"How Not to Electrocute the Farmer": Assessing Attitudes Towards Electrification on American Farms, 1920-1940

Agricultural History

Volumn 74, Issue 2, 2000, Pages 515-529

  Wolfe, Audra J ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ATTITUDINAL SURVEY; ELECTRIFICATION; FARMERS ATTITUDE; HISTORICAL GEOGRAPHY; TWENTIETH CENTURY;

UNITED STATES;

EID: 0033805727     PISSN: 00021482     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (81)

1. John E. Pickett, "How Not to Electrocute the Farmer," Pacific Rural Press, 28 March 1925; Fredda Davis, interview by Ruth Dasmann, tape recording, 26 September 1984, Rural Electrification Oral History Project, Southern Historical Collection #4007, D-12, Wilson Library, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill [Hereafter SOHC]. All oral histories used in this paper were conducted by the North Carolina Association of Electrical Cooperatives to coincide with the Fiftieth Anniversary of the Rural Electrification Administration in 1985.
2. The majority of these authors argue that modernization reduced local cooperation and community interaction at the same time that it liberated rural families from difficult manual labor. See Jane Adams, The Transformation of Rural Life: Southern Illinois, 1890-1990 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1994), 153; Hal Barron, Mixed Harvest: The Second Great Transformation in the Rural North, 1870-1930 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1997); and Mary Neth, Preserving the Family Farm: Women, Community, and the Foundations of Agribusiness in the Midwest, 1900-1940 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1995). A number of scholars have examined the relationship between gender, technology, and production on the farm. Corlann Bush, "The Barn is His, the House is Mine: Agricultural Technology and Sex Roles," in Energy and Transport: Historical Perspectives on Policy Issues, ed. George H. Daniels and Mark Rose (Beverly Hills: Sage Publications, 1982), 235-59; Deborah Fink, Agrarian Women: Wives and Mothers in Rural Nebraska, 1880-1940 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1992); Katherine Jellison, Entitled to Power: Farm Women and Technology, 1913-1963 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1993); Joan Jensen, Promise to the Land: Essays on Rural Women (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1991); Nancy Osterud, "Gender and the Transition to Capitalism in Rural America," Agricultural History 67 (Spring 1993): 14-29; D. Clayton Brown, Electricity for Rural America: The Fight for the REA (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1980); and David Nye, "Rural Lines," in Electrifying America: Social Meanings of a New Technology (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1990), 287-335. For the social uses of home electrification in urban America, see (in addition to Nye) Ronald C. Tobey, Technology as Freedom: The New Deal and the Electrical Modernization of the American Home (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1996).
3. The majority of these authors argue that modernization reduced local cooperation and community interaction at the same time that it liberated rural families from difficult manual labor. See Jane Adams, The Transformation of Rural Life: Southern Illinois, 1890-1990 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1994), 153; Hal Barron, Mixed Harvest: The Second Great Transformation in the Rural North, 1870-1930 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1997); and Mary Neth, Preserving the Family Farm: Women, Community, and the Foundations of Agribusiness in the Midwest, 1900-1940 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1995). A number of scholars have examined the relationship between gender, technology, and production on the farm. Corlann Bush, "The Barn is His, the House is Mine: Agricultural Technology and Sex Roles," in Energy and Transport: Historical Perspectives on Policy Issues, ed. George H. Daniels and Mark Rose (Beverly Hills: Sage Publications, 1982), 235-59; Deborah Fink, Agrarian Women: Wives and Mothers in Rural Nebraska, 1880-1940 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1992); Katherine Jellison, Entitled to Power: Farm Women and Technology, 1913-1963 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1993); Joan Jensen, Promise to the Land: Essays on Rural Women (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1991); Nancy Osterud, "Gender and the Transition to Capitalism in Rural America," Agricultural History 67 (Spring 1993): 14-29; D. Clayton Brown, Electricity for Rural America: The Fight for the REA (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1980); and David Nye, "Rural Lines," in Electrifying America: Social Meanings of a New Technology (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1990), 287-335. For the social uses of home electrification in urban America, see (in addition to Nye) Ronald C. Tobey, Technology as Freedom: The New Deal and the Electrical Modernization of the American Home (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1996).
