From holy war to opium war? A case study of the opium economy in North Eastern Afghanistan

Central Asian Survey

Volumn 19, Issue 2, 2000, Pages 265-280

  Goodhand, Jonathan ^a  

^a INTRAC   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CIVIL WAR; DRUGS TRADE; PARALLEL ECONOMY;

AFGHANISTAN;

EID: 0033943191     PISSN: 02634937     EISSN: None     Source Type: Trade Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/02634930050079354     Document Type: Article

References (33)

1. The research in Afghanistan was part of a wider DFID-funded research project conducted by University of Manchester/INTRAC on the role of NGOs in complex political emergencies. The findings in this paper are based on a field trip to the village of Deh Dehi in North Eastern Afghanistan. A team of international and Afghan researchers spent five days in the area interviewing villagers, before having to evacuate because of nearby fighting.
2. J. Goodhand and D. Hulme, 'From war to complex political emergencies: understanding conflict and peace-building in the new world disorder', Third World Quarterly, Vol 20, No 1, 1999, pp 13-26.
3. M. Duffield, 'Aid policy and post modern conflict. A critical review', Occasional paper 19, School of Public Policy, University of Birmingham, 1998.
4. D. Keen, 'The political economy of war', in F. Stewart, ed., The Social and Economic Costs of Conflict in Developing Countries (London: ESCOR, DFID, 1997), p. 7.
5. M. Duffield, 'Reading development as security. Post-nation state conflict and reconstructing normality', Draft paper presented at the conference on 'NGOs in a Global Future', University of Birmingham, 1999.
6. D. Keen, 'The economic functions of violence in civil wars', Adelphi Paper, Vol 320, pp 1-88 (London: International Institute of Strategic Studies, 1998).
7. M. Berdal and D. Keen, 'Violence and economic agendas in civil wars: some policy implications', Millennium: Journal of International Studies, Vol 26, No 3, 1997, p 795.
8. A term coined by Paul Richards, Fighting for the Rain Forest: War, Youth and Resources in Sierra Leone (Oxford: James Currey, 1996).
9. O. Roy, 'Afghanistan: back to tribalism or on to Lebanon?', Third World Quarterly, Vol 11, No 4, 1989.
10. Keen, op cit, Ref 6.
11. B. Jones, 'A partnership perspective on: Doing development in complex political emergencies: perils and possibilities', Paper presented at 'NGOs and the Global Future' Conference in Birmingham, January 1999.
12. UNDCP report, 1998.
13. K. Ostrom, 'Understanding the economy of Afghanistan. An exploratory study', SIDA, January 1997.
14. Pashtoons are the largest ethnic group in Afghanistan, constituting 40 per cent of the population. The Tajiks and Uzbeks are 20 and 6 per cent respectively of the total population of 20.1 million.
15. M. Kapila, G. Templer, E. Winter, 'Review of British aid to Afghanistan', ODI, June 1995.
16. C. Johnson, Afghanistan. A Land in Shadow (An Oxfam Country Report, 1998).
17. M. Duffield, 'Globalisation and war economies. Promoting order or the return of history?', Draft paper prepared for the Fletcher Forum of World Affairs issue on the Geography of Confidence: Environments, Populations and Boundaries, 8 pp., February 1999.
18. ibid.
19. Interview with Paul Clarke, World Food Programme, 15 November 1998.
20. At the time of writing, Badakshan was still under the control of the forces of the Northern Alliance. In other parts of the country where the Taliban are in control, the power of local level commanders has been circumscribed.
21. One farmer interviewed said that the dried poppy stalks from his fields provided fuel for up to six months of the year, an important consideration since fuel takes up one quarter of the family income.
22. M. N. Sharani, 'The future of the state and the structure of community governance in Afghanistan', in W. Mahley, Fundamentalism Reborn? Afghanistan and the Taliban (Lahore: Vanguard Books, 1998).
23. R. Putnam, with R. Leonard and R. Y. Nanett, Making Democracy Work: Civic Traditions in Modern Italy (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1993).
24. O. Roy, Islam and the Resistance in Afghanistan (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986), p 22.
25. We use Putnam's definition of social capital as 'features of social organisation such as networks, norms and trust, that facilitate co-ordination and co-operation for mutual benefit' (Putnam, op cit, Ref 23). Such norms and networks constitute endowments of capital for societies. Conversely, where norms and networks of civic engagement are lacking, as is often the case in internal wars, the potential for collective action would appear to be limited.
26. See B. Glatzer, 'Is Afghanistan on the brink of ethnic and tribal disintegration?', in Mahley, op cit, Ref 22.
27. L. Dupree, Afghanistan (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1980). Dupree coined the phrase 'the mud curtain' to describe how Afghan villagers managed to protect themselves from the incursions of the state.
28. Duffield, op cit, Ref 3.
29. R. Kaplan, 'The coming anarchy', The Atlantic Monthly, Vol 273, No 2, 1994, pp 44-76.
30. As one aid donor caustically remarked, 'we don't need a broad-based government, just a broad-minded one!'
31. Duffield, op cit, Ref 3.
32. B. Grima, The Performance of Emotion Among Paxtun Women (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1992). A similar point is made by Duffield, op cit, Ref 3, p 94.
33. B. Grima, The Performance of Emotion Among Paxtun Women (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1992). A similar point is made by Duffield, op cit, Ref 3, p 94.