Lung models: Strengths and limitations

Respiratory Care

Volumn 45, Issue 6, 2000, Pages 712-736

  Martonen, Ted B ^a,b,g   Musante, Cynthia J ^c   Segal, Rebecca A ^d   Schroeter, Jeffry D ^c   Hwang, Dongming ^e   Dolovich, Myrna A ^f   Burton, Ray ^g   Spencer, Richard M ^g   Fleming, John S ^h  

^a U S ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA   (United States)

^d NORTH CAROLINA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^e IBM   (United States)

^f MCMASTER UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

^g U S ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY   (United States)

^h SOUTHAMPTON GENERAL HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Aerosol; Airway morphology; Deposition models; Particle dosimetry; Targeted drug delivery

Indexed keywords

AEROSOL; CONFERENCE PAPER; DYNAMICS; LIQUID; LUNG; LUNG MODEL; LUNG VENTILATION; PEDIATRICS;

AEROSOLS; COMPUTER SIMULATION; HUMANS; IMAGING, THREE-DIMENSIONAL; LUNG; MODELS, STRUCTURAL; RESPIRATORY MECHANICS; TOMOGRAPHY, EMISSION-COMPUTED, SINGLE-PHOTON;

EID: 0033930020     PISSN: 00201324     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (105)

1. Barnes PJ, Basbaum CB, Nadel JA, Roberts JM Localization of b-adrenoreceptors in mammalian lungs by light microscopic autoradiography. Nature 1982;299(5882):444-447.
2. Hensley MJ, O'Cain CF, McFadden ER Jr, Ingram RH Distribution of bronchodilation in normal subjects beta agonist versus atropine J Appl Physiol 1978;45(5):778-782.
3. Newhouse MT, Ruffin RE. Deposition and late of inhaled aerosols. Chest 1978;73(6 Suppl):936-943.
4. Ruffin RE, Dolovich MB, Wolff RK, Newhouse MT. The effects of preferential deposition of histamine in the human airway. Am Rev Respir Dis 1978;117(3):485-492.
5. Ruffin RE, Dolovich MB, Oldenberg FA Jr, Newhouse MT. The preferential deposition of inhaled isoproterenol and propranolol in asthmatic patients. Chest 1981;80(Suppl 1):904-907.
6. Clay MM, Pavia D, Clarke SW Effect of aerosol particle size on bronchodilatation with nebulised terbutaline in asthmatic subjects. Thorax 1986;41(5):364-368.
7. Mitchell DM, Solomon MA, Tolfree SEJ, Shon M, Spiro SG. Effect of particle size of bronchodilator aerosols on lung distribution and pulmonary function in patients with chronic asthma Thorax 1987; 42(6):457-461.
8. Karlsson JA, Sant'Ambrogio G, Widdicombe J. Afferent neural pathways in cough and reflex bronchoconstriction (review). J Appl Physiol 1988;65(3):1007-1023.
9. Persson G, Wiren JE. The bronchodilator response from inhaled terbutaline is influenced by the mass of small particles: a study on a dry powder inhaler (Turbuhaler). Eur Respir J 1989;2(3):253-256
10. Smaldone GC, Walser L, Perry RJ, Ilowite JS, Benneti WD, Greco M. Generation and administration of aerosols for medical and physiological research studies. J Aerosol Med 1989;2:81-87.
11. Anderson PJ, Garshick E, Blanchard JD, Feldman HA, Brain JD. Intersubject variability in particle deposition does not explain variability in responsiveness to methacholine. Am Rev Respir Dis 1991; 144(3 Pt 1) 649-654.
12. Ashworth HL, Wilson CG, Sims EE, Wotton PK, Hardy JG Delivery of propellant soluble drug from a metered dose inhaler. Thorax 1991;46(4):245-247.
13. Martonen TB. Aerosol therapy implications of particle deposition patterns in simulated human airways. J Aerosol Med 1991;4:25-40.
