werner C, Mann D, D'Elia J, Silva P. Effects of saline, mannitol and furosemide on acute decreases in renal function induced by radiocontrast agents. N Engl J Med 1994: 331: 1416-1420.
132. 132. Whiting PH, Cunningham C, Thomson AW, Simpson JG. Enhancement of high dose cyclosporin a toxicity by frusemide. Biochem Pharmacol 1984: 33: 1075-1079.
133. 133. Rondana M, Milani L, Merkel C, Caregaro L, Gatta A. Value of prealbumin plasma levels as liver test. Digestion 1987: 37: 72-78.
134. 134. Salerno F, Borroni G, Moser P, Sangiovanni A, Almasio P, Budillon G et al. Prognostic value of the galactose test in predicting survival of patients with cirrhosis evaluated for liver transplantation. A prospective multicenter Italian study. J Hepatol 1996: 25: 474-480.
135. 135. Webb DHK. Irradiation in the prevention of transfusion associated graft-versus-host disease. Arch Dis Child 1995: 73: 388-389.
136. 136. Bromberg JS, Baliga P, Cofer JB, Rajagopalan PR, Friedman RJ. Stress steroids are not required for patients receiving a renal allograft and undergoing operation. J Am Coll Surg 1995: 180: 532-536.
137. 137. Salem M, Tainsh RE Jr, Bromberg J, Loriaux DL, Chernow B. Perioperative glucocorticoid coverage. A reassessement 42 years after emergence of a problem. Ann Surg 1994: 219: 416-425.
138. 138. Castaneda MA, Garvin PJ. General surgical procedures in renal allograft recipients. Am J Surg 1986: 152: 717-721.
139. 139. Massarollo PCB, Mies S, Abdala E, Leitão RMC, Raia S. Immunosuppression withdrawal for treatment of severe infections in liver transplantation. Transplant Proc 1998: 30: 1472-1474.
140. 140. Mãnez R, Kusne S, Linden P, Gonzales-Pinto I, Bonet H, Kramer D et al. Temporary withdrawal of immunosuppression for life-threatening infections after liver transplantation. Transplantation 1994: 57: 149-164.
141. 141. Uehling DT, Hussey JL, Weinstein AB, Wank R, Bach FH. Cessation of immunosuppression after renal transplantation. Surgery 1976: 79: 278-282.
142. 142. Gaber AO, Moore LW, Schroeder TJ. Observations on recovery of renal function following treatment for acute rejection. Am J Kidney Dis 1998: 31 (Suppl. 1): S47-S59.
143. 143. Singleton JD, Conyers L. Warfarin and azathioprine: an important drug interaction. Am J Med 1992: 92: 217.
144. 144. Borow KM, Neumann A, Arensman FW, Yacoub MH. Cardiac and peripheral vascular responses to adrenoceptor stimulation and blockade after cardiac transplantation. J Am Coll Cardiol 1989: 14: 1229-1238.
145. 145. Qi A, Tuna IC, Gornick CC, Barragdy TP, Blatchford JW, Ring WS et al. Potentiation of cardiac electrophysiologic effects of verapamil after autonomic blockade or cardiac transplantation. Circulation 1987: 75: 888-893.
146. 146. Ellenbogen KA, Thames MD, DiMarco JP, Sheehan H, Lerman BB. Electrophysiological effects of adenosine in the transplanted human heart. Evidence of supersensitivity. Circulation 1990: 81: 821-828.
147. 147. Backman SB, Fox GS, Stein RD, Ralley FE. Neostigmine decreases heart rate in heart transplant patients. Can J Anaesth 1996: 43: 373-378.
148. 148. Backman SB, Stein RD, Fox GS, Polosa C. Heart rate changes in cardiac transplant patients and in the denervated cat heart after edrophonium. Can J Anaesth 1997: 44: 247-254.
149. 149. Beebe DS, Shumway SJ, Maddock R. Sinus arrest after intravenous neostigmine in two heart transplant recipients. Anesth Analg 1994: 78: 779-782.
