Representation ingrafted upon democracy?

Democratization

Volumn 7, Issue 2, 2000, Pages 1-18

  Hindess, Barry ^a  

^a AUSTRALIAN NATIONAL UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CORRUPTION; DEMOCRACY; POLITICAL SYSTEM; POLITICAL THEORY;

EID: 0033932301     PISSN: 13510347     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/13510340008403657     Document Type: Article

References (66)

1. Gordon S. Wood, 'Democracy and the American Revolution', in John Dunn (ed.), Democracy. The Unfinished Journey: 508 BC to AD 1993 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1992), pp.91-106.
2. J. Madison, A. Hamilton and J. Jay, The Federalist Papers (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1987 [1788]), p.10.
3. Ibid., p.63.
4. Ibid., p.10, emphasis added..
5. Tom Paine, 'Rights of Man', in Political Writings (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989), p.170.
6. See the discussions of these issues in B. Hindess, 'Divide and Rule: The International Character of Modern Citizenship', in European Journal of Social Theory, Vol.1, No.1 (1998), pp.57-70 and David Held, Democracy and the Global Order: From the Modern State to Cosmopolitan Governance (Cambridge: Polity, 1995).
7. See the discussions of these issues in B. Hindess, 'Divide and Rule: The International Character of Modern Citizenship', in European Journal of Social Theory, Vol.1, No.1 (1998), pp.57-70 and David Held, Democracy and the Global Order: From the Modern State to Cosmopolitan Governance (Cambridge: Polity, 1995).
8. Michael Mann, The Sources of Social Power, Vol.2, A History of Power to AD 1760 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993).
9. Aristotle, The Politics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988), III, 1279a 27.
10. Ibid., 1278b 37-8.
11. The revival of interest in this usage derives from Michel Foucault's work on government. See Michel Foucault, 'The Ethic of Care for the Self as a Practice of Freedom', in J. Bernauer and D. Rasmussen (eds.), The Final Foucault (Boston, MA: MIT Press, 1988), pp.1-20, 'Governmentality', in G. Burchell, Gordon, C. and P. Miller (eds.), The Foucault Effect (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1991), pp.87-104, and B. Hindess, Discourses of Power: From Hobbes to Foucault (Oxford: Blackwell, 1995).
12. The revival of interest in this usage derives from Michel Foucault's work on government. See Michel Foucault, 'The Ethic of Care for the Self as a Practice of Freedom', in J. Bernauer and D. Rasmussen (eds.), The Final Foucault (Boston, MA: MIT Press, 1988), pp.1-20, 'Governmentality', in G. Burchell, Gordon, C. and P. Miller (eds.), The Foucault Effect (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1991), pp.87-104, and B. Hindess, Discourses of Power: From Hobbes to Foucault (Oxford: Blackwell, 1995).
13. The revival of interest in this usage derives from Michel Foucault's work on government. See Michel Foucault, 'The Ethic of Care for the Self as a Practice of Freedom', in J. Bernauer and D. Rasmussen (eds.), The Final Foucault (Boston, MA: MIT Press, 1988), pp.1-20, 'Governmentality', in G. Burchell, Gordon, C. and P. Miller (eds.), The Foucault Effect (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1991), pp.87-104, and B. Hindess, Discourses of Power: From Hobbes to Foucault (Oxford: Blackwell, 1995).
14. Aristotle, 1275b, 21-2.
15. Ibid., 39, 34-7.
16. Ibid., 1279a, 17-21.
17. Ibid., 1279b, 4-10.
18. Jennifer T. Roberts, Athens on Trial: The Antidemocratic Tradition in Western Thought (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1994).
19. M. Foucault, 'Governmentality', p.89.
20. Compare Quentin Skinner's well-known argument that the development of political philosophy as we now understand it requires a 'recognisably modern conception of the state ... as an apparatus of power whose existence remains independent of those who may happen to control it at any given time'. From his 'The State', in T. Ball, J. Farr and R.L. Hansen (eds.), Political Innovation and Conceptual Change (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989), p.102. The parallels and differences between these two perspectives are discussed in B. Hindess, 'Knowledge and Political Reason', Critical Review of International Social and Political Philosophy, Vol.1, No.2 (1988), pp.63-84.
