Fetal-placental and decidual-placental units: Role of endocrine and paracrine regulations in parturition

Fetal Diagnosis and Therapy

Volumn 15, Issue 5, 2000, Pages 308-318

  Carbillon, Lionel ^a,c   Uzan, Michele ^a   Challier, Jean Claude ^c   Merviel, Philippe ^b,c   Uzan, Serge ^b,c  

^a HÔPITAL JEAN VERDIER   (France)

^b HÔPITAL TENON   (France)

^c SORBONNE UNIVERSITÉ   (France)

Author keywords

Decidual placental unit; Endocrine modifications; Maturation, fetal; Myometrial activation; Paracrine modifications; Parturition; Stimulation

Indexed keywords

CORTICOTROPIN RELEASING FACTOR; EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR; ESTROGEN; GROWTH FACTOR; INTERLEUKIN 1; INTERLEUKIN 2; INTERLEUKIN 6; PROGESTERONE; PROSTAGLANDIN E2; PROSTAGLANDIN F2 ALPHA; STEROID; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR ALPHA;

ADRENAL GLAND; CHILDBIRTH; DECIDUA; FETOPLACENTAL UNIT; FETUS; HORMONAL REGULATION; IMMUNOREGULATION; MYOMETRIUM; NONHUMAN; PLACENTA; PRIMATE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW;

EID: 0033823169     PISSN: 10153837     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1159/000021027     Document Type: Review

References (128)