14. Mortensen J, Groth S, Lange P, Hermansen F. Effect of terbutaline on mucociliary clearance in asthmatic and healthy subjects after inhalation from a pressurised inhaler and a dry powder inhaler. Thorax 1991;46(11):817-823.
15. Newman SP, Weisz AWB, Taalee N, Clarke SW. Improvement of drug delivery with a breath actuated pressurized aerosol for patients with poor inhaler technique. Thorax 1991;46(10):712-716.
16. Vidgren M, Silvasti M, Vidgren P, Laurikainen K, Lehti H, Paronen P. Physical properties and clinical efficacy of two sodium cromoglycate inhalation aerosol preparations. Acta Pharm Nord 1991;3(1): 1-4.
17. Vidgren P, Vidgren M, Laurikainen K, Pietila T, Silvasti M, Paronen P In vitro deposition and clinical efficacy of two sodium cromoglycate inhalation powders. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther Toxicol 1991; 29(3):108-112
18. Groth ML, Foster WM. Aerosolized atropine sulfate influence of inhalation pattern on effective blockade of vagal airway tone. Am Rev Respir Dis 1992;145(1):215-219.
19. Hofmann W, Koblinger L, Monte Carlo modeling of aerosol deposition in human lungs. Part II: Deposition fractions and their sensitivity to parameter variation. J Aerosol Sci 1990;21:675-688.
20. Bergmann R, Hofmann W, Koblinger L. Particle deposition modeling in the human lung: comparison between Monte Carlo and ICRP model predictions J Aerosol Sci 1997;28(Suppl 1): S433-S434.
21. Yeh HC, Schum GM Models of human lung airways and their application to inhaled particle deposition. Bull Math Biol 1980;42(3): 461-480
22. Martonen TB, Yang Y Deposition mechanics of pharmaceutical particles m human airways. In: Hickey AJ editor. Inhalation aerosols: physical and biological basis for therapy. New York: Marcel Dekker, 1996;3-27
23. Horsfield K, Cumming G. Angles of branching and diameters of branches in the human bronchial tree. Bull Math Biophys 1967; 29(2):245-259
24. Horsfield K, Dart G, Olson DE, Filley GF, Cumming G. Models of the human bronchial tree J Appl Physiol 1971;31(2):207-217.
25. Horsfield K Pulmonary airways and blood vessels considered as confluent trees. In: Crystal RG, West JB, Barnes PJ, Cherniack NS, Weibel ER, editors. The lung: scientific foundations. Vol I. New York: Raven Press; 1991: 721-727.
26. Weibel ER. Morphometry of the human lung New York: Academic Press, 1963.
27. Weibel ER. Design of airways and blood vessels as branching trees. In: Crystal RG, West JB, Barnes PJ, Cherniack NS, Weibel ER, editors. The lung: scientific foundations. Vol 1. New York: Raven Press; 1991: 711-720.
28. Martonen TB, Yang Y, Dolovich M. Definition of airway composition within gamma camera images. J Thorac Imaging 1994;9(3): 188-197.
29. Martonen TB, Yang Y, Dolovich M, Guan X Computer simulations of lung morphologies within planar gamma camera images. Nucl Med Commun 1997;18(9):861-869
30. Martonen TB, Yang Y, Hwang D, Fleming JS. Mapping the human lung using Delaunay tessellation. Comp Biomed Res 1994;27(4): 245-262.
31. Martonen TB, Yang Y, Hwang D, Fleming JS. Computer model of human lung morphology to complement SPECT analyses. Int J Biomed Comput 1995;40(1):5-16.
32. Martonen TB, Yang Y, Huang D, Flemmg JS. Computer simulations of human lung structures for medical applications. Comput Biol Med 1995;25(5):431-446.
33. Martonen TB, Hwang D, Guan X, Fleming JS. Supercomputer description of human lung morphology for imaging analysis J Nucl Med 1998;39(4):745-750.