150. 150. Bugge JF. Severe hyperkalaemia induced by trimethoprim in combination with an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor in a patient with transplanted lungs. J Intern Med 1996: 240: 249-252.
151. 151. Tisone G, Gunson BK, Buckels JAC, McMaster P. Raised hematocrit - a contributing factor to hepatic artery thrombosis following liver transplantation. Transplantation 1988: 46: 162-163.
152. 152. Humar A, Johnson EM, Gillingham KJ, Sutherland DE, Payne WD, Dunn DL et al. Venous thromboembolic complications after kidney and kidney-pancreas transplantation. Transplantation 1998: 65: 229-234.
153. 153. Forrat R, Ferrera R, Boissonnat P, Adeleine P, Dureau G, Ninet J et al. High prevalence of thromboembolic complications in heart transplant recipients. Transplantation 1996: 61: 757-762.
154. 154. Bordin JO, Heddle NM, Blajchman MA. Biologic effects of leukocytes present in transfused cellular blood products. Blood 1994: 84: 1703-1721.
155. 155. Oksanen K, Kekomäki R, Ruuru T, Koskimies S, Myllylä G. Prevention of alloimmunization in patients with acute leukemia by use of white cell-reduced blood components -a randomized trial. Transfusion 1991: 31: 588-594.
156. 156. Salo M. Immunosuppressive effects of blood transfusion in anaesthesia and surgery. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 1988: 32 (Suppl. 89): 26-34.
157. 157. Bowden RA, Sayers M, Floyrnoy N, Newton B, Banaji M, Thomas ED et al. Cytomegalovirus immune globulin and seronegative blood products to prevent primary cytomegalovirus infection after marrow transplantation. N Engl J Med 1986: 314: 1006-1010.
158. 158. Ramsey G. Red cell antibodies arising from solid organ transplants. Transfusion 1991: 31: 76-86.
159. 159. Cheek RF, Harmon JV, Stowell CP. Red cell alloimmunization after a bone allograft. Transfusion 1995: 35: 507-509.
160. 160. Levy JH. Antibody formation after drug administration during cardiac surgery: Parameters for aprotinin use. J Heart Lung Transplant 1993: 12: S26-S32.
161. 161. Dietrich W, Späth P, Ebell A, Richter JA. Prevalence of anaphylactic reactions to aprotinin: analysis of two hundred and forty-eight reexposures to aprotinin in heart operations. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1997: 113: 194-201.
162. 162. Waikar HD, Neelakandhan KS, Ravimandalam K. Abdominal aortic aneurysmectomy in a patient with bilateral renal autotransplants. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 1995: 9: 66-70.
163. 163. Joshi GP, Hein HAT, Ramsay MAE, Foreman ML. Hemodynamic response to anesthesia and pneumoperitoneum in orthotopic cardiac transplant recipients. Anesthesiology 1996: 85: 929-933.
164. 164. Brown MR, Brajtbord D, Johnson DW, Ramsay MAE, Paulsen AW. Efficacy of oral cyclosporine given prior to liver transplantation. Anesth Analg 1989: 69: 773-775.
165. 165. George SJ, Vuddamalay P, Boscoe MJ. Antiseptic-impregnated central venous catheters reduce the incidence of bacterial colonization and associated infection in immunocompromized transplant patients. Eur J Anaesthesiol 1997: 14: 428-431.
166. 166. Sze DY, Robbins RC, Semba CP, Razavi MK, Dake MD. Superior vena cava syndrome after heart transplantation: percutaneous treatment of a complication of bicaval anastomoses. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1998: 116: 253-261.
167. 167. Eisenkraft JB, Dimich I, Sachdev VP. Anesthesia for major noncardiac surgery in a patient with a transplanted heart. Mt Sinai J Med 1981: 48: 116-120.
168. 168. Reissell E, Taskinen M-R, Orko R, Lindgren L. Increased volume of gastric contents in diabetic patients undergoing renal transplantation: lack of effect with cisapride. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 1992: 36: 736-740.
169. 169. Kirvelä M, Scheinin M, Lindgren L. Haemodynamic and catecholamine responses to induction of anaesthesia and tracheal intubation in diabetic and non-diabetic uraemic patients. Br J Anaesth 1995: 74: 60-65.