4. The majority of these authors argue that modernization reduced local cooperation and community interaction at the same time that it liberated rural families from difficult manual labor. See Jane Adams, The Transformation of Rural Life: Southern Illinois, 1890-1990 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1994), 153; Hal Barron, Mixed Harvest: The Second Great Transformation in the Rural North, 1870-1930 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1997); and Mary Neth, Preserving the Family Farm: Women, Community, and the Foundations of Agribusiness in the Midwest, 1900-1940 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1995). A number of scholars have examined the relationship between gender, technology, and production on the farm. Corlann Bush, "The Barn is His, the House is Mine: Agricultural Technology and Sex Roles," in Energy and Transport: Historical Perspectives on Policy Issues, ed. George H. Daniels and Mark Rose (Beverly Hills: Sage Publications, 1982), 235-59; Deborah Fink, Agrarian Women: Wives and Mothers in Rural Nebraska, 1880-1940 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1992); Katherine Jellison, Entitled to Power: Farm Women and Technology, 1913-1963 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1993); Joan Jensen, Promise to the Land: Essays on Rural Women (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1991); Nancy Osterud, "Gender and the Transition to Capitalism in Rural America," Agricultural History 67 (Spring 1993): 14-29; D. Clayton Brown, Electricity for Rural America: The Fight for the REA (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1980); and David Nye, "Rural Lines," in Electrifying America: Social Meanings of a New Technology (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1990), 287-335. For the social uses of home electrification in urban America, see (in addition to Nye) Ronald C. Tobey, Technology as Freedom: The New Deal and the Electrical Modernization of the American Home (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1996).
5. The majority of these authors argue that modernization reduced local cooperation and community interaction at the same time that it liberated rural families from difficult manual labor. See Jane Adams, The Transformation of Rural Life: Southern Illinois, 1890-1990 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1994), 153; Hal Barron, Mixed Harvest: The Second Great Transformation in the Rural North, 1870-1930 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1997); and Mary Neth, Preserving the Family Farm: Women, Community, and the Foundations of Agribusiness in the Midwest, 1900-1940 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1995). A number of scholars have examined the relationship between gender, technology, and production on the farm. Corlann Bush, "The Barn is His, the House is Mine: Agricultural Technology and Sex Roles," in Energy and Transport: Historical Perspectives on Policy Issues, ed. George H. Daniels and Mark Rose (Beverly Hills: Sage Publications, 1982), 235-59; Deborah Fink, Agrarian Women: Wives and Mothers in Rural Nebraska, 1880-1940 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1992); Katherine Jellison, Entitled to Power: Farm Women and Technology, 1913-1963 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1993); Joan Jensen, Promise to the Land: Essays on Rural Women (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1991); Nancy Osterud, "Gender and the Transition to Capitalism in Rural America," Agricultural History 67 (Spring 1993): 14-29; D. Clayton Brown, Electricity for Rural America: The Fight for the REA (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1980); and David Nye, "Rural Lines," in Electrifying America: Social Meanings of a New Technology (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1990), 287-335. For the social uses of home electrification in urban America, see (in addition to Nye) Ronald C. Tobey, Technology as Freedom: The New Deal and the Electrical Modernization of the American Home (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1996).
6. The majority of these authors argue that modernization reduced local cooperation and community interaction at the same time that it liberated rural families from difficult manual labor. See Jane Adams, The Transformation of Rural Life: Southern Illinois, 1890-1990 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1994), 153; Hal Barron, Mixed Harvest: The Second Great Transformation in the Rural North, 1870-1930 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1997); and Mary Neth, Preserving the Family Farm: Women, Community, and the Foundations of Agribusiness in the Midwest, 1900-1940 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1995). A number of scholars have examined the relationship between gender, technology, and production on the farm. Corlann Bush, "The Barn is His, the House is Mine: Agricultural Technology and Sex Roles," in Energy and Transport: Historical Perspectives on Policy Issues, ed. George H. Daniels and Mark Rose (Beverly Hills: Sage Publications, 1982), 235-59; Deborah Fink, Agrarian Women: Wives and Mothers in Rural Nebraska, 1880-1940 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1992); Katherine Jellison, Entitled to Power: Farm Women and Technology, 1913-1963 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1993); Joan Jensen, Promise to the Land: Essays on Rural Women (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1991); Nancy Osterud, "Gender and the Transition to Capitalism in Rural America," Agricultural History 67 (Spring 1993): 14-29; D. Clayton Brown, Electricity for Rural America: The Fight for the REA (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1980); and David Nye, "Rural Lines," in Electrifying America: Social Meanings of a New Technology (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1990), 287-335. For the social uses of home electrification in urban America, see (in addition to Nye) Ronald C. Tobey, Technology as Freedom: The New Deal and the Electrical Modernization of the American Home (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1996).
