메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 54, Issue 3, 2000, Pages 764-777

The evolution of compensation to herbivory in scarlet gilia, Ipomopsis aggregata: Herbivore-imposed natural selection and the quantitative genetics of tolerance

Author keywords

Compensatory regrowth; Ipomopsis aggregata; Plant herbivore interaction; Quantitative genetics; Scarlet gilia; Tolerance; Ungulate grazing

Indexed keywords

COMPENSATION; EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY; GENETIC VARIATION; HERBIVORY; NATURAL SELECTION; PHENOTYPIC PLASTICITY;

EID: 0033926589     PISSN: 00143820     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.0014-3820.2000.tb00078.x     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (119)

References (93)
  • 1
    • 0029176112 scopus 로고
    • Hypotheses for the evolution of apical dominance in plants: Implications for the interpretation of overcompensation
    • Aarssen, L. W. 1995. Hypotheses for the evolution of apical dominance in plants: implications for the interpretation of overcompensation. Oikos 74:149-156.
    • (1995) Oikos , vol.74 , pp. 149-156
    • Aarssen, L.W.1
  • 2
    • 0032549090 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Induced responses to herbivory and increased plant performance
    • Agrawal, A. 1998. Induced responses to herbivory and increased plant performance. Science 279:1201-1202.
    • (1998) Science , vol.279 , pp. 1201-1202
    • Agrawal, A.1
  • 3
    • 0027060065 scopus 로고
    • Constraints on phenotypic evolution
    • Arnold, S. J. 1992. Constraints on phenotypic evolution. Am. Nat. 140:S85-S107.
    • (1992) Am. Nat. , vol.140
    • Arnold, S.J.1
  • 4
    • 0021570111 scopus 로고
    • On the measurement of natural selection: Theory
    • Arnold, S. J., and M. J. Wade. 1984a. On the measurement of natural selection: theory. Evolution 38:709-719.
    • (1984) Evolution , vol.38 , pp. 709-719
    • Arnold, S.J.1    Wade, M.J.2
  • 5
    • 0021538334 scopus 로고
    • On the measurement of natural selection: Applications
    • _. 1984b. On the measurement of natural selection: applications. Evolution 38:720-734.
    • (1984) Evolution , vol.38 , pp. 720-734
  • 7
    • 0022854239 scopus 로고
    • Does herbivory benefit plants? A review of the evidence
    • Belsky, A. J. 1986. Does herbivory benefit plants? A review of the evidence. Am. Nat. 127:870-892.
    • (1986) Am. Nat. , vol.127 , pp. 870-892
    • Belsky, A.J.1
  • 8
    • 0027883837 scopus 로고
    • Overcompensation by plants: Herbivore optimization or red herring?
    • Beisky, A. J., W. P. Carson, C. L. Jenson, and G. A. Fox. 1993. Overcompensation by plants: herbivore optimization or red herring? Evol. Ecol. 7:109-121.
    • (1993) Evol. Ecol. , vol.7 , pp. 109-121
    • Beisky, A.J.1    Carson, W.P.2    Jenson, C.L.3    Fox, G.A.4
  • 9
    • 0001230814 scopus 로고
    • Effects of apex removal and nutrient supplementation on branching and seed production in Thlaspi arvense (Brassicaceae)
    • Benner, B. L. 1988. Effects of apex removal and nutrient supplementation on branching and seed production in Thlaspi arvense (Brassicaceae). Am. J. Bot. 75:645-651.
    • (1988) Am. J. Bot. , vol.75 , pp. 645-651
    • Benner, B.L.1
  • 10
    • 0001481844 scopus 로고
    • Coumarins and caterpillars: A case for coevolution
    • Berenbaum, M. R. 1983. Coumarins and caterpillars: a case for coevolution. Evolution 37:163-179.
    • (1983) Evolution , vol.37 , pp. 163-179
    • Berenbaum, M.R.1
  • 11
    • 0000500904 scopus 로고
    • Constraints on chemical coevolution: Wild parsnips and the parsnip webworm
    • Berenbaum, M. R., A. R. Zangerl, and J. K. Nitao. 1986. Constraints on chemical coevolution: wild parsnips and the parsnip webworm. Evolution 40:1215-1228.