170. 170. Reissell E, Orko R, Maunuksela E-L, Lindgren L. Predictability of difficult laryngoscopy in patients with long-term diabetes mellitus. Anaesthesia 1990: 45: 1024-1027.
171. 171. Hammer GB, Cao S, Boltz MG, Messner A. Post-transplant lymphoproliferative disease may present with severe airway obstruction. Anesthesiology 1998: 89: 263-265.
172. 172. Fearnley S-J, Munro HM, Abbott TR. Management of postoperative tracheomalacia in a 11-year-old boy. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 1994: 8: 354-359.
173. 173. Colt HG, Janssen JP, Dumon J-F, Noirclerc MJ. Endoscopic management of bronchial stenosis after double lung transplantation. Chest 1992: 102: 10-16.
174. 174. Carré P, Rousseau H, Lombart L, Didier A, Dahan M, Fournial G et al. Balloon dilatation and self-expanding metal wallstent insertion. For management of bronchostenosis following lung transplantation. Chest 1994: 105: 343-348.
175. 175. Ferretti G, Jouvan FB, Thony F, Pison C, Coulomb M. Benign noninflammatory bronchial stenosis: treatment with balloon dilatation. Radiology 1995: 196: 831-834.
176. 176. Mathur PN, Wolf KM, Busk MF, Briete M, Datzman M. Fiberoptic bronchoscopic cryotherapy in the management of tracheobronchial obstruction. Chest 1996: 110: 718-723.
177. 177. Sheski FD, Mathur PN. Long-term results of fiberoptic bronchoscopic balloon dilatation in the management of benign tracheobronchial stenosis. Chest 1998: 114: 796-800.
178. 178. Panos L, Patterson GA, Demajo WA. The use of high-frequency jet ventilation during post-lung transplantation surgery. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 1993: 7: 202-203.
179. 179. Myles PS, Weeks AM. Alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency: circulatory arrest following induction of anaesthesia. Anaesth Intensive Care 1992: 20: 358-362.
180. 180. Gelb AW, Freeman D, Robertson KM, Zhang C. Isoflurane alters the kinetics of oral cyclosporine. Anesth Analg 1991: 72: 801-804.
181. 181. Avraamides EJ, Craen RA, Gelb AW. Anaesthetic management of a pregnant, post liver transplant patient for dental surgery. Anaesth Intensive Care 1997: 25: 68-70.
182. 182. Kirvelä M, Olkkola KT, Rosenberg PH, Yli-Hankala A, Salmela K, Lindgren L. Pharmacokinetics of propofol and haemodynamic changes during induction of anaesthesia in uraemic patients. Br J Anaesth 1992: 68: 178-182.
183. 183. Jirasiritham S, Jirasiritham S. Total intravenous anesthesia for general operations in post-renal transplant patients. Tranplant Proc 1998: 30: 3897-3898.
184. 2O/fentanyl anaesthesia for renal transplantation. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 1994: 38: 662-666.
185. 185. Jayamaha JEL, Dowdle JR. Acceleration of ventricular tachycardia following propofol in a patient with heterotopic cardiac transplant. Anaesthesia 1993: 48: 889-891.
186. 186. Cirella VN, Pantuck CB, Lee YJ, Pantuck EJ. Effects of cyclosporine on anesthetic action. Anesth Analg 1987: 66: 703-706.
187. 187. Melendez JA, Delphin E, Lamb J, Rose E. Noncardiac surgery in heart transplant recipients in the cyclosporine era. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 1991: 5: 218-220.
188. 188. Pere P, Pitkänen M, Rosenberg PH, Björkenheim J-M, Linden H, Salorinne Y et al. Effect of continuous interscalene brachial plexus block on diaphragm motion and on ventilatory function. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 1992: 36: 53-57.
189. 189. Camann WR, Goldman GA, Johnson MD, Moore J, Greene M. Cesarean delivery in a patient with a transplanted heart. Anesthesiology 1989: 71: 618-620.