21. Compare Quentin Skinner's well-known argument that the development of political philosophy as we now understand it requires a 'recognisably modern conception of the state ... as an apparatus of power whose existence remains independent of those who may happen to control it at any given time'. From his 'The State', in T. Ball, J. Farr and R.L. Hansen (eds.), Political Innovation and Conceptual Change (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989), p.102. The parallels and differences between these two perspectives are discussed in B. Hindess, 'Knowledge and Political Reason', Critical Review of International Social and Political Philosophy, Vol.1, No.2 (1988), pp.63-84.
22. Edmund S. Morgan, Inventing the People: The Rise of Popular Sovereignty in England and America (New York: W.W. Norton, 1988), p.151.
23. Madison , op. cit., p.10.
24. Joseph Schumpeter, Capitalism, Socialism, and Democracy (London: Allen & Unwin, 1976). Giovanni Sartori, The Theory of Democracy Revisited (Chatham, NJ: Chatham House, 1987) presents a forceful recent statement of the realist position. Carole Pateman's Participation and Democratic Theory (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1970) remains one the clearest 'democratic' critiques. Ian Budge, The New Challenge of Direct Democracy (Cambridge: Polity, 1996) uses a mass of empirical evidence to argue for substantially greater popular participation in the government of modern democracies.
25. Joseph Schumpeter, Capitalism, Socialism, and Democracy (London: Allen & Unwin, 1976). Giovanni Sartori, The Theory of Democracy Revisited (Chatham, NJ: Chatham House, 1987) presents a forceful recent statement of the realist position. Carole Pateman's Participation and Democratic Theory (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1970) remains one the clearest 'democratic' critiques. Ian Budge, The New Challenge of Direct Democracy (Cambridge: Polity, 1996) uses a mass of empirical evidence to argue for substantially greater popular participation in the government of modern democracies.
26. Joseph Schumpeter, Capitalism, Socialism, and Democracy (London: Allen & Unwin, 1976). Giovanni Sartori, The Theory of Democracy Revisited (Chatham, NJ: Chatham House, 1987) presents a forceful recent statement of the realist position. Carole Pateman's Participation and Democratic Theory (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1970) remains one the clearest 'democratic' critiques. Ian Budge, The New Challenge of Direct Democracy (Cambridge: Polity, 1996) uses a mass of empirical evidence to argue for substantially greater popular participation in the government of modern democracies.
27. Joseph Schumpeter, Capitalism, Socialism, and Democracy (London: Allen & Unwin, 1976). Giovanni Sartori, The Theory of Democracy Revisited (Chatham, NJ: Chatham House, 1987) presents a forceful recent statement of the realist position. Carole Pateman's Participation and Democratic Theory (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1970) remains one the clearest 'democratic' critiques. Ian Budge, The New Challenge of Direct Democracy (Cambridge: Polity, 1996) uses a mass of empirical evidence to argue for substantially greater popular participation in the government of modern democracies.
28. See, for example, Gabriel Almond and S. Verba, The Civic Culture: Political Attitudes and Democracy in Five Nations (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1963), Seymour M. Lipset, Political Man (London: Heinemann, 1960). Geoffrey Brennan and Alan Hamlyn, 'On Political Representation', British Journal of Political Science, Vol.21, No.1 (1999), pp.109-28 offers a public choice version of the argument.
29. See, for example, Gabriel Almond and S. Verba, The Civic Culture: Political Attitudes and Democracy in Five Nations (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1963), Seymour M. Lipset, Political Man (London: Heinemann, 1960). Geoffrey Brennan and Alan Hamlyn, 'On Political Representation', British Journal of Political Science, Vol.21, No.1 (1999), pp.109-28 offers a public choice version of the argument.
30. See, for example, Gabriel Almond and S. Verba, The Civic Culture: Political Attitudes and Democracy in Five Nations (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1963), Seymour M. Lipset, Political Man (London: Heinemann, 1960). Geoffrey Brennan and Alan Hamlyn, 'On Political Representation', British Journal of Political Science, Vol.21, No.1 (1999), pp.109-28 offers a public choice version of the argument.