1. Diczfalusy E: Steroid metabolism in the foetoplacental unit; in Pecile A, Finzi C (eds): The Foeto-Placental Unit. Amsterdam, Excerpta Medica, 1969, p 65.
2. Olson DM, Mijovic JE, Sadowsky DW: Control of human parturition. Semin Perinatol 1995:19/1:52-63.
3. Challis JRG, Lye SJ, Gibb W: Prostaglandins and parturition. Ann NY Acad Sci 1997;828: 254-267.
4. Casey ML, MacDonald PC: The endocrinology of human parturition. Ann NY Acad Sci 1997; 828:273-284.
5. France JT, Magness RR, Murry BA. Rosenfeld CR, Mason JI: The ovine regulation of placental steroid 17 alpha OHase and aromatase by glucocorticoid. Mol Endocrinol 1988;2:193.
6. Nathanielsz PW, Giussani DA, Wu WX: Stimulation of the switch in myometrial activity from contractures to contractions in the pregnant sheep and non-human primate. Equine Vet J Suppl 1997;24:83-88.
7. Liggins GC, Fairclough RJ, Grieves SA, Kendall JZ, Knox BS: The mechanism of initiation of parturition in the ewe. Recent Prog Horm Res 1973;29:111.
8. Wood CE: Insensitivity of near-term fetal sheep to cortisol: Possible relation to the control of parturition. Endocrinology 1988;122: 1565-1572.
9. Challis JR, Brooks AN: Maturation and activation of hypothalamic-pituitary adrenal function in fetal sheep. Endocr Rev 1989;10/2:182-204.
10. Chan EC, Falconer J, Madsen G, Rice KC, Webster EL, Chrousos GP, Smith R: A corticotropin-releasing hormone type I receptor antagonist delays parturition in sheep. Endocrinology 1998;139:3357-3360.
11. Thorburn GD, Hollingworth SA, Hooper SB: The trigger for parturition in sheep: Fetal hypothalamus or placenta? J Dev Physiol 1991;15: 71-79.
12. 2 prematurely activates the hypothalamo-pituitary axis and induces parturition in sheep. Endocrinology 1996;137:2424-2431.
13. Young IR, Loose JM, Kleftogiannis F, Canny BJ: Prostaglandin E2 acts via the hypothalamus to stimulate ACTH secretion in the fetal sheep. J Neuroendocrinol 1996;8:713-720.
14. Little B, Shaw A: The conversion of progesterone to 17 alpha-hydroxy-progesterone by human placenta in vitro. Acta Endocrinol 1961; 36:455.
15. Goodyer CJ, Branchaud CL: Regulation of hormone production in the human feto-placental unit. Ciba Found Symp 1981;86:89-123.
16. Haluska GJ, Novy MG: Hormonal modulation of uterine activity during primate parturition. Semin Reprod Endocrinol 1993;11:261-271.
17. Mecenas CA, Giussani DA, Owiny JR, Jenkins SL, Wu WX, Honnebier BO, Lockwood CJ, Kong L, Guller S, Nathanielsz PW: Production of premature delivery in pregnant rhesus monkeys by androstenedione infusion. Nat Med 1996;2:443-448.
18. Goolsby L, Schlecht K, Racowsky C, Gelety T. Reed K: Maternal serum dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate levels and the efficiency of labor in young nulliparas. Obstet Gynecol 1996;88: 56-59.
19. Pepe GJ, Albrecht ED: Regulation of the primate fetal adrenal cortex. Endocr Rev 1990;11: 151.
20. Herez P, Siklos P, Ungar L: Serum dehydroepiandrosterone and cortisol concentration in the maternal-foetoplacental hormonal system in elective caesarean section and spontaneous vaginal delivery in the 28th to 36th and 40th weeks of pregnancy. Gynecol Obstet Invest 1990;29:112-114.
21. McLean M, Bisits A, Davies J, Woods R, Lowry P, Smith R: A placental clock controlling the length of human pregnancy. Nat Med 1995; 1:460-463.
22. Majzoub JA, McGregor JA, Lockwood CJ, Smith R, Taggart MS, Schulkin J: A central theory of preterm and term labor: Putative role for corticotropin-releasing hormone. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1999;180:S232-241.
23. Petraglia F, Sawchenko PE, River J, Vale W: Evidence for local stimulation of ACTH secretion by corticotrophin-releasing factor in human placenta. Nature 1987;328:717-719.
24. Nolten WE, Rueckert PA: Elevated free cortisol index in pregnancy: Possible regulatory mechanisms. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1981;139: 492-498.
25. Mahajan DK, Anderson G, Poole WK, Billiar RB, Little B: Exchanges in the concentration of 17 alpha, 20 alpha dihydroxypregn-4-in-3-one during pregnancy, labor, and delivery and the effect of dexamethasone treatment during the third trimester of pregnancy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1983;57:585.