    • (1986) Evolution , vol.40 , pp. 1215-1228
    • Berenbaum, M.R.1    Zangerl, A.R.2    Nitao, J.K.3
  • 12
    • 0027060729 scopus 로고
    • The effects of grazers on the performance of individuals and populations of scarlet gilia, Ipomopsis aggregata
    • Bergelson, J., and M. J. Crawley. 1992a. The effects of grazers on the performance of individuals and populations of scarlet gilia, Ipomopsis aggregata. Oecologia 90:435-441.
    • (1992) Oecologia , vol.90 , pp. 435-441
    • Bergelson, J.1    Crawley, M.J.2
  • 13
    • 0000096345 scopus 로고
    • Herbivory and Ipomopsis aggregata: The disadvantages of being eaten
    • _. 1992b. Herbivory and Ipomopsis aggregata: the disadvantages of being eaten. Am. Nat. 139:870-882.
    • (1992) Am. Nat. , vol.139 , pp. 870-882
  • 14
    • 0030424629 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Regrowth following herbivory in Ipomopsis aggregata: Compensation but not overcompensation
    • Bergelson, J., T. Juenger, and M. J. Crawley. 1996. Regrowth following herbivory in Ipomopsis aggregata: compensation but not overcompensation. Am. Nat. 148:744-755.
    • (1996) Am. Nat. , vol.148 , pp. 744-755
    • Bergelson, J.1    Juenger, T.2    Crawley, M.J.3
  • 15
    • 0027528240 scopus 로고
    • Growth of sagebrush and bitterbrush following simulated winter browsing: Mechanisms of tolerance
    • Bilbrough, C. J., and J. H Richards. 1993. Growth of sagebrush and bitterbrush following simulated winter browsing: mechanisms of tolerance. Ecology 14:481-492.
    • (1993) Ecology , vol.14 , pp. 481-492
    • Bilbrough, C.J.1    Richards, J.H.2
  • 16
    • 0027060019 scopus 로고
    • Correlational selection for color pattern and anti-predator behavior in the garter snake Thamnophis ordinoides
    • Brodie, E. D. 1992. Correlational selection for color pattern and anti-predator behavior in the garter snake Thamnophis ordinoides. Evolution 46:1284-1298.
    • (1992) Evolution , vol.46 , pp. 1284-1298
    • Brodie, E.D.1
  • 17
    • 0028980810 scopus 로고
    • Visualizing and quantifying natural selection
    • Brodie, E. D., A. J. Moore, and F. J. Janzen. 1995. Visualizing and quantifying natural selection. Trends Ecol. Evol. 10:313-318.
    • (1995) Trends Ecol. Evol. , vol.10 , pp. 313-318
    • Brodie, E.D.1    Moore, A.J.2    Janzen, F.J.3
  • 18
    • 0030617960 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Genetic and environmental variation in life-history traits of a moncarpic perennial: A decade-long field experiment
    • Campbell, D. R. 1997. Genetic and environmental variation in life-history traits of a moncarpic perennial: a decade-long field experiment. Evolution 51:337-382.
    • (1997) Evolution , vol.51 , pp. 337-382
    • Campbell, D.R.1
  • 19
    • 0017617453 scopus 로고
    • Quadratic analysis of reciprocal crosses
    • Cockerham, C. C., and B. S. Weir. 1977. Quadratic analysis of reciprocal crosses. Biometrics 33:187-203.
    • (1977) Biometrics , vol.33 , pp. 187-203
    • Cockerham, C.C.1    Weir, B.S.2
  • 20
    • 0023469933 scopus 로고
    • Benevolent herbivores?
    • Crawley, M. J. 1987. Benevolent herbivores? Trends Ecol. Evol. 2:167-168.
    • (1987) Trends Ecol. Evol. , vol.2 , pp. 167-168
    • Crawley, M.J.1
  • 21
    • 1842360309 scopus 로고
    • Blackwell Scientific Publications. Oxford, U.K.
    • _. 1993. GLIM for ecologists. Blackwell Scientific Publications. Oxford, U.K.
    • (1993) GLIM for Ecologists
  • 22
    • 0001118328 scopus 로고
    • Heritability of threshold characters
    • Dempster, E. R., and I. M. Lerner. 1950. Heritability of threshold characters. Genetics 35:213-236.