34. Martonen TB, Zhang Z, Lessmann R. Fluid dynamics of the human larynx and upper tracheobronchial airways. Aerosol Sci Tech 1993; 19:133-156.
35. Martonen TB Yang Y, Xue Z. Influences of cartilaginous rings on tracheobronchial fluid dynamics. Inhal Toxicol 1994;6:185-203.
36. Martonen TB, Yang Y, Xue Z. Effects of carinal ridge shapes on lung air streams. Aerosol Sci Tech 1994;21:119-136.
37. Martonen TB, Zhang Z, Yang Y, Bottei G. Airway surface irregularities promote particle diffusion in the human lung. Radiat Prot Dosim 1995;59:5-14.
38. Martonen TB, Zhang Z, Yang Y. Particle diffusion from developing flows in rough-walled tubes Aerosol Sci Tech 1997;26:1-11.
39. Martonen TB, Graham RC, Hofmann W. Human subject age and activity level: factors addressed in a biomathematical deposition program for extrapolation modeling. Health Phys 1989;57(Suppl 1):49-59
40. Heyder J, Gebhan J, Stahlhofen W, Stuck B. Biological variability of particle deposition in the human respiratory tract during controlled and spontaneous mouth-breathing Ann Occup Hyg 1982;26(1-4): 137-147.
41. Kim CS, Hu SC. Regional deposition of inhaled particles in human lungs: comparison between men and women. J Appl Physiol 1998; 84(6):1834-1844.
42. Martonen TB, Katz IM. Deposition patterns of aerosolized drugs within human lungs: effects of ventilatory parameters Pharm Res 1993;10(6):871-878.
43. Martonen TB. Mathematical model for the selective deposition of inhaled pharmaceutical. J Pharm Sci 1993;82(12):1191-1199.
44. Martonen TB, Katz I. Deposition patterns of polydisperse aerosols within human lungs. J Aerosol Med 1993;6:251-274.
45. Martonen TB, Katz I. Inter-related effects of morphology and ventilation on drug deposition patterns. STP Pharm Sci 1994;4:11-18.
46. Martonen TB, Zhang Z, Yang Y. Particle diffusion with entrance effects in a smooth-walled cylinder. J Aerosol Sci 1996;27(1):139-150
47. Landahl HD, Herrmann RG On the retention of airborne particulates in the human lung. J Ind Hyg Toxicol 1948;30:181-188.
48. Beeckmans JM. The deposition of aerosols in the respiratory tract. I. Mathematical analysis and comparison with experimental data. Can J Physiol Pharmac 1965;43:157-172.
49. Cheng YS, Wang CS. Inertial deposition of particles in a bend. J Aerosol Sci 1975;6:139-145.
50. Yeh HC Comments on the paper: Inertial deposition of particles in a bend by YS Cheng and CS Wang J Aerosol Sci 1976;7:275-276.
51. Crane RI, Evans RL. Inertial deposition of particles in a bent pipe. J Aerosol Sci 1977;8:161-170.
52. Martonen TB. Analytical model of hygroscopic particle behavior in human airways. Bull Math Biol 1982;44(3):425-442.
53. Landahl HD. On the removal of airborne droplets by the human respiratory tract. I. The lung. Bull Math Biophys 1950;12:43-56.
54. Wang CS. Gravitational deposition of particles from laminar flows in inclined channels J Aerosol Sci 1975;6:191-204
55. Ingham DB. Diffusion of aerosols from a stream flowing through a cylindrical tube. J Aerosol Sci 1975;6:125-132.
56. Ingham DB. Diffusion of aerosols from a stream flowing through a short cylindrical tube. J Aerosol Sci 1984;15:637-641.
57. Ingham DB. Diffusion of aerosols in the entrance region of a smooth cylindrical pipe. J Aerosol Sci 1991;22:253-257.
58. Foord N, Black A, Walsh M. Regional deposition of 2.5-7.5 μm diameter inhaled particles in healthy male non-smokers. J Aerosol Sci 1978;9:343-357.
59. Chan TL, Lippmann M. Experimental measurements and empirical modelling of the regional deposition of inhaled particles in humans. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 1980;41(6):399-409.