26. Korebrits C, Yu DH, Ramirez MM, Marinoni E, Bocking AD, Challis JR: Antenatal glucocorticoid administration increases corticotrophin-releasing hormone in maternal plasma. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1998;105:556-561.
27. Marinoni E, Korebrits C, Di Iorio R, Cosmi EV, Challis JR: Effect of betamethasone in vivo on placental corticotropin-releasing hormone in human pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1998;178:770-778.
28. Blumenfeld Z, Jaffe RB: Hypophysiotropic and neuromodulatory regulation of adrenocorticotropin secretion in the human fetal pituitary nipple J Clin Invest 1986;78:288.
29. Petraglia F, Florio P, Gallo R, Salvestroni C, Lombardo M, Genazzani AD, Di Carlo C, Stomati M, D'Ambrogio G, Artini PG: Corticotropin-releasing factor-binding protein: Origins and possible functions. Horm Res 1996:45/3-5:187-191.
30. Florio P, Woods RJ, Genazzani AR, Lowry PJ, Petraglia F: Exchanges in amniotic fluid immunoreactive CRF and CRF-BP levels in pregnant women at term and during labor. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1997;82:835-838.
31. Petraglia F, Florio P, Simoncini T, Woods RJ, Giutini A, Gremigni R, Serra GB, Genazzani AR, Lowry PJ: Cord plasma CRF-BP in term and preterm labor. Placenta 1997;18/2-3:115-119.
32. Robinson BG, Emanuel RL, Frim DM, Majzoub JA: Glucocorticoid stimulates expression of corticotrophin-releasing hormone gene in human placenta. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1988;85:5244-5248.
33. Karalis K, Goodwin G, Majzoub JA: Cortisol blockade of progesterone: Possible molecular mechanism involved in the initiation of human labor. Nat Med 1996;2:556-560.
34. Vamvakopoulos NC, Chrousos GP: Evidence of direct estrogenic regulation of human corticotropin-releasing-hormone gene expression: Potential implications for the sexual dimorphism of the stress response and immune inflammatory reaction. J Clin Invest 1993;92: 1896-1902.
35. Perkins AV, Linton EA: Identification and isolation of corticotrophin-releasing hormone positive cells from the human placenta. Placenta 1995;16/3:233-243.
36. Challis JR, Matthews SG, Van Meir C, Ramirez MM: Current topic: The placental corticotrophin-releasing hormone-adrenocorticotrophin axis. Placenta 1995;16:481-502.
37. Hatzoglou A, Margioris AN, Bakogeorgou E, Gravanis A, Castanas E: Identification, characterization, and localization of corticotropin-releasing hormone receptors in human placenta. Life Sci 1996;59:1871-1879.
38. Karteris E, Grammatopoulos D, Dai Y, et al: The human placenta and foetal membranes express the corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor 1alpha (CRH-1alpha) and the CRH-C variant receptor. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1998;83:1376-1379.
39. Sajomaa O, Laatikainen T, Wahlstrom T: Corticotropin-releasing factor in human placenta: Localization, concentration and release in vitro. Placenta 1988;9:373-380.
40. Petraglia F, Tabaneelli F, Galassi MC: Human decidua and in vitro decidualized endometrial stromal cells contain immunoreactive corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) and CRF messenger ribonucleic acid. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1992;74:1427-1431.
41. Mastorakos G, Scopa CD, Kao LC, Vryonidou A, Friedman TC, Kattis D, Phenekos C, Rabin D, Chrousos GP: Presence of immunoreactive corticotropin-releasing hormone in human endometrium. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1996;81: 1046-1050.
42. Zoumakis E, Makrigiannakis A, Margioris AN, Stournaras C, Gravanis A: Endometrial corticotropin-releasing hormone. Its potential autocrine and paracrine actions. Ann NY Acad Sci 1997;828:84-94.
43. Bulmer JN, Sunderland CA: Bone-marrow origin of endometrial granulocytes in the early human placental bed. J Reprod Immunol 1983; 5:383-387.
44. Bulmer JN, Hollings D, Ritson A: Immuncytochemical evidence that endometrial stromal granulocytes are granulated lymphocytes. J Pathol 1987;153:281-288.
45. King A, Wellings V, Gardner L, Loke YW: Immunocytochemical charaterization of the unusual large granular lymphocytes in human endometrium throughout the menstrual cycle. Hum Immunol 1989;24:195-205.
46. Bulmer JN: Decidual cellular responses. Curr Opin Immunol 1989;1:1141-1147.