7. The majority of these authors argue that modernization reduced local cooperation and community interaction at the same time that it liberated rural families from difficult manual labor. See Jane Adams, The Transformation of Rural Life: Southern Illinois, 1890-1990 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1994), 153; Hal Barron, Mixed Harvest: The Second Great Transformation in the Rural North, 1870-1930 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1997); and Mary Neth, Preserving the Family Farm: Women, Community, and the Foundations of Agribusiness in the Midwest, 1900-1940 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1995). A number of scholars have examined the relationship between gender, technology, and production on the farm. Corlann Bush, "The Barn is His, the House is Mine: Agricultural Technology and Sex Roles," in Energy and Transport: Historical Perspectives on Policy Issues, ed. George H. Daniels and Mark Rose (Beverly Hills: Sage Publications, 1982), 235-59; Deborah Fink, Agrarian Women: Wives and Mothers in Rural Nebraska, 1880-1940 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1992); Katherine Jellison, Entitled to Power: Farm Women and Technology, 1913-1963 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1993); Joan Jensen, Promise to the Land: Essays on Rural Women (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1991); Nancy Osterud, "Gender and the Transition to Capitalism in Rural America," Agricultural History 67 (Spring 1993): 14-29; D. Clayton Brown, Electricity for Rural America: The Fight for the REA (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1980); and David Nye, "Rural Lines," in Electrifying America: Social Meanings of a New Technology (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1990), 287-335. For the social uses of home electrification in urban America, see (in addition to Nye) Ronald C. Tobey, Technology as Freedom: The New Deal and the Electrical Modernization of the American Home (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1996).
8. The majority of these authors argue that modernization reduced local cooperation and community interaction at the same time that it liberated rural families from difficult manual labor. See Jane Adams, The Transformation of Rural Life: Southern Illinois, 1890-1990 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1994), 153; Hal Barron, Mixed Harvest: The Second Great Transformation in the Rural North, 1870-1930 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1997); and Mary Neth, Preserving the Family Farm: Women, Community, and the Foundations of Agribusiness in the Midwest, 1900-1940 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1995). A number of scholars have examined the relationship between gender, technology, and production on the farm. Corlann Bush, "The Barn is His, the House is Mine: Agricultural Technology and Sex Roles," in Energy and Transport: Historical Perspectives on Policy Issues, ed. George H. Daniels and Mark Rose (Beverly Hills: Sage Publications, 1982), 235-59; Deborah Fink, Agrarian Women: Wives and Mothers in Rural Nebraska, 1880-1940 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1992); Katherine Jellison, Entitled to Power: Farm Women and Technology, 1913-1963 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1993); Joan Jensen, Promise to the Land: Essays on Rural Women (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1991); Nancy Osterud, "Gender and the Transition to Capitalism in Rural America," Agricultural History 67 (Spring 1993): 14-29; D. Clayton Brown, Electricity for Rural America: The Fight for the REA (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1980); and David Nye, "Rural Lines," in Electrifying America: Social Meanings of a New Technology (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1990), 287-335. For the social uses of home electrification in urban America, see (in addition to Nye) Ronald C. Tobey, Technology as Freedom: The New Deal and the Electrical Modernization of the American Home (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1996).
9. The majority of these authors argue that modernization reduced local cooperation and community interaction at the same time that it liberated rural families from difficult manual labor. See Jane Adams, The Transformation of Rural Life: Southern Illinois, 1890-1990 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1994), 153; Hal Barron, Mixed Harvest: The Second Great Transformation in the Rural North, 1870-1930 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1997); and Mary Neth, Preserving the Family Farm: Women, Community, and the Foundations of Agribusiness in the Midwest, 1900-1940 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1995). A number of scholars have examined the relationship between gender, technology, and production on the farm. Corlann Bush, "The Barn is His, the House is Mine: Agricultural Technology and Sex Roles," in Energy and Transport: Historical Perspectives on Policy Issues, ed. George H. Daniels and Mark Rose (Beverly Hills: Sage Publications, 1982), 235-59; Deborah Fink, Agrarian Women: Wives and Mothers in Rural Nebraska, 1880-1940 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1992); Katherine Jellison, Entitled to Power: Farm Women and Technology, 1913-1963 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1993); Joan Jensen, Promise to the Land: Essays on Rural Women (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1991); Nancy Osterud, "Gender and the Transition to Capitalism in Rural America," Agricultural History 67 (Spring 1993): 14-29; D. Clayton Brown, Electricity for Rural America: The Fight for the REA (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1980); and David Nye, "Rural Lines," in Electrifying America: Social Meanings of a New Technology (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1990), 287-335. For the social uses of home electrification in urban America, see (in addition to Nye) Ronald C. Tobey, Technology as Freedom: The New Deal and the Electrical Modernization of the American Home (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1996).
