Plasmid effects on Escherichia coli metabolism

Critical Reviews in Biotechnology

Volumn 20, Issue 2, 2000, Pages 79-108

  Diaz Ricci, Juan C ^a   Hernández, María Eugenia ^a  

^a Instituto Superior de Investigaciones Biologicas   (Argentina)

Author keywords

Escherichia coli; Interaction; Metabolic burden; Metabolism; Plasmid

Indexed keywords

BETA GALACTOSIDASE; GLUCOSE;

BACTERIAL GROWTH; BACTERIAL METABOLISM; BIOTECHNOLOGY; CELL FUNCTION; ENZYME ACTIVITY; ESCHERICHIA COLI; GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION; GLUCOSE TRANSPORT; GROWTH RATE; HOST; NONHUMAN; PLASMID; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REGULATORY MECHANISM; REVIEW;

BACTERIA (MICROORGANISMS); ESCHERICHIA COLI; PROKARYOTA;

EID: 0033917198     PISSN: 07388551     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/07388550008984167     Document Type: Review

References (129)

1. Aiba, H., Mori, K., Tanaka, M., Ooi, T., Roy, A., and Danchin, A. 1984. The complete nucleotide sequence of the adenylate cyclase gene of Escherichia coli. Nucl. Acids Res. 12: 9427-9441.
2. Andersson, L., Yang, S., Neubauer, P., and Enfords, S. 1996. Impact of plasmid presence and induction on cellular responses in fed-batch cultures of Escherichia coli. J. Biotechnol. 46: 225-263.
3. Aristidou, A. A., San, K-Y., and Bennett, G. N. 1999. Improvement of biomass yield and recombinant gene expression in Escherichia coli by using fructose as the primary carbon source. Biotechnol. Prog. 15: 140-145.
4. Austin, S. J. 1988. Plasmid partition (review). Plasmid 20: 1-9.
5. 31P nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy to investigate plasmid effects on Escherichia coli metabolism. Biotechnol. Lett. 9: 83-88.
6. Bailey, J. E. 1993. Host-Vector interaction in Escherichia coli. In: Advances in Biochemical Engineering. Biotechnology. Vol. 48, pp. 29-52. Fiechter, A., Ed. Springer-Verlag, Berlin.
7. Bailey, J. E., DaSilva, N. A., Peretti, S. W., Seo, J. H., and Srienc, F. 1986. Studies of host-plasmid interactions in recombinant microorganisms. Ann. NY. Acad. Sci. 469: 194-221.
8. Balbas, P., Soberon, X., Merino, E., Zurita, M., Lomeli, H., Valle, F., Flores, N., and Bolivar, F., 1986. Plasmid vector pBR322 and its special-purpose derivatives - a review. Gene 50: 3-40.
9. Basset, C. L. and Kushner, S. R. 1984. Exonucleases I, III and V are required for stability of ColE1-related plasmids in Escherichia coli. J. Bacteriol. 157: 661-664.
10. Beale, S. I. 1996. Biosynthesis of heme. In: Escherichia coli and Salmonella. Cellular and Molecular Biology. Neidhardt et al., Eds. Vol. 1 pp. 731-748. ASM Press, Washington.
11. Bentley, W. E. and Kompala, D. S. 1989. A novel structured kinetic modeling approach for the analysis of plasmid instability in recombinant bacterial cultures. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 33: 49-61.
12. Bentley, W. E. and Kompala, D. S. 1990. Stability in continuous cultures of recombinant bacteria: a metabolic approach. Biotechnol. Lett. 12: 329-334.
13. Bentley, W. E., Mirjalili, N., Andersen, D. C., Davis, R. H., and Kompala, D. S. 1990. Plasmid encoded protein: The principal factor in the "metabolic burden" associated with recombinant bacteria. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 35: 668-681.
14. Biek, D. P. and Cohen, S. N. 1986. Identification and characterization of recD, a gene affecting plasmid maintenance and recombination in Escherichia coli. J. Bacteriol. 167: 594-603.
15. Birnbaum, S. and Bailey, J. E. 1991. Plasmid presence changes the relative levels of many host cell proteins and ribosome components in recombinant Escherichia coli. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 27: 736-745.