    • (1950) Genetics , vol.35 , pp. 213-236
    • Dempster, E.R.1    Lerner, I.M.2
  • 23
    • 0002710625 scopus 로고
    • The bootstrap and the jacknife: Describing the precision of ecological indices
    • S. M. Scheiner and J. Gurevitch, eds. Chapman and Hall, New York
    • Dixon, P. M. 1993. The bootstrap and the jacknife: describing the precision of ecological indices. Pp. 290-318 in S. M. Scheiner and J. Gurevitch, eds. Design and analysis of ecological experiments. Chapman and Hall, New York.
    • (1993) Design and Analysis of Ecological Experiments , pp. 290-318
    • Dixon, P.M.1
  • 24
    • 0026296051 scopus 로고
    • The consequences of herbivory for dwarf fireweed: Different time scales, different morphological scales
    • Doak, D. F. 1991. The consequences of herbivory for dwarf fireweed: different time scales, different morphological scales. Ecology 72:1397-1407.
    • (1991) Ecology , vol.72 , pp. 1397-1407
    • Doak, D.F.1
  • 25
    • 0029666870 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Differing selection on plant physiological traits in response to environmental water availability: A test of adaptive hypothesis
    • Dudley, S. A. 1996. Differing selection on plant physiological traits in response to environmental water availability: a test of adaptive hypothesis. Evolution 50:92-102.
    • (1996) Evolution , vol.50 , pp. 92-102
    • Dudley, S.A.1
  • 26
    • 0029668088 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Testing the adaptive plasticity hypotheses: Density-dependent selection on manipulated stem length in Impatiens capensis
    • Dudley, S., and J. Schmitt. 1996. Testing the adaptive plasticity hypotheses: density-dependent selection on manipulated stem length in Impatiens capensis. Am. Nat. 147:445-465.
    • (1996) Am. Nat. , vol.147 , pp. 445-465
    • Dudley, S.1    Schmitt, J.2
  • 27
    • 0012298526 scopus 로고
    • Pollination and seed production in Ipomopsis aggregate: Differences among and within flower color morph
    • Elam, D. R., and Y. B. Linhart. 1988. Pollination and seed production in Ipomopsis aggregate: differences among and within flower color morph. Am. J. Bot. 75:1262-1274.
    • (1988) Am. J. Bot. , vol.75 , pp. 1262-1274
    • Elam, D.R.1    Linhart, Y.B.2
  • 30
    • 0029129808 scopus 로고
    • Tradeoff between resistance and tolerance to herbivore damage in a morning glory
    • Fineblum, W. L., and M. D. Rausher. 1995. Tradeoff between resistance and tolerance to herbivore damage in a morning glory. Nature 377:517-520.
    • (1995) Nature , vol.377 , pp. 517-520
    • Fineblum, W.L.1    Rausher, M.D.2
  • 31
    • 0000908887 scopus 로고
    • The mixed-model analysis of variance applied to quantitative genetics: Biological interpretation of the parameters
    • Fry, J. D. 1992. The mixed-model analysis of variance applied to quantitative genetics: biological interpretation of the parameters. Evolution 46:540-550.
    • (1992) Evolution , vol.46 , pp. 540-550
    • Fry, J.D.1
  • 32
    • 0030779996 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effects of herbivory on paternal fitness in scarlet gilia: Better moms also make better pops
    • Gronemeyer, P., B. J. Dilger, J. L. Bouzat, and K. N. Paige. 1997. The effects of herbivory on paternal fitness in scarlet gilia: better moms also make better pops. Am. Nat. 150:592-602.
    • (1997) Am. Nat. , vol.150 , pp. 592-602
    • Gronemeyer, P.1    Dilger, B.J.2    Bouzat, J.L.3    Paige, K.N.4
  • 33
    • 0028327979 scopus 로고
    • The evolution of carbon allocation to plant secondary metabolites: A genetic analysis of cost in Diplacus aurantiacus
    • Han, K., and D. Lincoln. 1994. The evolution of carbon allocation to plant secondary metabolites: a genetic analysis of cost in Diplacus aurantiacus. Evolution 48:1550-1563.
    • (1994) Evolution , vol.48 , pp. 1550-1563
    • Han, K.1    Lincoln, D.2
  • 35
    • 0026540999 scopus 로고
    • Comparing evolvibility and variability of quantitative traits
    • Houle, D. 1992. Comparing evolvibility and variability of quantitative traits. Genetics 130:195-204.