10. The majority of these authors argue that modernization reduced local cooperation and community interaction at the same time that it liberated rural families from difficult manual labor. See Jane Adams, The Transformation of Rural Life: Southern Illinois, 1890-1990 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1994), 153; Hal Barron, Mixed Harvest: The Second Great Transformation in the Rural North, 1870-1930 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1997); and Mary Neth, Preserving the Family Farm: Women, Community, and the Foundations of Agribusiness in the Midwest, 1900-1940 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1995). A number of scholars have examined the relationship between gender, technology, and production on the farm. Corlann Bush, "The Barn is His, the House is Mine: Agricultural Technology and Sex Roles," in Energy and Transport: Historical Perspectives on Policy Issues, ed. George H. Daniels and Mark Rose (Beverly Hills: Sage Publications, 1982), 235-59; Deborah Fink, Agrarian Women: Wives and Mothers in Rural Nebraska, 1880-1940 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1992); Katherine Jellison, Entitled to Power: Farm Women and Technology, 1913-1963 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1993); Joan Jensen, Promise to the Land: Essays on Rural Women (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1991); Nancy Osterud, "Gender and the Transition to Capitalism in Rural America," Agricultural History 67 (Spring 1993): 14-29; D. Clayton Brown, Electricity for Rural America: The Fight for the REA (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1980); and David Nye, "Rural Lines," in Electrifying America: Social Meanings of a New Technology (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1990), 287-335. For the social uses of home electrification in urban America, see (in addition to Nye) Ronald C. Tobey, Technology as Freedom: The New Deal and the Electrical Modernization of the American Home (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1996).
11. The majority of these authors argue that modernization reduced local cooperation and community interaction at the same time that it liberated rural families from difficult manual labor. See Jane Adams, The Transformation of Rural Life: Southern Illinois, 1890-1990 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1994), 153; Hal Barron, Mixed Harvest: The Second Great Transformation in the Rural North, 1870-1930 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1997); and Mary Neth, Preserving the Family Farm: Women, Community, and the Foundations of Agribusiness in the Midwest, 1900-1940 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1995). A number of scholars have examined the relationship between gender, technology, and production on the farm. Corlann Bush, "The Barn is His, the House is Mine: Agricultural Technology and Sex Roles," in Energy and Transport: Historical Perspectives on Policy Issues, ed. George H. Daniels and Mark Rose (Beverly Hills: Sage Publications, 1982), 235-59; Deborah Fink, Agrarian Women: Wives and Mothers in Rural Nebraska, 1880-1940 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1992); Katherine Jellison, Entitled to Power: Farm Women and Technology, 1913-1963 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1993); Joan Jensen, Promise to the Land: Essays on Rural Women (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1991); Nancy Osterud, "Gender and the Transition to Capitalism in Rural America," Agricultural History 67 (Spring 1993): 14-29; D. Clayton Brown, Electricity for Rural America: The Fight for the REA (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1980); and David Nye, "Rural Lines," in Electrifying America: Social Meanings of a New Technology (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1990), 287-335. For the social uses of home electrification in urban America, see (in addition to Nye) Ronald C. Tobey, Technology as Freedom: The New Deal and the Electrical Modernization of the American Home (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1996).