16. Bolivar, F. and Backman, K., 1979. Plasmids of E. coli as cloning vectors. Method. Enzymol. 68: 245-267.
17. Borman R. L. and Dobrogosz, W. J. 1974. Stimulation of cytochrome synthesis in Escherichia coli by cyclic AMP. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 162: 595-601.
18. Botsford, J. L. and Harman, J. G. 1992. Cyclic AMP in Prokaryote. Microbiol. Rev. 56: 100-122.
19. Brownlie, L., Stephenson, J. R., and Cole, J. A. 1990. Effect of growth rate on plasmid maintenance by Escherichia coli HB101 (pAT153). J. Gen. Microbiol. 136: 2471-2480.
20. Byrne, D. 1990. An investigation of the dynamics of plasmid loss in recombinant culture. Ph.D. Thesis. National University of Ireland.
21. Chan, P. T., Ohmori, H., Tomizawa, J., and Lebowitz, J. 1985. Nucleic sequence and gene organization of ColE1 DNA. J. Biol. Chem. 260: 8925-8935.
22. Chang, A. C. Y. and Cohen, S. N. 1978. Construction and characterization of amplifiable multicopy DNA cloning vehicles derived from the P15A cryptic miniplasmid. J. Bacteriol. 134: 1141-1156.
23. Glc protein is involved in glucose-mediated activation of Escherichia coli gapA and gapB-pgk transcription. J. Bacteriol. 180: 6476-6483.
24. Cheah, U. E., Weigand, W., and Stark, B. C. 1987. Effects of recombinant plasmid size on cellular processes in Escherichia coli. Plasmid 18: 127-134.
25. Chou, C-H., Bennett, G. N., and San, K-Y. 1994. Effect of modified glucose uptake using genetic engineering techniques on high-level recombinant protein production in Escherichia coli dense cultures. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 44: 952-960.
26. Clewell, D. B. and Helinski, D. R. 1972. Effect of growth conditions on the formation of the relaxation complex of supercoiled ColE1 deoxyribonucleic acid and protein in Escherichia coli. J. Bacteriol. 110: 1135-1146.
27. Clowes, R. 1972. Molecular structure of bacterial plasmids. Bacteriol. Rev. 36: 361-405.
28. Cohen, S. N. and Chang, A. C. 1977. Revised interpretation of the origin of the pSC101 plasmid. J. Bacteriol. 132: 734-737.
29. Corchero, J. L. and Villaverde, A. 1998. Plasmid maintenance in Escherichia coli recombinant cultures is dramatically, steadily, and specifically influenced by features of the encoded proteins. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 58: 625-632.
30. Cox, R. and Charles, H. P. 1973. Porphyrin-accumulation mutants of Escherichia coli. J. Bacteriol. 113: 122-132.
31. Dale, J. W. and Smith, J. T. 1979. The effect of plasmid on growth and survival of Escherichia coli. Ant. Leuwenh. 45: 103-11.
32. DaSilva, N. A. and Bailey, J. E. 1986. Theoretical growth yield estimates for recombinant cells. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 28: 741-746.
33. De Bernardez, E. R. and Dhurjati, P. S. 1987. Effect of broad-host range plasmid on growth dynamics of Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas putida. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 29: 558-565.
34. del Solar, G., Giraldo, R., Ruiz-Echeverría, M. J., Espinosa, M., and Diaz-Orejas, R. 1998. Replication and control of circular bacterial plasmids. Microbiol. Molec. Biol. Rev. 62: 434-464.
35. Diaz Ricci, J. C., Hitzmann, B., and Bailey, J. E. 1991a. In vivo NMR analyses of the influence of pyruvate decarboxylase and alcohol dehydrogenase of Zymomonas mobilis on the anaerobic metabolism of Escherichia coli. Biotechnol. Prog. 6: 326-332.
36. Diaz Ricci, J. C., Regan, L., and Bailey, J. E. 1991b. Effect of alteration of the acetic acid synthesis on the fermentation pattern of Escherichia coli. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 38: 1318-1324.