    • (1992) Genetics , vol.130 , pp. 195-204
    • Houle, D.1
  • 36
    • 0020456977 scopus 로고
    • The consequences of herbivory: A mixed blessing for Jurinea mollis (Asteraceae)
    • Inouye, D. W. 1982. The consequences of herbivory: a mixed blessing for Jurinea mollis (Asteraceae). Oikos 39:269-272.
    • (1982) Oikos , vol.39 , pp. 269-272
    • Inouye, D.W.1
  • 37
    • 0004469381 scopus 로고
    • Compensation and regrowth in ragwort (Senecio jabobeae) attacked by cinnabar moth (Tyria jacobeae)
    • Islam, Z., and M. J. Crawley. 1983. Compensation and regrowth in ragwort (Senecio jabobeae) attacked by cinnabar moth (Tyria jacobeae). J. Ecol. 21:828-843.
    • (1983) J. Ecol. , vol.21 , pp. 828-843
    • Islam, Z.1    Crawley, M.J.2
  • 38
    • 0030613575 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pollen and resource limitation of compensation to herbivory in scarlet gilia, Ipomopsis aggregata
    • Juenger, T., and J. Bergelson. 1997. Pollen and resource limitation of compensation to herbivory in scarlet gilia, Ipomopsis aggregata. Ecology 78:1684-1695.
    • (1997) Ecology , vol.78 , pp. 1684-1695
    • Juenger, T.1    Bergelson, J.2
  • 39
    • 0032437759 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pairwise versus diffuse natural selection and the multiple herbivores of scarlet gilia, Ipomopsis aggregata
    • _. 1998. Pairwise versus diffuse natural selection and the multiple herbivores of scarlet gilia, Ipomopsis aggregata. Evolution 52:1583-1592.
    • (1998) Evolution , vol.52 , pp. 1583-1592
  • 40
    • 0033951817 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Does early season browsing influence the effect of self pollination in scarlet gilia?
    • _. 2000. Does early season browsing influence the effect of self pollination in scarlet gilia? Ecology 81:41-48.
    • (2000) Ecology , vol.81 , pp. 41-48
  • 41
    • 0008107175 scopus 로고
    • Quantitative genetics of size and phenology of life-history traits in Chamaecrista fasciculata
    • Kelly, C. A. 1993. Quantitative genetics of size and phenology of life-history traits in Chamaecrista fasciculata. Evolution 47: 88-97.
    • (1993) Evolution , vol.47 , pp. 88-97
    • Kelly, C.A.1
  • 42
    • 0001288442 scopus 로고
    • Quantitative genetic analysis of multivariate evolution, applied to brain:Body size allometry
    • Lande, R. 1979. Quantitative genetic analysis of multivariate evolution, applied to brain:body size allometry. Evolution 33: 402-416.
    • (1979) Evolution , vol.33 , pp. 402-416
    • Lande, R.1
  • 43
    • 0001214721 scopus 로고
    • The measurement of selection on correlated characters
    • Lande, R., and S. J. Arnold. 1983. The measurement of selection on correlated characters. Evolution 37:1210-1226.
    • (1983) Evolution , vol.37 , pp. 1210-1226
    • Lande, R.1    Arnold, S.J.2
  • 44
    • 0000101651 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evidence for an evolutionary history of overcompensation in the grassland biennial Gentianella campestris (Gentianaceae)
    • Lennartsson, T., J. Tuomi, and P. Nilsson. 1997. Evidence for an evolutionary history of overcompensation in the grassland biennial Gentianella campestris (Gentianaceae). Am. Nat. 149: 1147-1155.
    • (1997) Am. Nat. , vol.149 , pp. 1147-1155
    • Lennartsson, T.1    Tuomi, J.2    Nilsson, P.3
  • 48
    • 0024879047 scopus 로고
    • The continuum of plant responses to herbivory: The influence of plant association, nutrient availability, and timing
    • Maschinski, J., and T. G. Whitham. 1989. The continuum of plant responses to herbivory: the influence of plant association, nutrient availability, and timing. Am. Nat. 134:1-19.