60. Stahlhofen W, Gebhart J, Heyder J. Experimental determination of the regional deposition of aerosol particles in the human respiratory tract Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 1980;41(6):385-398.
61. Hiller FC, Mazumder MK, Wilson JD, McLeod PC, Bone RC. Human respiratory tract deposition using multimodal aerosols. J Aerosol Sci 1982;13(4): 337-343.
62. Schlesinger RB, Gurman JL, Lippmann M. Particle deposition within bronchial airways: comparisons using constant and cyclic inspiratory flows. Ann Occup Hyg 1982;26(1-4):47-64.
63. Bennett WD, Messina MS, Smaldone GC. Effect of exercise on deposition and subsequent retention of inhaled particles. J Appl Physiol 1985;59(4):1046-1054.
64. Wilson LB. The deposition of charged particles in tubes with reference to the retention of therapeutic aerosols in the human lung. J Colloid Sci 1947;2:271-276.
65. Chan TL, Yu CP. Charge effects on particle deposition in the human tracheobronchial tree. Ann Occup Hyg 1982;26(1-4):65-75.
66. Tarroni G, Melandri C, Prodi V, De Zaiacomo T, Formignani M, Bassi P An indication on the biological variability of aerosol total deposition in humans Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 1980;41(11):826-831
67. Melandri C, Tarroni G, Prodi V, De Zaiacomo TG, Formignani M, Lombardi CC. Deposition of charged particles in the human airways J Aerosol Sci 1983;14:657-669.
68. Chan TL, Lippman M, Cohen VR, Schlesinger RB. Effect of electrostatic charges on particle deposition in a hollow cast of the human larynx-tracheobronchial tree. J Aerosol Sci 1978;9:463-4-68.
69. Cohen BS, Xiong JQ, Fang CP, Li W. Deposition of charged particles on lung airways. Health Phys 1998;74(5):554-560.
70. Gonda I, Khalik AFA. On the calculation of aerodynamic diameters of fibres. Aerosol Sci Technol 1985;4:233-238.
71. Chan HK, Gonda I. Respirable form of crystals of cromoglycic acid. J Pharm Sci 1989;78(2):176-180
72. Johnson DL, Martonen TB. Behavior of inhaled fibers: potential applications to medicinal aerosols. Part Sci Technol 1994;12:161-173.
73. Johnson DL, Polikandritou-Lambros M, Martonen TB. Drug encapsulation and aerodynamic behavior of a lipid microtubule aerosol. Drug Delivery 1996;3:9-15.
74. Fuchs NA. The mechanics of aerosols. London: Pergamon Press: 1964.
75. Martonen TB, Hofmann W, Lowe JE. Cigarette smoke and lung cancer (review). Health Phys 1987;52(2):213-217.
76. Martonen TB. Deposition patterns of cigarette smoke in human airways. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 1992;53:6-18.
77. Langhaar HL. Steady flow in the transition length of a straight tube. J Appl Mech 1942;9:55-58.
78. Zhang Z, Martonen TB. Comparison of theoretical and experimental particle diffusion data within human airway casts. Cell Biochem Biophys 1996;27(2):97-108.
79. Zhang Z, Martonen TB Deposition of ultrafine aerosols in human tracheobronchial airways. Inhal Toxicol 1997;9:99-110.
80. Schroter RC, Sudlow MF. Flow patterns in models of the human bronchial airways. Respir Physiol 1969;7(3):341-355.
81. Olson DE, Dart GA, Filley GF. Pressure drop and fluid flow regime of air inspired into the human lung. J Appl Physiol 1970;28(4):482-494.
82. Sudlow MF, Olson DE, Schroter RC. Fluid mechanics of bronchial air-flow. In: Walton WH, editor. Inhaled particles III. Surrey England: Gresham Press; 1971: 19-31.