37. Diaz Ricci, J. C., Tsu, M., and Bailey, J. E. 1992. Influence of the expression of the pet operon on the intracellular metabolic fluxes of Escherichia coli. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 39: 59-65.
38. Diaz Ricci, J. C., Bode, J., Rhee, J. I., and Schügerl, K. 1995. Gene expression enhancement due to plasmid maintenance. J. Bacteriol. 177: 6684-6687.
39. Epstein, W. 1983. Membrane-mediated regulation of gene expression in bacteria. In: Gene Function in Prokaryote. Beckwith, J., Davies, J., and Gallant, J. A. Eds. pp. 281-292. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, New York.
40. Figurski, D. H., Meyer, R. J., and Helinski, D. R. 1979. Suppression of ColE1 replication properties by the Inc-P plasmid RK2 in hybrid plasmids constructed in vitro. J. Mol Biol. 133: 295-318.
41. Firshein, W., Strumph, P., Benjamin, P., Bernstein, K., and Kornacki, J. A. 1982. The replication of a low copy number plasmid by DNA membrane complex extracted from minicells of Escherichia coli. J. Bacteriol. 150: 1234-1243.
42. Firshein, W. and Kim, P. 1997. Plasmid replication and partition in Escherichia coli: is the cell membrane the key?. Mol. Microbiol. 23: 1-10.
43. George, H. A., Powell, A. L., Dahlgren, M. E., Herber, W. K., Maigetter, R. Z., Burgess, B. W., Stirdivant, S. M., and Greashem, R. L. 1992. Physiological effects of TGF α-PE40 expression in recombinant Escherichia coli JM109. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 40: 437-445.
44. Click, B. R. 1995. Metabolic load and heterologous gene expression. Biotechnol. Adv. 13: 247-261.
45. Godwin, D. and Slater, J. H. 1979. The influence of the growth environment on the stability of a drug resistance plasmid in Escherichia coli K12. J. Gen. Microbiol. 111: 201-210.
46. Gustafsson, P., Wolf-Watz, H., Lind, L., Johansson, K. E., and Nordström, K. 1983. Binding between the par region of plasmid RI and pSC101 and the outer membrane fraction of the host bacteria. EMBO J. 2: 27-32.
47. Hakkaart, M. J. J., Veltkamp, E., and Nijkamp, J. J. 1982. Maintenance of the bacteriocinogenic plasmid Col DF31 in Escherichia coli cells. II. Specific recombination function in plasmid maintenance. Mol. Gen. Genet. 188: 338-344.
48. Hardy, K. 1986. Bacterial Plasmids. Aspects of Microbiology, 4. ASM. Washington D.C.
49. Hasunuma, K. and Sekiguchi, M. 1977. Replication of plasmid pSC101 in Escherichia coli K12: requirement for dnaA function. Mol. Gen. Genet. 154: 225-230.
50. Helinski, D. R., Toukdarian, A. E., and Novick, R. P. 1996. Replication control and other stable maintenance mechanisms of plasmids. In: Escherichia coli and Salmonella. Cellular and Molecular Biology. Neidhardt et al., Eds. Vol. 2 pp. 2295-2324. ASM Press, Washington, D.C.
51. Helling, R. B., Kinney, Th., and Adams, J. 1981. The maintenance of plasmid-containing organisms in populations of Escherichia coli. J. Gen. Microbiol. 123: 129-141.
52. Hespell, R. B., Wyckoff, H., Dien, B. S., and Bothast, R. J. 1996. Stabilization of pet operon plasmids and ethanol production in Escherichia coli strains lacking lactate dehydrogenase and pyruvate formate-lyase activities. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 62: 4594-4597.
53. Hopkins, D. J., Betenbaugh, M. J., and Dhurjati, P. 1987. Effects of dissolved oxygen shock on the stability of recombinant Escherichia coli containing plasmid pKN401. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 29: 85-91.