12. The majority of these authors argue that modernization reduced local cooperation and community interaction at the same time that it liberated rural families from difficult manual labor. See Jane Adams, The Transformation of Rural Life: Southern Illinois, 1890-1990 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1994), 153; Hal Barron, Mixed Harvest: The Second Great Transformation in the Rural North, 1870-1930 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1997); and Mary Neth, Preserving the Family Farm: Women, Community, and the Foundations of Agribusiness in the Midwest, 1900-1940 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1995). A number of scholars have examined the relationship between gender, technology, and production on the farm. Corlann Bush, "The Barn is His, the House is Mine: Agricultural Technology and Sex Roles," in Energy and Transport: Historical Perspectives on Policy Issues, ed. George H. Daniels and Mark Rose (Beverly Hills: Sage Publications, 1982), 235-59; Deborah Fink, Agrarian Women: Wives and Mothers in Rural Nebraska, 1880-1940 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1992); Katherine Jellison, Entitled to Power: Farm Women and Technology, 1913-1963 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1993); Joan Jensen, Promise to the Land: Essays on Rural Women (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1991); Nancy Osterud, "Gender and the Transition to Capitalism in Rural America," Agricultural History 67 (Spring 1993): 14-29; D. Clayton Brown, Electricity for Rural America: The Fight for the REA (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1980); and David Nye, "Rural Lines," in Electrifying America: Social Meanings of a New Technology (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1990), 287-335. For the social uses of home electrification in urban America, see (in addition to Nye) Ronald C. Tobey, Technology as Freedom: The New Deal and the Electrical Modernization of the American Home (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1996).
13. Ruth Schwartz Cowan, "The Consumption Junction: A Proposal for Research Strategies in the Sociology of Technology," in The Social Construction of Technological Systems, ed. Wiebe E. Bijker, Thomas P. Hughes, and Trevor Pinch (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1987), 261-80; Hal Barron, Mixed Harvest, 240; Joy Parr, "What Makes Washday Less Blue? Gender, Nation, and Technology Choice in Postwar Canada," Technology and Culture 38 (1997): 153-86.
14. Ruth Schwartz Cowan, "The Consumption Junction: A Proposal for Research Strategies in the Sociology of Technology," in The Social Construction of Technological Systems, ed. Wiebe E. Bijker, Thomas P. Hughes, and Trevor Pinch (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1987), 261-80; Hal Barron, Mixed Harvest, 240; Joy Parr, "What Makes Washday Less Blue? Gender, Nation, and Technology Choice in Postwar Canada," Technology and Culture 38 (1997): 153-86.
15. Ruth Schwartz Cowan, "The Consumption Junction: A Proposal for Research Strategies in the Sociology of Technology," in The Social Construction of Technological Systems, ed. Wiebe E. Bijker, Thomas P. Hughes, and Trevor Pinch (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1987), 261-80; Hal Barron, Mixed Harvest, 240; Joy Parr, "What Makes Washday Less Blue? Gender, Nation, and Technology Choice in Postwar Canada," Technology and Culture 38 (1997): 153-86.
16. Although these interviews were part of a celebratory project marking the fiftieth anniversary of the creation of the REA, they reflect the complex views of the participant toward electrification.
17. Brown, Fight for the REA, chap. 1; Ronald R. Kline, "Agents of Modernity: Home Economists and Rural Electrification," in Sarah Stage and Virginia B. Vincenti, eds., Rethinking Home Economics: Women and the History of a Profession (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1997), 237-252; and Carolyn Goldstein, "From Service to Sales: Home Economists in Light and Power, 1920-1940," Technology and Culture 38 (1997): 121-52.
18. Brown, Fight for the REA, chap. 1; Ronald R. Kline, "Agents of Modernity: Home Economists and Rural Electrification," in Sarah Stage and Virginia B. Vincenti, eds., Rethinking Home Economics: Women and the History of a Profession (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1997), 237-252; and Carolyn Goldstein, "From Service to Sales: Home Economists in Light and Power, 1920-1940," Technology and Culture 38 (1997): 121-52.
19. Brown, Fight for the REA, chap. 1; Ronald R. Kline, "Agents of Modernity: Home Economists and Rural Electrification," in Sarah Stage and Virginia B. Vincenti, eds., Rethinking Home Economics: Women and the History of a Profession (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1997), 237-252; and Carolyn Goldstein, "From Service to Sales: Home Economists in Light and Power, 1920-1940," Technology and Culture 38 (1997): 121-52.