190. 190. Kim K-M, Sukhani R, Slogoff S, Tomich PG. Central hemodynamic changes associated with pregnancy in a long-term cardiac transplant recipient. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1996: 174: 1651-1653.
191. 191. Crosby E, Robblee JA. Cylcosporine-pancuronium interaction in a patient with a renal allograft. Can J Anaesth 1988: 35: 300-302.
192. 192. Sidi A, Kaplan RF, Davis RF. Prolonged neuromuscular blockade and ventilatory failure after renal transplantation and cyclosporine. Can J Anaesth 1990: 37: 543-548.
193. 193. Vetten KB. Immunosuppressive therapy and anaesthesia. S Afr Med J 1973: 767-769.
194. 194. Rouse JM, Galley RLA, Bevan DR. Prolonged curarisation following renal transplantation. Anaesthesia 1977: 32: 247-251.
195. 195. Cook DR, Freeman JA, Lai AA, Kang Y, Stiller RL, Aggarwal S et al. Pharmacokinetics of mivacurium in normal patients and in those with hepatic or renal failure. Br J Anaesth 1992: 69: 580-585.
196. 196. O'Kelly B, Jayais P, Veroli P, Lhuissier C, Ecoffey C. Dose requirements of vecuronium, pancuronium, and atracurium during orthotopic liver transplantation. Anesth Analg 1991: 73: 794-798.
197. 197. Lukin CL, Hein HAT, Swygert TH, Cunning TC III, Valek TR, Donica SK et al. Duration of vecuronium-induced neuromuscular block as a predictor of liver allograft dysfunction. Anesth Analg 1995: 80: 526-533.
198. 198. Carlier M, Squifflet J-P, Pirson Y, Gribomont B, Alexandre GBJ. Maximal hydration during anesthesia increases pulmonary arterial pressures and improves early function of human renal transplants. Transplantation 1982: 34: 201-204.
199. 199. Valsson F, Ricksten S-E, Hedner T, Zäll S, William-Olsson EB, Lundin S. Effects of atrial natriuretic peptide on renal function after cardiac surgery and in cyclosporine-treated heart transplant recipients. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 1994: 8: 425-430.
200. 200. Fellström B, Larsson E, Tufveson G. Strategies in chronic rejection of transplanted organs: A current view on pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment. Transplant Proc 1989: 21: 1435-1439.
201. 201. Stahl RAK. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents in patients with a renal transplant. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1998: 13: 1119-1121.
202. 202. Stoves J, Rosenberg K, Harnden P, Turney JH. Acute interstitial nephritis due to over-the-counter ibuprofen in a renal transplant recipient. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1998: 13: 227-228.
203. 203. Bodenham A, Park GR. Plasma concentrations of bubivacaine after intercostal nerve block in patients after orthotopic liver transplantation. Br J Anaesth 1990: 64: 436-441.
204. 204. Kalso E, Pöyhiä R, Onnela P, Linko K, Tigerstedt I, Tammisto T. Intravenous morphine and oxycodone for pain after abdominal surgery. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 1991: 35: 642-646.
205. 205. Tallgren M, Olkkola KT, Seppälä T, Höckerstedt K, Lindgren L. Pharmacokinetics and ventilatory effects of oxycodone before and after liver transplantation. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1997: 61: 655-661.
206. 206. Kirvela M, Lindgren L, Seppala T, Olkkola KT. The pharmacokinetics of oxycodone in uremic patients undergoing renal transplantation. J Clin Anesth 1996: 8: 13-18.
207. 207. Donovan KL, Janicki PK, Striepe VI, Stoica C Franks WT, Pinson CW. Decreased patient analgesic requirements after liver transplantation and associated neuropeptide levels. Transplantation 1997: 63: 1423-1429.
208. 208. Niederkorn JY. The immune privilege of corneal allografts. Transplantation 1999: 67: 1503-1508.
209. 209. Uusitalo RJ, Mahlberg K, Kroorila K, Ruusuvaara P. Systemic cyclosporin treatment for high-risk corneal transplantation. Ocul Immunol Inflamm 1996: 4: 15-24.