54. Ingram, L. O., Conway, T., Clark, D. P., Sewell, G. W., and Preston, J. F. 1987. Genetic engineering of ethanol production in Escherichia coli. Appl. Environm. Microbiol. 53: 2420-2425.
55. Ingram, L. O. and Conway, T. 1988. Expression of different levels of ethanologenic enzymes from Zymomonas mobilis in recombinant strains of Escherichia coli. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 54: 397-404.
56. Jacob, A. E., Shapiro, J. A., Yamamoto, L., Smith, D. I., Cohen, S. N., and Berg, D. 1977. Plasmid studied in Escherichia coli and other enteric bacteria. In: DNA Insertion Elements, Plasmids and Episomes. Bukhari et al., Eds. pp. 607-670. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, NY.
57. Jones, I. M., Primrose, S. B., Robinson, S., and Ellwood, D. C. 1980. Maintenance of some ColE1-type plasmids in chemostat culture. Mol. Gen. Genet. 180: 579-584.
58. Kallio, P. T., Tsai, P. S., and Bailey, J. E. 1996. Expression of Vitreoscilla hemoglobin is superior to horse heart myoglobin or yeast flavohemoglobin expression for enhancing Escherichia coli growth in microaerobic bioreactor. Biotechnol. Prog. 12: 751-757.
59. Kadner, R. J., Murphy, G. P., and Stephen, C. M. 1992. Two mechanisms for growth inhibition by elevate transport of sugar phosphates in Escherichia coli. J. Gen. Microbiol. 138: 2007-2014.
60. Katz, L., Kingsbury, D. T., and Helinski, D. R. 1973. Stimulation by cyclic adenosine monophosphate of plasmid deoxyribonucleic acid replication and catabolite repression on the plasmid deoxyribonucleic acid-protein relaxation complex. J. Bacteriol. 114: 577-591.
61. Khosravi, M., Ryan, W., Webster, D. A., and Stark, B. C. 1990. Variation of oxygen requirement with plasmid size in recombinant Escherichia coli. Plasmid 23: 138-143.
62. Khosla, C. and Bailey, J. E. 1988. Heterologous expression of a bacterial haemoglobin improves the growth properties of recombinant Escherichia coli. Nature 331: 663-635.
63. Khosla, C., Curtis, J. E., DeModena, J., Rinas, U., and Bailey, J. E. 1990. Expression of intracellular hemoglobin improves protein synthesis in oxygen-limited Escherichia coli. Biotechnology 8: 849-853.
64. Klemperer, R. M. M., Ismail, N. T. A. J., and Brown, M. R. W. 1979. Effect of R plasmid RP1 on the nutritional requirements of Escherichia coli in batch culture. J. Gen. Microbiol. 115: 325-331.
65. Konings, W. N. and Robillard, G. T. 1982. Physical mechanism for regulation of proton solute symport in Escherichia coli. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 79: 5480-5484.
66. Kues, U. and Stahl, U. 1989. Replication of plasmids in Gram-negative bacteria. Microbiol. Rev. 53: 491-516.
67. Lawford, H. G. and Rousseau, J. D. 1996. The relationship between growth enhancement and pet expression in Escherichia coli. Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol. 57/58: 277-292.
68. Lee, S. B. and Bailey, J. E. 1984. Analysis of growth rate effects on productivity of recombinant Escherichia coli populations using molecular mechanism models. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 26: 66-73.
69. Lee, S. W. and Edlin, G. 1985. Expression of tetracycline resistance in pBR322 derivatives reduces the reproductive fitness of plasmid-containing Escherichia coli. Gene 39: 173-180.
70. Lenski, R. E. and Bouma, J. E. 1987. Effects of segregation and selection on instability of plasmid pACYC184 in Escherichia coli B. J. Bacteriol. 169: 5314-5316.
71. Löbner-Olesen, A., Arlung, T., and Rasmussen, K. V. 1987. Stability and replication control of Escherichia coli minichromosomes. J. Bacteriol. 169: 2835-2842.
72. Low, K. B. 1972. Escherichia coli F-prime factors, old and new. Bacteriol. Rev. 36: 587-607.