    • (1989) Am. Nat. , vol.134 , pp. 1-19
    • Maschinski, J.1    Whitham, T.G.2
  • 49
    • 0028065685 scopus 로고
    • The benefits of overcompensation and herbivory: The difference between coping with herbivores and liking them
    • Mathews, J. N. A. 1994. The benefits of overcompensation and herbivory: the difference between coping with herbivores and liking them. Am. Nat. 144:528-533.
    • (1994) Am. Nat. , vol.144 , pp. 528-533
    • Mathews, J.N.A.1
  • 50
    • 0030784809 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Experimental manipulation of putative selective agents provides evidence for the role of natural enemies in the evolution of plant defense
    • Mauricio, R., and M. D. Rausher. 1997. Experimental manipulation of putative selective agents provides evidence for the role of natural enemies in the evolution of plant defense. Evolution 51: 1435-1444.
    • (1997) Evolution , vol.51 , pp. 1435-1444
    • Mauricio, R.1    Rausher, M.D.2
  • 51
    • 0000323737 scopus 로고
    • A unified approach to mixed linear models
    • McLean, R. A., S. William, and W. W. Stroup. 1991. A unified approach to mixed linear models. Am. Stat. 45:54-63.
    • (1991) Am. Stat. , vol.45 , pp. 54-63
    • McLean, R.A.1    William, S.2    Stroup, W.W.3
  • 52
    • 0025008594 scopus 로고
    • Statistical genetics of an annual plant, Impatiens capensis. I. Genetic basis of quantitative variation
    • Mitchell-Olds, T., and J. Bergelson. 1990. Statistical genetics of an annual plant, Impatiens capensis. I. Genetic basis of quantitative variation. Genetics 124:407-415.
    • (1990) Genetics , vol.124 , pp. 407-415
    • Mitchell-Olds, T.1    Bergelson, J.2
  • 53
    • 0023557028 scopus 로고
    • Regression analysis of natural selection: Statistical inference and biological interpretation
    • Mitchell-Olds, T., and R. G. Shaw. 1987. Regression analysis of natural selection: statistical inference and biological interpretation. Evolution 41:1149-1161.
    • (1987) Evolution , vol.41 , pp. 1149-1161
    • Mitchell-Olds, T.1    Shaw, R.G.2
  • 54
    • 0029667538 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bud dormancy as a bet-hedging strategy
    • Nilsson, P., J. Tuomi, and M. Åström. 1996a. Bud dormancy as a bet-hedging strategy. Am. Nat. 147:269-281.
    • (1996) Am. Nat. , vol.147 , pp. 269-281
    • Nilsson, P.1    Tuomi, J.2    Åström, M.3
  • 55
    • 0000767630 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Even repeated grazing may select for overcompensation
    • _. 1996b. Even repeated grazing may select for overcompensation. Ecology 77:1942-1946.
    • (1996) Ecology , vol.77 , pp. 1942-1946
  • 56
    • 0026010707 scopus 로고
    • Effects of stress and time for recovery on the amount of compensatory growth after grazing
    • Osterheld, M., and S. J. McNaughton. 1991. Effects of stress and time for recovery on the amount of compensatory growth after grazing. Oecologia 85:305-313.
    • (1991) Oecologia , vol.85 , pp. 305-313
    • Osterheld, M.1    McNaughton, S.J.2
  • 57
    • 0027061477 scopus 로고
    • Overcompensation in response to mammalian herbivory: From mutualistic to antagonistic interactions
    • Paige, K. N. 1992a. Overcompensation in response to mammalian herbivory: from mutualistic to antagonistic interactions. Ecology 73:2076-2085.
    • (1992) Ecology , vol.73 , pp. 2076-2085
    • Paige, K.N.1
  • 58
    • 0027020171 scopus 로고
    • The effects of fire on scarlet gilia: An alternative selection pressure to herbivory?
    • _. 1992b. The effects of fire on scarlet gilia: an alternative selection pressure to herbivory? Oecologia 92:229-235.
    • (1992) Oecologia , vol.92 , pp. 229-235
  • 59
    • 0028174699 scopus 로고
    • Herbivory and Ipomopsis aggregata: Differences in response, differences in experimental protocol: A·reply to Bergelson and Crawley
    • _. 1994. Herbivory and Ipomopsis aggregata: differences in response, differences in experimental protocol: a·reply to Bergelson and Crawley. Am. Nat. 143:739-749.