47. Saito S, Kasahara Y, Sakakura S, Umekage H, Harada N, Morii T, Nishikawa K, Narita N, Ichijo M: Interleukin-8 production by CD16-CD56bright natural killer cells in the human early pregnancy decidua. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1994;200:378-383.
48. Marzusch K, Bucholz F, Ruck P, Hangretinger R, Geiselhart A, Engelmann L, Dietl J: Interleukin-12 and interleukin-2 stimulated release of interferon-gamma by uterine broad CD 56+ granular lymphocytes is amplified by decidual macrophages. Hum Reprod 1997;12:921-924.
49. Wegman TG: Foetal protection against abortion: Is it immunosuppression or immunostimulation? Ann Immunol Inst Pasteur 1984; 1350;309-311.
50. Croy BA, Chapeau C: Evaluation of the pregnancy immunotrophism hypothesis by assessment of the reproductive performance of young adult mice of genotype scid/scid. bg/bg. J Reprod Fertil 1990;88:231-239.
51. Bulmer JN, Morrison L, Longfellow M: Granulated lymphocytes in human endometrium: Histochemical and immunohistochemical studies. Hum Reprod 1991;6:791-798.
52. Jokhi PP, King A, Loke YW: Production of granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor by human trophoblast cells and by decidual large granular lymphocytes. Hum Reprod 1994;9:1660-1669.
53. Orvieto R, Bar-Hava I, Schwartz A, Schelef M, Ben-Rafael Z: Interleukin-2 production by human pre-implantation embryos. Gynecol Endocrinol 1997;11:331-334.
54. Saito S, Morii T, Enomoto M, Sakakura S, Nishikawa K, Narita N, Ichijo M: The effect of interleukin 2 and transforming growth factor-beta 2 (TGF-beta 2) on the proliferation and natural killer activity of decidual CD16-CD56bright natural killer cells. Cell Immunol 1993;152:605-613.
55. Ferry BL, Starkey PM, Sargent IL, Watt GM, Jackson M, Redman CW: Cell populations in the human early pregnancy decidua: Natural killer activity and response to interleukin-2 of CD56-positive large granular lymphocytes. Immunology 1990;70:446-452.
56. King A, Jokhi PP, Burrows TD, Gardner L, Sharkey AM, Loke YW: Functions of human decidual NK cells. Am J Reprod Immunol 1996;35:258-260.
57. Ando N, Hirahara F, Fukushima J, Kawamoto S, Okuda K, Funabashi T, Gorai I, Minaguchi H: Differential gene expression of TGF-beta isoforms and TGF-beta receptors during the first trimester of pregnancy at the human maternal-fetal interface. Am J Reprod Immunol 1998;40/1:48-56.
58. Simon C, Frances A, Piquette G, Hendrickson M, Milki A, Polan ML: Interleukin-1 system in the materno-trophoblast unit in human implantation: Immunohistochemical evidence for autocrine/paracrine function. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1994;78:847-854.
59. Fidel PL, Romero R, Ramirez M: Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1 ra) production by human amnion, chorion, and decidua. Am J Reprod Immunol 1994;32:1-7.
60. Fukuda M, Azauma C, Kanai T, Koyama M, Kimura T, Saji F: Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist expression in epithelial cells of human endometrium. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 1995;49: 305-310.
61. Simon C, Frances A, Lee BY, Mercader A, Huynh T, Remohi J, Polan ML, Pellicer A: Immunohistochemical localization, identification and regulation of the interleukin-1 receptor antagonist in the human endometrium. Hum Reprod 1995;10:2472-2477.
62. Kniss DA, Zimmerman PD, Garver CL, Fertel RH: Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist blocks interleukin-1-induced expression of cyclooxygenase-2 in endometrium. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1997;177:559-567.
63. Lin H, Mosmann TR, Guilbert L, Tuntipopipat S, Wegmann TG: Synthesis of T helper 2-type cytokines at the maternal-foetal interface. J Immunol 1993;151:4562-4573.
64. Bry K, Lappalainen U: IL 4 and TGF beta 1 modulate the production of IL 1 receptor antagonist and of PGE2 by decidual cells. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1994;170:1194-1198.
65. Wegman TG, Lin H, Guilbert L, Mossman TH: Bi-directional cytokines interactions in the materno-fetal relationship: Successful allopregnancy is a Th2 phenomenon. Immunol Today 1993;14:353-355.
66. Casey ML, MacDonald PC: Biomolecular processes in the initiation of parturition: Decidual activation. Clin Obstet Gynecol 1988;31:533-552.