73. Macrina, F. L., Kopecko, D. J., Jones, K. R., Ayers, D. J., and McCowen, S. M. 1978. A multiple plasmid-containing Escherichia coli strain: convenient source of size reference plasmids molecules. Plasmid 1: 417-420.
74. Mason, C. A. and Bailey, J. E. 1989. Effect of plasmid presence on growth and enzyme activity of Escherichia coli DH5α. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 32: 54-60.
75. McLoughlin, A. 1994. Plasmid stability and ecological competence in recombinant cultures. Biotechnol. Adv. 12: 279-324.
76. Meacock, P. and Cohen, N. 1980. Partitioning of bacterial plasmids during cell division: a cis-acting locus that accomplishes stable plasmid inheritance in cell populations. Cell 20: 529-542.
77. Mei, J., Benashki, S., and Firshein, W. 1995. Interactions of the origin of replication (oriV) and initiation proteins (TrfA) of plasmid RK2 with submembrane domains of Escherichia coli. J. Bacteriol. 177: 6766-6772.
78. Michaels, K., Mei, J., and Firshein, W. 1994. TrfA-dependent, inner-membrane-associated plasmid RK2 DNA synthesis in Escherichia coli maxi-cells. Plasmid 32: 19-31.
79. Mosrati, R., Nancib, N., and Boudrant, J. 1993. Variation an modeling of the probability of plasmid loss as a function of growth rate of plasmid-bearing cells of Escherichia coli during continuous culture. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 41: 395-404.
80. Nasri, M., Berry, F., Sayadi, S., Thomas, D., and Barbotin, J. N. 1988. Stability fluctuation on plasmid-bearing cells: immobilization effects. J. Gen. Microbiol. 134: 2325-2331.
81. Neidhardt, F. C. and Savageau, M. A. 1996. Regulation of multigene systems. Regulation beyond the operon. In: Escherichia coli and Salmonella. Cellular and Molecular Biology. Neidhardt et al., Eds. Vol. 1 pp. 1310-1324. ASM Press, Washington, D.C.
82. Noack, D., Roth, M., Geuther, R., Müller, G., Undisz, K., Hoffmeier, Ch., and Gáspár, S. 1981. Maintenance and genetic stability of vector plasmids pBR322 and pBR325 in Escherichia coli K12 strains grown in chemostat. Mol. Gen. Genet. 184: 121-124.
83. Nordström, K., Molin, S., and Aagaard-Hansin, H. 1980. Partitioning of plasmid RI in Escherichia coli. Plasmid 4: 215-227.
84. Nordström, K. 1989. Mechanisms that contribute to the stable segregation of plasmids. Annu. Rev. Genet. 23: 37-69.
85. Norrander, J., Kempe, T., and Messing, J. 1983. Construction of improved M13 vector using oligonucleotide-directed mutagenesis. Gene 26: 101-106.
86. Norris, V. 1995. Hypothesis. Chromosome separation in Escherichia coli involves autocatalytic gene expression, transertion and membrane-domain formation. Mol. Microbiol. 16: 1051-1057.
87. Notley-McRobb, L., Death, A., and Ferenci, Th. 1997. The relationship between external glucose concentration and cAMP levels inside Escherichia coli: implications for models of phosphotransferase-mediated regulation of adenylate cyclase. Microbiology 143: 1909-1918.
88. Novick, R. P., Clowes, R. C., Cohen, S. N., Curtiss, R., III., Data, N., and Falkow, S. 1976. Uniform nomenclature for bacterial plasmid: a proposal. Bacteriol. Rev. 40: 168-189.
89. glc of the phosphotransferase system in Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium. J. Bacieriol. 162: 810-816.
90. Ohta, K. D., Beall, D. S., Mejia, J. P., Shanmugam, K. T., and Ingram, L. O. 1991. Genetic improvement of Escherichia coli for ethanol production: chromosomal integration of Zymomonas mobilis genes encoding pyruvate decarboxylase and alcohol dehydrogenase II. Appl. Environ. Microbiol 57: 893-900.