    • (1994) Am. Nat. , vol.143 , pp. 739-749
  • 60
    • 0033029517 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Regrowth following ungulate herbivory in Ipomopsis aggregata: Geographic evidence for overcompensation
    • _. 1999. Regrowth following ungulate herbivory in Ipomopsis aggregata: geographic evidence for overcompensation. Oecologia 118:316-323.
    • (1999) Oecologia , vol.118 , pp. 316-323
  • 61
    • 0001565692 scopus 로고
    • Overcompensation in response to mammalian herbivory: The advantage of being eaten
    • Paige, K. N., and T. G. Whitham. 1987. Overcompensation in response to mammalian herbivory: the advantage of being eaten. Am. Nat. 143:739-749.
    • (1987) Am. Nat. , vol.143 , pp. 739-749
    • Paige, K.N.1    Whitham, T.G.2
  • 62
    • 0003090133 scopus 로고
    • ANOVA: Experiments in controlled environments
    • S. M. Scheiner and J. Gurevitch, eds. Chapman and Hall, New York
    • Potvin, C. 1993. ANOVA: experiments in controlled environments. Pp. 46-68 in S. M. Scheiner and J. Gurevitch, eds. Design and analysis of ecological experiments. Chapman and Hall, New York.
    • (1993) Design and Analysis of Ecological Experiments , pp. 46-68
    • Potvin, C.1
  • 63
    • 0026540044 scopus 로고
    • The measurement of natural selection on quantitative traits: Biases due to environmental covariance between traits and fitness
    • Rausher, M. D. 1992. The measurement of natural selection on quantitative traits: biases due to environmental covariance between traits and fitness. Evolution 46:616-626.
    • (1992) Evolution , vol.46 , pp. 616-626
    • Rausher, M.D.1
  • 64
    • 0024876663 scopus 로고
    • The evolution of resistance to herbivory in Ipomoea purpurea. I. Attempts to detect selection
    • Rausher, M. D., and E. L. Simms. 1989. The evolution of resistance to herbivory in Ipomoea purpurea. I. Attempts to detect selection. Evolution 43:563-572.
    • (1989) Evolution , vol.43 , pp. 563-572
    • Rausher, M.D.1    Simms, E.L.2
  • 66
    • 0028175346 scopus 로고
    • Terrestrial plant tolerance to herbivory
    • Rosenthal, J. P., and P. M. Kotanen. 1994. Terrestrial plant tolerance to herbivory. Trends Ecol. Evol. 9:145-148.
    • (1994) Trends Ecol. Evol. , vol.9 , pp. 145-148
    • Rosenthal, J.P.1    Kotanen, P.M.2
  • 67
    • 0028975188 scopus 로고
    • Tolerance to herbivory by a stem-boring caterpillar in architecturally distinct maizes and wild relatives
    • Rosenthal, J. P., and S. C. Welter. 1995. Tolerance to herbivory by a stem-boring caterpillar in architecturally distinct maizes and wild relatives. Oecologia 102:146-156.
    • (1995) Oecologia , vol.102 , pp. 146-156
    • Rosenthal, J.P.1    Welter, S.C.2
  • 69
    • 0028174690 scopus 로고
    • Exploring fitness surfaces
    • Schluter, D., and M. L. Nychka. 1994. Exploring fitness surfaces. Am. Nat. 143:597-616.
    • (1994) Am. Nat. , vol.143 , pp. 597-616
    • Schluter, D.1    Nychka, M.L.2
  • 70
    • 0025646230 scopus 로고
    • Quantitative genetics of seed size variation in Phlox
    • Schwaegerle, K. E., and D. A. Levins. 1990. Quantitative genetics of seed size variation in Phlox. Evol. Ecol. 4:143-148.
    • (1990) Evol. Ecol. , vol.4 , pp. 143-148
    • Schwaegerle, K.E.1    Levins, D.A.2
  • 71
    • 0004264401 scopus 로고
    • Wiley Series in Probability and Mathmatical Statistics. Wiley, New York
    • Searle, S. R., G. Casella, and C. E. McCulloch. 1992. Variance components. Wiley Series in Probability and Mathmatical Statistics. Wiley, New York.