67. Ammala A, Nyman T, Salmi A, Rutanen EM: The interleukin-1 system in gestational tissues at term: Effect of labour. Placenta 1997;18: 717-723.
68. Mitchell MD, Edwin S, Romero RJ: Prostaglandin biosynthesis by human decidual cells: Effects of inflammatory mediators. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 1990;41/1:35-38.
69. Ishihara O, Numari H, Saitoh M, Arai Y, Takanashi H, Kitagawa H, Kinoshita K: PGE2 production by endogenous secretion of IL 1 in decidual cells obtained before and after the labor. Prostaglandins 1996;52/3:199-208.
70. Kennard EA, Zimmerman PD, Friedman CI, Kniss DA: Interleukin-1 beta induces cyclooxygenase-2 in cultured human decidual cells. Am J Reprod Immunol 1995;34:65-71.
71. Xue S, Brockman DE, Slater DM, Myatt L: IL 1 beta induces the synthesis and activity of cytosolic phospholipase A2 and the release of PGE2 in human amnion-derived WISH cells. Prostaglandins 1995;49:351-369.
72. Spaziani EP, Tsibris JC, Hunt LT, Benoit RR, O'Brien WF: The effect of IL 1 and IL 4 on the expression of prostaglandin receptors EP1 and EP3 in amnion WISH cells. Am J Reprod Immunol 1997;38/4:279-285.
73. Opsjln SL, Wathen NC, Tingulstad N, Wiedswang G, Sundan A, Sundan A, Waage A, Austgulen R: TNF, IL 1, and IL 6 in normal human pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1993;169: 397-404.
74. Buonocore G, De Filippo M, Gioia D, Picciolini E, Luzzi E, Bocci V, Bracci R: Maternal and neonatal plasma cytokine levels in relation to mode of delivery. Biol Neonate 1995;68/2: 104-110.
75. Steinborn A, Gunes H, Roddiger S, Halberstadt E: Elevated placental cytokine release, a process associated with preterm labor in the absence of intra-uterine infection. Obstet Gynecol 1996;88:534-539.
76. Steinborn A, Kühnert M, Halberstadt E: Immunomodulating cytokines induce term and preterm parturition. J Perinat Med 1996;24: 381-390.
77. Bry K, Hallman M: TGF beta 2 prevents preterm delivery induced by IL 1 alpha and TNF alpha in the rabbit. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1993; 168:1318-1322.
78. Romero R, Mazor M, Tartakovsky B: Systemic administration of IL 1 induces preterm parturition in mice. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1991;165: 969-971.
79. Baggia S, Gravett MG, Witkin SS, Haluska GJ, Novy MJ: IL 1 beta intra-amniotic infusion induces TNF alpha, prostaglandin production, and preterm contractions in pregnant rhesus monkeys. J Soc Gynecol Invest 1996;3:121-126.
80. Petraglia F, Garuti GC, De Ramundo B, Angioni S, Genazzani AR, Bilezikjian LM: Mechanism of action of interleukin-1 beta in increasing corticotropin-releasing factor and adrenocorticotropin hormone release from cultured human placental cells. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1990;163:1307-1312.
81. Molnar M, Romero R, Hertelendy F: Interleukin-1 and tumor necrosis factor stimulate arachidonic acid release and phospholipid metabolism in human myometrial cells. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1993;169:825-829.
82. Chen CF, Kurachi H, Fujita Y, Terakawa N, Miyake A, Tanizawa O: Changes in epidermal growth factor receptor and its messenger ribonucleic acid levels in human placenta and isolated trophoblast cells during pregnancy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1988;67:1171-1177.
83. Romero R, Wu YK, Oyarzun E, Hobbins JC, Mitchell MD: A potential role for epidermal growth factor/alpha-transforming growth factor in human parturition. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 1989;33/1:55-60.
84. Gargiulo AR, Khan-Dawood FS, Dawood MY: Epidermal growth factor receptors in uteroplacental tissues in term pregnancy before and after the onset of labor. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1997;82/1:113-117.
85. Tahara M, Tasaka K, Masumoto N, Adachi K, Adachi H, Ikebuchi Y, Kurachi H, Miyake A: Expression of messenger ribonucleic acid for epidermal growth factor (EGF), transforming growth factor-alpha (TGF alpha), and EGF receptor in human amnion cells: Possible role of TGF alpha in prostaglandin E2 synthesis and cell proliferation. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1995;80/1:138-146.