83. Olson DE, Sudlow MF, Horsfield K, Filley GF Convective patterns of flow during inspiration. Arch Intern Med 1973;131(1):51-57
84. Chang HK, El Masry OA. A model study of flow dynamics in human central airways. Part I: axial velocity profiles. Respir Physiol 1982; 49(1):75-95.
85. Isabey D, Chang HK. A model study of flow dynamics in human central airways. Part II: secondary flow velocities. Respir Physiol 1982;49(1):97-113.
86. Musante CJ, Martonen TB. Computational fluid dynamics in human lungs. I. Effects of natural airway features. Medical Applications of Computer Modelling and Fluid Dynamics: Respiratory System. Martonen TB, editor. Computational Mechanics Publications Ashurst (in press).
87. Yu CP, Diu CK. A comparative study of aerosol deposition in different lung models. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 1982;43(1):54-65
88. Egan MJ, Nixon W. A model of aerosol deposition in the lung for use in inhalation dose assessments Radiat Prot Dosim 1985;11:5-17.
89. Phalen RF, Cuddihy RG, Fisher GL, Moss OR, Schlesinger RB, Swift DL, Yen HC. Main features of the proposed NCRP respiratory tract model Radiat Prot Dosim 1991;38:179-184.
90. Anjilvel S, Asgharian B A multiple-path model of particle deposition in the rat lung. Fundam Appl Toxicol 1995;28(1):41-50.
91. Findeisen W. Uber das absetzen kleiner in der luft suspendierter teilchen in der menschlichen lunge bei der atmung Pfluegers Arch Ges Physiol 1935;236:367-379.
92. Gormley PG, Kennedy M. Diffusion from a stream flowing through a cylindrical tube. Proc R Ir Acad 1949;52:163-169.
93. Chang IY, Griffith WC, Shyr LJ, Yeh HC, Cuddihy RG, Seiler FA Software for the draft NCRP respiratory tract dosimetry model. Radiat Prot Dosim 1991;38:193-199
94. ICRP. Human respiratory tract model for radiological protection. ICRP Publication 66 (United Kingdom: Elsevier) 1994.
95. Freijer JI, Cassee FR, van Bree L. Modeling of particular matter deposition in the human airways. RIVM Report No 624029 001 (National Institute of Public Health and the Environment Bilthoven the Netherlands) 1997
96. Cohen BS, Sussman RG, Lippmann M. Ultrafine particle deposition in a human tracheobronchial cast. Aerosol Sci Technol 1990;12: 1082-1091.
97. Cohen BS, Asgharian B. Deposition of ultrafine particles in the upper airways: an empirical analysis. J Aerosol Sci 1990;21:789-795.
98. Heyder J, Gebhart J, Rudolf G, Schiller CF, Stahlhofen W. Deposition of particles in the human respiratory tract in the size range 0.005-15 μm. J Aerosol Sci 1986;17(5):811-825.
99. Smaldone GC, Perry RJ, Bennett WD, Messina MS, Zwang J, Ilowite J Interpretation of "24 hour lung retention" in studies of mucociliary clearance. J Aerosol Med 1988;1:11-20.
100. Foster WM Is 24-hour lung retention an index of alveolar deposition? J Aerosol Med 1988;1:1-10.
101. Martonen TB, Kau I, Cress W. Aerosol deposition as a function of airway disease: cystic fibrosis. Pharm Res 1995;12(1):96-102.
102. Hofmann W, Martonen TB, Graham RC. Predicted deposition of nonhygroscopic aerosols in the human lung as a function of subject age. J Aerosol Med 1989;2:49-68.
103. Martonen TB, Zhang Z. Deposition of sulfate acid aerosols in the developing human lung Inhal Toxicol 1993;5:165-187.
104. Schlichting H. Boundary layer theory. New York: McGraw Hill: 1968.
105. Martonen TB, Yang Y, Xue Z, Zhang Z. Motion of air within the human tracheobronchial tree. Partic Sci Tech 1994;12:175-188.