    • (1992) Variance Components
    • Searle, S.R.1    Casella, G.2    McCulloch, C.E.3
  • 72
    • 0023511136 scopus 로고
    • Maximum-likelihood approaches applied to quantitative genetics of natural populations
    • Shaw, R. 1987. Maximum-likelihood approaches applied to quantitative genetics of natural populations. Evolution 41:812-826.
    • (1987) Evolution , vol.41 , pp. 812-826
    • Shaw, R.1
  • 73
    • 0032787231 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The cost of compensation
    • Simmons, A. M., and M. O. Johnston. 1999. The cost of compensation. Am. Nat. 153:683-687.
    • (1999) Am. Nat. , vol.153 , pp. 683-687
    • Simmons, A.M.1    Johnston, M.O.2
  • 74
    • 0024915220 scopus 로고
    • The evolution of resistance to herbivory in Ipomoea purpurea. II. Natural selection by insects and costs of resistance
    • Simms, E. L., and M. D. Rausher. 1989. The evolution of resistance to herbivory in Ipomoea purpurea. II. Natural selection by insects and costs of resistance. Evolution 43:573-585.
    • (1989) Evolution , vol.43 , pp. 573-585
    • Simms, E.L.1    Rausher, M.D.2
  • 75
    • 0028680566 scopus 로고
    • Costs and benefits of plant response to disease: Resistance and tolerance
    • Simms, E. L., and J. Triplett. 1994. Costs and benefits of plant response to disease: resistance and tolerance. Evolution 48: 1973-1985.
    • (1994) Evolution , vol.48 , pp. 1973-1985
    • Simms, E.L.1    Triplett, J.2
  • 76
    • 0003483915 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • SPSS, Inc., Chicago, IL
    • SPSS. 1997. SYSTAT 7.0. Statistics. SPSS, Inc., Chicago, IL.
    • (1997) SYSTAT 7.0. Statistics
  • 77
    • 85037970550 scopus 로고
    • StatSoft, Inc., Tulsa, OK
    • StatSoft. 1995. Statistica. Vol. 2. Graphics. StatSoft, Inc., Tulsa, OK.
    • (1995) Statistica. Vol. 2. Graphics , vol.2
  • 78
    • 0033135234 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The ecology and evolution of plant tolerance to herbivory
    • Strauss, S. Y., and A. A. Agrawal. 1999. The ecology and evolution of plant tolerance to herbivory. Trends Ecol. Evol. 14:179-185.
    • (1999) Trends Ecol. Evol. , vol.14 , pp. 179-185
    • Strauss, S.Y.1    Agrawal, A.A.2
  • 80
    • 0028181304 scopus 로고
    • Plant compensatory responses: Bud dormancy as an adaptation to herbivory
    • Toumi, J., P. Nilsson, and M. Åström. 1994. Plant compensatory responses: bud dormancy as an adaptation to herbivory. Ecology 75:1429-1436.
    • (1994) Ecology , vol.75 , pp. 1429-1436
    • Toumi, J.1    Nilsson, P.2    Åström, M.3
  • 81
    • 0026459517 scopus 로고
    • Selection for overcompensatory responses to herbivory: A mechanism of the evolution of plant-herbivore mutualism
    • Vail, S. G. 1992. Selection for overcompensatory responses to herbivory: a mechanism of the evolution of plant-herbivore mutualism. Am. Nat. 139:1-8.
    • (1992) Am. Nat. , vol.139 , pp. 1-8
    • Vail, S.G.1
  • 82
    • 0001712463 scopus 로고
    • Herbivory as a trigger for growth
    • van der Meijden, E. 1990. Herbivory as a trigger for growth. Func. Ecol. 4:597-598.
    • (1990) Func. Ecol. , vol.4 , pp. 597-598
    • Van Der Meijden, E.1
  • 83
    • 0024224920 scopus 로고
    • Defense and regrowth, alternative plant strategies in the struggle against herbivores
    • van der Meijden, E., M. Wijn, and H. J. Verkaar. 1988. Defense and regrowth, alternative plant strategies in the struggle against herbivores. Oikos 51:355-363.
    • (1988) Oikos , vol.51 , pp. 355-363
    • Van Der Meijden, E.1    Wijn, M.2    Verkaar, H.J.3
  • 84
    • 0003526944 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Linear mixed models in practice: A SAS oriented approach
    • Springer-Verlag, New York
    • Verbeke, G., and G. Molenberghs. 1997. Linear mixed models in practice: a SAS oriented approach. Lecture notes in statistics. Springer-Verlag, New York.