91. Peretti, S. W. and Bailey, J. E. 1987. Simulation of host-plasmids interactions in Escherichia coli: copy number, promoter strength, and ribosome binding site strength effects on metabolic activity and plasmid gene expression. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 29: 316-328.
92. Peretti, S. W., Bailey, J. E., and Lee, J. J. 1989. Transcription from plasmid genes, macromolecular stability, and cell-specific productivity in Escherichia coli carrying copy number mutant plasmids. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 34: 902-908.
93. Perri, S., Helinski, D. R., and Toukdarian, A. 1991. Interaction of plasmid encoded replication initiation proteins with the origin of DNA replication in broad host range plasmid RK2. J. Biol. Chem. 266: 12536-12543.
94. Peterkofsky, A. and Gazdar, C. 1978. The Escherichia coli adenylate cyclase complex: activation by phosphoenolpyruvate. J. Supramolec. Structure 9: 219-230.
95. Postma, P. W., Leugeler, J. W., and Jacobson, G. P. 1996. Phosphoenolpyruvate:carbohydrate phosphate system. In: Escherichia coli and Salmonella. Cellular and Molecular Biology. Neidhardt et al., Eds. Vol. 1 pp. 1145-1174. ASM Press, Washington, D.C.
96. Radnedge, L. and Richards, H. 1999. The development of plasmid vectors. Methods Microbiol. 29: 51-96.
97. Ray, A. and Skurray, R. 1984. Stabilization of the cloning vector pACYC184 by insertion of F plasmid leading region sequences. Plasmid 11: 272-275.
98. Ream, L. W., Crisona, N. Y., and Clark, A. J. 1978. ColE1 plasmid stability in Exol-ExoV-strains of Escherichia coli K-12, pp. 78-80. Schlessinger, D., Ed., Microbiology. American Society for Microbiology, Washington, D.C.
99. Reider, E., Wagner, E. F., and Schweiger, M. 1979. Control of phosphoenolpyruvate-dependent phosphotransferase-mediated sugar transport in Escherichia coli by energization of the cell membrane. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 76: 5526-5533.
100. Reinikainen, P. and Virkajärvi, I. 1989. Escherichia coli growth and plasmid copy numbers in continuous cultivations. Biotechnol. Lett. 11: 225-230.
101. Reuse, H. D., Kolb, A., and Danchin, A. 1992. Positive regulation of the expression of the Escherichia coli pts operon. Identification of the regulatory regions. J. Mol. Biol. 226: 623-635.
102. Rhee, J-I., Diaz Ricci, J. C., Bode, J., and Schügerl, K. 1994. Metabolic enhancement due to plasmid maintenance. Biotechnol. Lett. 16: 881-884.
103. Rothen, S. A., Sauer, M., Sonnleitner, B., and Witholt, B. 1998. Growth characteristics of Escherichia coli HB101 [pGEc47] on defined medium. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 58: 92-100.
104. Ryan, W., Parulekar, S. J., and Stark, B. C. 1989. Expression of β-lactamase by recombinant Escherichia coli strains containing plasmids of different sizes - effects of pH, phosphate, and dissolved oxygen. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 34: 309-319.
105. Saier, M. H., Jr., Ramseier, T. M., and Reizer, J. 1996. Regulation of carbon utilization. In: Escherichia coli and Salmonella. Cellular and Molecular Biology. Neidhardt et al., Eds. Vol. 1, pp. 1325-1343. ASM Press Washington, D.C.
106. Sambrook, J., Fritsch, E. F., and Maniatis, T. 1989. Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press. Cold Spring Harbor, NY.
107. Sasakawa, Ch., Takamatsu, N., Danbara, H., and Yoshikawa, M. 1980. A method of plasmid classification by integrative incompatibility. Plasmid 3: 116-127.
108. Seo, J-H. and Bailey, J. E. 1985. Effects of recombinant plasmid content on growth and cloned gene product formation in Escherichia coli. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 27: 1668-1674.