86. Kniss DA, Zimmerman PD, Fertel RH, Iams JD: Proinflammatory cytokines interact synergistically with epidermal growth factor to stimulate PGE2 production in amnion-derived cells. Prostaglandins 1992;44/3:237-244.
87. Pollard JK, Thai D, Mitchell MD: Evidence of a common mechanism of action of interleukin-1 beta, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and epidermal growth factor on prostaglandin production in human chorion cells. Am J Reprod Immunol 1993;30/2-3:146-153.
88. Casey ML, Korte K, MacDonald PC: Epidermal growth factor stimulation of prostaglandin E2 biosynthesis in amnion cells. Induction of prostaglandin H2 synthase. J Biol Chem 1988; 263:7846-7854.
89. Zakar T, Olson DM: The action of epidermal growth factor on human amnion prostaglandin E2 output. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 1988;66: 769-775.
90. Korte K, Casey ML: Vanadate, epidermal growth factor and prostaglandin E2 production in human amnion cells. Clin Exp Obstet Gynecol 1993;20/3:131-136.
91. Zakar T, Mijovic JE, Eyster KM, Bhardwaj D, Olson DM: Regulation of prostaglandin H2 synthase-2 expression in primary human amnion cells by tyrosine kinase dependent mechanisms. Biochim Biophys Acta 1998;1391:37-51.
92. Mitchell MD: The regulation of decidual prostaglandin biosynthesis by growth factors, phorbol esters, and calcium. Biol Reprod 1991;44: 871-874.
93. Schrey MP, Monaghan H, Holt JR: Interaction of paracrine factors during labour: Interleukin-1 beta causes amplification of decidua cell prostaglandin F2 alpha production in response to bradykinin and epidermal growth factor. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 1992;45/2:137-142.
94. Gardner RM, Stancel GM: Blockade of epidermal growth factor-induced uterine contractions by indomethacin or norhydroguaritic acid. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1989;250:882-886.
95. Skinner KA, Challis JA: Exchanges in the synthesis and metabolism of prostaglandins by human fetal membranes and decidua at labor. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1984;151:519.
96. Liggins GC: Mechanisms of the onset of labour: The New Zealand perspective. Aust NZ J Obstet Gynaecol 1994;34:338-342.
97. Dey SK, Hoversland RC, Johnson DC: Phospholipase activity in the rat uterus: Modulation by steroid hormones. Prostaglandins 1982;23:619-630.
98. Pakrasi PL, Cheng HC, Dey SK: Prostaglandins in the uterus: Modulation by steroid hormones. Prostaglandins 1983;26:991-1009.
99. Levin SW, Butler JD, Schumacher UK, Wightman PD, Mukherjee AB: Uteroglobin inhibits phospholipase A2 activity. Life Sci 1986;38:1813-1819.
100. Miele L, Cordella-Miele E, Mukherjee AB: Uteroglobin: Structure, molecular biology, and new perpectives on its function as a phospholipase A2 inhibitor. Endocr Rev 1987;8: 474-490.
101. Haluska GJ, Kaler CA, Cook MJ, Novy MJ: Prostaglandin production during spontaneous labor and after treatment with RU486 in pregnant rhesus macaques. Biol Reprod 1994;5:760-765.
102. Thorburn GD: The placenta, prostaglandins, and parturition: A review. Reprod Fertil Dev 1991;3:277-294.
103. Nakla S, Skinner K, Mitchell BF, Challis JRG: Changes in prostaglandin transfer across human fetal membranes obtained after spontaneous labor. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1986;155:1337-1341.
104. Van Meir CA, Matthews SG, Keirse MJ, Ramirez MM, Bocking A, Challis JR: 15-Hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (PGDH): Implications in preterm labor with and without ascending infection. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1997;82:969-976.
105. Economopoulos P, Sun M, Purgina B, Gibb W: Glucocorticoids stimulate prostaglandin H synthase type 2 (PGHS-2) in the fibroblast cells in human amnion cultures. Mol Cell Endocrinol 1996;117:141-147.
106. Gibb W, Lavoie JC: Effects of glucocorticoids on prostaglandin formation by human amnion. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 1990;68:671-676.
107. Potestio F, Zakar T, Olson DM: Glucocorticoids stimulate prostaglandin synthesis in human amnion cells by a receptor-mediated mechanism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1988; 67:1205-1210.