    • (1997) Lecture Notes in Statistics
    • Verbeke, G.1    Molenberghs, G.2
  • 85
    • 0002961133 scopus 로고
    • Genetic constraints on the evolution of phenotypic plasticity
    • V. Loeschke, ed. Springer-Verlag, Berlin
    • Via, S. 1987. Genetic constraints on the evolution of phenotypic plasticity. Pp. 47-71 in V. Loeschke, ed. Genetic constraints on adaptive evolution. Springer-Verlag, Berlin.
    • (1987) Genetic Constraints on Adaptive Evolution , pp. 47-71
    • Via, S.1
  • 86
    • 0029139016 scopus 로고
    • Evolution in heterogeneous environments: Genetic variability within and across different grains in Tribolium castaneum
    • Via, S., and J. Conner. 1995. Evolution in heterogeneous environments: genetic variability within and across different grains in Tribolium castaneum. Heredity 74:80-90.
    • (1995) Heredity , vol.74 , pp. 80-90
    • Via, S.1    Conner, J.2
  • 87
    • 0022189933 scopus 로고
    • Genotype-by-environment interaction and the evolution of phenotypic plasticity
    • Via, S., and R. Lande. 1985. Genotype-by-environment interaction and the evolution of phenotypic plasticity. Evolution 39: 505-522.
    • (1985) Evolution , vol.39 , pp. 505-522
    • Via, S.1    Lande, R.2
  • 88
    • 0025629621 scopus 로고
    • The causes of natural selection
    • Wade, M. J., and S. Kalisz. 1990. The causes of natural selection. Evolution 44:1947-1955.
    • (1990) Evolution , vol.44 , pp. 1947-1955
    • Wade, M.J.1    Kalisz, S.2
  • 89
    • 0029104340 scopus 로고
    • Sexual differences in plant developmental phenology affect plant-herbivore interactions
    • Watson, M. A. 1995. Sexual differences in plant developmental phenology affect plant-herbivore interactions. Trends Ecol. Evol. 10:180-182.
    • (1995) Trends Ecol. Evol. , vol.10 , pp. 180-182
    • Watson, M.A.1
  • 90
    • 0003102942 scopus 로고
    • Plant variation and the evolution of phenotypic plasticity in herbivore performance
    • R. S. Fritz and E. L. Simms, eds. Univ. of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL
    • Weiss, A. E. 1992. Plant variation and the evolution of phenotypic plasticity in herbivore performance. Pp. 140-171 in R. S. Fritz and E. L. Simms, eds. Plant resistance to herbivores and pathogens: ecology, evolution, and genetics. Univ. of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL.
    • (1992) Plant Resistance to Herbivores and Pathogens: Ecology, Evolution, and Genetics , pp. 140-171
    • Weiss, A.E.1
  • 91
    • 0013039749 scopus 로고
    • The effect of Willamette mite and Pacific spider mite (Acarina: Tetranychidae) on grape photosynthesis and stomatal conductance
    • Welter, S. C., D. S. Farnham, P. S. McNally, and R. Freeman. 1989. The effect of Willamette mite and Pacific spider mite (Acarina: Tetranychidae) on grape photosynthesis and stomatal conductance. Environ. Entomol. 18:953-957.
    • (1989) Environ. Entomol. , vol.18 , pp. 953-957
    • Welter, S.C.1    Farnham, D.S.2    McNally, P.S.3    Freeman, R.4
  • 92
    • 0343467365 scopus 로고
    • Integradation among populations of the Ipomopsis aggregata complex in the Colorado Front Range
    • Wilken, D. H., and S. T. Allard. 1986. Integradation among populations of the Ipomopsis aggregata complex in the Colorado Front Range. Syst. Bot. 11:1-13.
    • (1986) Syst. Bot. , vol.11 , pp. 1-13
    • Wilken, D.H.1    Allard, S.T.2
  • 93
    • 0031464101 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The calculation and significance testing of genetic correlations across environments
    • Windig, J. J. 1997. The calculation and significance testing of genetic correlations across environments. J. Evol. Biol. 10: 853-874.
    • (1997) J. Evol. Biol. , vol.10 , pp. 853-874
    • Windig, J.J.1


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.