109. Shimosaka, M., Fukuda, Y., Murata, K., and Kimura, A. 1982. Application of hybrid carrying glycolysis genes to ATP production by Escherichia coli. J. Bacteriol. 152: 98-103.
110. Smith, M. A. and Bidochka, M. J. 1998. Bacterial fitness and plasmid loss: the importance of culture conditions and plasmid size. Can. J. Microbiol. 44: 351-355.
111. Srienc, F., Campbell, J. L., and Bailey, J. E. 1983. Detection of bacterial β-galactosidase activity in individual Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells by flow cytometry. Biotechnol. Lett. 5: 43-48.
112. Srienc, F., Campbell, J. L., and Bailey, J. E. 1986. Flow cytometry analysis of recombinant Saccharomyces cerevisiae populations. Cytometry 7: 32-57.
113. Stephanopoulos, G. and Lapidus, G. R. 1988. Chemostat dynamic of plasmid-bearing, plasmid-free mixed recombinant cultures. Chem. Eng. Sci. 43: 49-57.
114. Stouthamer, A. H. 1973. A theoretical study on the amount of ATP required for synthesis of microbial cell material. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 39: 545-565.
115. Stouthamer, A. H. and Bettenhaussen, C. 1973. Utilization of energy for growth and maintenance in continuous and batch cultures of microorganisms. Biochim. Biophy. Acta 301: 53-70.
116. Summers, D. K. and Sherrat, D. J. 1984. Multimerization of high copy number plasmids causes instability: ColE1 encodes a determinant that is essential for plasmid monomerization and stable maintenance. Cell 36: 1097-1103.
117. Thomas, C. M. 1981. Molecular genetics of broad range plasmid RK2. Plasmid 5: 10-19.
118. Tierny, Y., Hounsa, C-G., and Hornez, J-P. 1999. Effects of a recombinant gene product and growth conditions on plasmid stability in pectinolytic Escherichia coli cells. Microbios 97: 39-53.
119. Tomizawa, J., 1984. Control of ColE1 plasmid replication: the process of binding RNA I to the primer transcript. Cell 38: 861-870.
120. Tomizawa, J., 1985. Control of ColE1 plasmid replication: initial interaction of RNA I and the primer transcript is reversible. Cell 40: 527-535.
121. Tucker, W. T., Miller, Ch. A., and Cohen, S. N. 1984. Structural and functional analysis of the par region of the pSC101 plasmid. Cell 38: 191-201.
122. Warnes, A. and Stephenson, J. R. 1986. The insertion of large pieces of foreign genetic material reduces de stability of bacterial plasmids. Plasmid 16: 116-123.
123. Weinberger, M. and Helmstetter, C. E. 1979. Chromosome replication and cell division in plasmid-containing Escherichia coli B/r. J. Bacteriol. 137: 1151-1157.
124. Willimas, D. R. and Thomas, Ch. M. 1992. Active partitioning of bacterial plasmids. J. Gen. Microbiol. 138: 1-16.
125. Womble, D. D. and Rownd, R. H. 1988. Genetic and physical map of plasmid NR1: comparison with other Inc-FII antibiotic resistance plasmids. Microbiol. Rev. 52: 433-451.
126. Wood, T. K. and Peretti, S. W. 1990. Depression of protein synthesis capacity due to cloned-gene expression in E. coli. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 36: 865-878.
127. Wood, T. K. and Peretti, S. W. 1991. Effect of chemically induced, cloned-gene expression on protein synthesis in E. coli. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 38: 397-412.
128. Yanish-Perron, C., Vieira, J., and Messing, J. 1985. Improved M13 phage cloning vectors and host strains: nucleotide sequences of the M13mp18 and pUC19 vectors. Gene 33: 103-119.
129. Zund, P. and Lebek, G. 1980. Generation time-prolonging R plasmids: correlation between increases in the generation time of Escherichia coli caused by R plasmids and their molecular size. Plasmid 3: 65-69.