31. Morgan, op. cit. suggests that this naive understanding of representative government was soon undermined by the realities of American political life. However, it might equally be said that it survives the challenge of empirical refutation remarkably well.
32. Max Weber, Economy and Society: An Outline of Interpretive Sociology (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1978), p.215. Talcott Parsons ('Evolutionary Universals in Society', in his Sociological Theory and Modern Society (New York: Free Press, 1967)) takes this line of argument one stage further. What particularly distinguishes democracy from other forms of government is not, in his view, that the people rule but rather that it has a superior capacity to mobilise popular support around the objectives of their government.
33. Max Weber, Economy and Society: An Outline of Interpretive Sociology (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1978), p.215. Talcott Parsons ('Evolutionary Universals in Society', in his Sociological Theory and Modern Society (New York: Free Press, 1967)) takes this line of argument one stage further. What particularly distinguishes democracy from other forms of government is not, in his view, that the people rule but rather that it has a superior capacity to mobilise popular support around the objectives of their government.
34. Roberts, op. cit.
35. John Stuart Mill, Considerations on Representative Government, in J.M. Robson (ed.), Collected Works of John Stuart Mill (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1977 [1865]), p.390.
36. Ibid., p.404.
37. Ibid., p.412.
38. Ibid.
39. Jeffrey Minson, Questions of Conduct: Sexual Harassment, Citizenship, Government (Basingstoke and London: Macmillan, 1993).
40. See, for example, J.C.D. Clark, The Language of Liberty, 1660-1832: Political Discourse and Social Dynamics in the Anglo-American World (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994), Morgan, op. cit., Barry A. Shain, The Myth of American Individualism : the Protestant Origins of American Political Thought (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1994), Alexis de Tocqueville, Democracy in America (London: Fontana, 1994, first pbl. 1840).
41. See, for example, J.C.D. Clark, The Language of Liberty, 1660-1832: Political Discourse and Social Dynamics in the Anglo-American World (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994), Morgan, op. cit., Barry A. Shain, The Myth of American Individualism : the Protestant Origins of American Political Thought (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1994), Alexis de Tocqueville, Democracy in America (London: Fontana, 1994, first pbl. 1840).
42. See, for example, J.C.D. Clark, The Language of Liberty, 1660-1832: Political Discourse and Social Dynamics in the Anglo-American World (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994), Morgan, op. cit., Barry A. Shain, The Myth of American Individualism : the Protestant Origins of American Political Thought (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1994), Alexis de Tocqueville, Democracy in America (London: Fontana, 1994, first pbl. 1840).
43. See, for example, J.C.D. Clark, The Language of Liberty, 1660-1832: Political Discourse and Social Dynamics in the Anglo-American World (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994), Morgan, op. cit., Barry A. Shain, The Myth of American Individualism : the Protestant Origins of American Political Thought (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1994), Alexis de Tocqueville, Democracy in America (London: Fontana, 1994, first pbl. 1840).
44. Iris Marion Young, 'Communication and the Other: beyond Deliberative Democracy', in S. Benhabib (ed.), Democracy and Difference: Contesting the Boundaries of the Political (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1996), pp.123, 4.
45. Jürgen Habermas, 'Three Normative Models of Democracy', in Benhabib, op. cit., pp.21-31.
46. See, for example, John Dryzek, Discursive Democracy: Polities, Policy, and Political Science (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990), James Fishkin, Deliberative Democracy (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1991) and John Uhr, Deliberative Democracy in Australia (Melbourne and Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998).