108. Brown NL, Alvi SA, Elder MG, Bennett PR, Sullivan MHF: Regulation of prostaglandin production in intact fetal membranes by interleukin-1 and its receptor antagonist. J Endocrinol 1998;159:519-526.
109. Fuchs AR, Fuchs F, Husslein P, Soloff MS, Fernstrom MJ: Oxytocin receptors and human parturition. With dual role for oxytocin in the initiation of labor. Science 1982;215: 1396-1398.
110. Fuchs AR, Fuchs F, Husslein P, Soloff MR: Oxytocin receptors in the human uterus during pregnancy and parturition. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1984;150:734-741.
111. Lee JS, Silvia WJ: Cellular mechanisms mediating the stimulation of ovine endometrial secretion of prostaglandin F2 alpha in response to oxytocin: Role of phospholipase A2. J Endocrinol 1994;141:491-496.
112. Asselin E, Drolet P, Fortier MA: Cellular mechanisms involved during oxytocin-induced prostaglandin F2alpha production in endometrial epithelial cells in vitro: Role of cyclooxygenase-2. Endocrinology 1997;138: 4798-4805.
113. Garfiel RE, Daniel EE, Dukes M, Fitzerald JD: Changes in gap junctions in myometrium of guinea pig at parturition and abortion. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 1982;60:335-341.
114. Soloff MS: The role of oxytocin in the initiation of labor, and oxytocin-prostaglandin interactions; in McNellis D, Challis J, MacDonald P, Nathanielsz P, Roberts J (eds): The Onset of Labor: Cellular and Integrative Mechanisms. Ithaca, Perinatology Press, 1988.
115. Moore JJ, Dubyak GR, Moore RM, Kooy FD: Oxytocin activates the inositol-phospholipid-proteine kinase C system and stimulates prostaglandin production in human amnion cells. Endocrinology 1988;123:1771-1777.
116. Benedetto MT, De Cicco F, Rossiello F, Nicosiaz AL, Lupi G, Dell' Acqua S: Oxytocin receptor in human fetal membranes at term and during labor. J Steroid Biochem 1990;35: 205-208.
117. Fuchs AR, Husslein P, Fuchs F: Oxytocin and the initiation of human parturition. II. Stimulation of prostaglandin production in human decidua by oxytocin. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1981;141:694-697.
118. Husslein P, Fuchs AR, Fuchs F: Oxytocin and the initiation of human parturition. 1. Prostaglandin releases during induction of labor by oxytocin. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1981;141: 688-693.
119. Pollard JK, Mitchell MD: Effects of gestational age on prostaglandin production and its regulation in human myometrial cells. J Matern Fetal Med 1996;5:93-98.
120. Faber BM, Metz SA, Chegini M: Immunolocalization of eicosanoid enzymes and growth factors in human myometrium and fetoplacental tissues in failed labor inductions. Obstet Gynecol 1996;88:174-179.
121. Senior J, Marshall K, Sangha R, Baxter GS, Clayton JK: In vitro characterization of prostanoid EP-receptors in the non-pregnant human myometrium. Br J Pharmacol 1991;102: 747-753.
122. Senior J, Marshall K, Sangha R, Clayton JK: In vitro characterization of prostanoid receptors on human myometrium at term pregnancy. Br J Pharmacol 1993;108:501-506.
123. Matsumoto T, Sagawa N, Yoshida M, Mori T, Tanaka I, Mukoyama M, Kotani M, Nakao K: The prostaglandin E2 and F2 alpha receptor genes are expressed in human myometrium and are down-regulated during pregnancy. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1997; 238:838-841.
124. Molnar M, Hertelendy F: PGF2 alpha and PGE2 binding to rat myometrium during gestation, parturition, and postpartum. Am J Physiol 1990;258:E740-E747.
125. Narahara H, Johnston JM: Effects of endotoxins and cytokines on the secretion of PAF-acetylhydrolase by human decidual macrophages. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1993;169:531-537.
126. Tetta C, Montrucchio G, Alloati G, Roffinello C, Emanuelli G, Benedetto C, Camussi G, Massobrio M: Platelet-activating factor contracts human myometrium in vitro. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1986;183:376-381.
127. Kim B, Ozaki H, Lee S, Karaki H: Increased sensitivity of rat myometrium to the contractile effect of platelet activating factor before delivery. Br J Pharmacol 1995;115:1211-1214.
128. Uozumi N, Kume K, Nagase T, Nakatani N, Ishii S. Tashiro F, Komagata Y, Maki K, Ikuta K, Ouchi Y, Miyazaki J, Shimizu T: Role of cytosolic PLA2 in allergic response and parturition. Nature 1997;390:618-622.