47. See, for example, John Dryzek, Discursive Democracy: Polities, Policy, and Political Science (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990), James Fishkin, Deliberative Democracy (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1991) and John Uhr, Deliberative Democracy in Australia (Melbourne and Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998).
48. See, for example, John Dryzek, Discursive Democracy: Polities, Policy, and Political Science (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990), James Fishkin, Deliberative Democracy (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1991) and John Uhr, Deliberative Democracy in Australia (Melbourne and Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998).
49. Pateman, op. cit. p.108.
50. Pateman, op. cit., p.111.
51. Madison, op.cit., p.63.
52. This is a persistent theme in discussions of American government. See, for example, R. Kent Weaver and B.A. Rockman (eds.), Do Institutions Matter? (Washington, DC: Brookings, 1993).
53. Hannah F. Pitkin, The Concept of Representation (Berkeley, CA and London: University of California Press, 1967).
54. Mann, op. cit.
55. David Held, op. cit., and his Models of Democracy (Cambridge: Polity, 1986); Paul Hirst, Associative Democracy: New Forms of Social and Economic Governance (Cambridge: Polity, 1993) and From Statism to Pluralism (London: University College London Press, 1998).
56. David Held, op. cit., and his Models of Democracy (Cambridge: Polity, 1986); Paul Hirst, Associative Democracy: New Forms of Social and Economic Governance (Cambridge: Polity, 1993) and From Statism to Pluralism (London: University College London Press, 1998).
57. David Held, op. cit., and his Models of Democracy (Cambridge: Polity, 1986); Paul Hirst, Associative Democracy: New Forms of Social and Economic Governance (Cambridge: Polity, 1993) and From Statism to Pluralism (London: University College London Press, 1998).
58. David Held, op. cit., and his Models of Democracy (Cambridge: Polity, 1986); Paul Hirst, Associative Democracy: New Forms of Social and Economic Governance (Cambridge: Polity, 1993) and From Statism to Pluralism (London: University College London Press, 1998).
59. See especially 'The Profession and Vocation of Politics' in Peter Lassman and Ronald Spiers (eds.), Political Writings (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994).
60. See especially D. Osborne and Ted Gaebler, Reinventing Government (Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, 1992) and the critical discussions in Mark Considine and Martin Painter (eds.), Managerialism. The Great Debate (Melbourne: Melbourne University Press, 1997) and Glyn Davis, Barbara Sullivan and Anna Yeatman (eds.), The New Contractualism (Melbourne: Macmillan, 1997).
61. See especially D. Osborne and Ted Gaebler, Reinventing Government (Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, 1992) and the critical discussions in Mark Considine and Martin Painter (eds.), Managerialism. The Great Debate (Melbourne: Melbourne University Press, 1997) and Glyn Davis, Barbara Sullivan and Anna Yeatman (eds.), The New Contractualism (Melbourne: Macmillan, 1997).
62. See especially D. Osborne and Ted Gaebler, Reinventing Government (Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, 1992) and the critical discussions in Mark Considine and Martin Painter (eds.), Managerialism. The Great Debate (Melbourne: Melbourne University Press, 1997) and Glyn Davis, Barbara Sullivan and Anna Yeatman (eds.), The New Contractualism (Melbourne: Macmillan, 1997).
63. Public choice theory provides one of the clearest examples of this style of argument. See the useful short account in Patrick Dunleavy and Brendan O'Leary, Theories of the State: The Politics of Liberal Democracy (New York: Meredith Press, 1987).
64. The phrase 'government at a distance' is taken from Nikolas Rose and Peter Miller, 'Political Power beyond the State: Problematics of Government', British Journal of Sociology, Vol.43, No.2 (1992), pp.173-205.
65. For this view of liberalism as focusing on the place of the government in the more general government of the state see the Introduction to Mitchell Dean and Barry Hindess (eds.), Governing Australia (Melbourne: Cambridge University Press, 1998).
66. A development that has been noted in, for example, Barbara Harriss-White and Gordon White, 'Corruption, Liberalization and Democracy', their editorial introduction to 'Liberalization and the New Corruption', IDS Bulletin, Vol.27, No.2 (1996), pp.1-5.