20. "Blazing a New Trail," Public Service Management 35 (1923): 168-170 [hereafter PSM]; E. A. Stewart, "Utilization of Electricity in Agriculture," Agricultural Engineering 5 (June 1924): 126-27 [hereafter AE]; "Model 80-Acre Electric Farm," PSM 44 (1928): 147-48; "Missouri Educator Tells How Electric Power is Helping Farmer," PSM 44 (1928): 171-72; "Iowa to the Front with Farm Power," PSM 49 (1930): 25-26; "Farm Power Progress in Michigan," PSM 49 (1930): 79-80; "Virginia a Leader in Farm Power," PSM 51 (1931): 51-52; and "When Santa Claus Went Away," Successful Farming, November 1931, 9 [hereafter SF]. For a case study of the agricultural expert complex and its relationship to commercial agribusiness, see Deborah Fitzgerald, The Business of Breeding: Hybrid Corn in Illinois, 1890-1940 (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1990). Contrast, for example, "Demonstration Farm Shows Possibility of Electricity in Agriculture," AE 10 (1929): 94-96, with D. G. Ebinger. "An Extension Program for Helping Farmers to Make Electricity Practical," AE 19 (1938): 107-8.
21. "Blazing a New Trail," Public Service Management 35 (1923): 168-170 [hereafter PSM]; E. A. Stewart, "Utilization of Electricity in Agriculture," Agricultural Engineering 5 (June 1924): 126-27 [hereafter AE]; "Model 80-Acre Electric Farm," PSM 44 (1928): 147-48; "Missouri Educator Tells How Electric Power is Helping Farmer," PSM 44 (1928): 171-72; "Iowa to the Front with Farm Power," PSM 49 (1930): 25-26; "Farm Power Progress in Michigan," PSM 49 (1930): 79-80; "Virginia a Leader in Farm Power," PSM 51 (1931): 51-52; and "When Santa Claus Went Away," Successful Farming, November 1931, 9 [hereafter SF]. For a case study of the agricultural expert complex and its relationship to commercial agribusiness, see Deborah Fitzgerald, The Business of Breeding: Hybrid Corn in Illinois, 1890-1940 (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1990). Contrast, for example, "Demonstration Farm Shows Possibility of Electricity in Agriculture," AE 10 (1929): 94-96, with D. G. Ebinger. "An Extension Program for Helping Farmers to Make Electricity Practical," AE 19 (1938): 107-8.
22. "Blazing a New Trail," Public Service Management 35 (1923): 168-170 [hereafter PSM]; E. A. Stewart, "Utilization of Electricity in Agriculture," Agricultural Engineering 5 (June 1924): 126-27 [hereafter AE]; "Model 80-Acre Electric Farm," PSM 44 (1928): 147-48; "Missouri Educator Tells How Electric Power is Helping Farmer," PSM 44 (1928): 171-72; "Iowa to the Front with Farm Power," PSM 49 (1930): 25-26; "Farm Power Progress in Michigan," PSM 49 (1930): 79-80; "Virginia a Leader in Farm Power," PSM 51 (1931): 51-52; and "When Santa Claus Went Away," Successful Farming, November 1931, 9 [hereafter SF]. For a case study of the agricultural expert complex and its relationship to commercial agribusiness, see Deborah Fitzgerald, The Business of Breeding: Hybrid Corn in Illinois, 1890-1940 (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1990). Contrast, for example, "Demonstration Farm Shows Possibility of Electricity in Agriculture," AE 10 (1929): 94-96, with D. G. Ebinger. "An Extension Program for Helping Farmers to Make Electricity Practical," AE 19 (1938): 107-8.
23. "Blazing a New Trail," Public Service Management 35 (1923): 168-170 [hereafter PSM]; E. A. Stewart, "Utilization of Electricity in Agriculture," Agricultural Engineering 5 (June 1924): 126-27 [hereafter AE]; "Model 80-Acre Electric Farm," PSM 44 (1928): 147-48; "Missouri Educator Tells How Electric Power is Helping Farmer," PSM 44 (1928): 171-72; "Iowa to the Front with Farm Power," PSM 49 (1930): 25-26; "Farm Power Progress in Michigan," PSM 49 (1930): 79-80; "Virginia a Leader in Farm Power," PSM 51 (1931): 51-52; and "When Santa Claus Went Away," Successful Farming, November 1931, 9 [hereafter SF]. For a case study of the agricultural expert complex and its relationship to commercial agribusiness, see Deborah Fitzgerald, The Business of Breeding: Hybrid Corn in Illinois, 1890-1940 (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1990). Contrast, for example, "Demonstration Farm Shows Possibility of Electricity in Agriculture," AE 10 (1929): 94-96, with D. G. Ebinger. "An Extension Program for Helping Farmers to Make Electricity Practical," AE 19 (1938): 107-8.
24. "Blazing a New Trail," Public Service Management 35 (1923): 168-170 [hereafter PSM]; E. A. Stewart, "Utilization of Electricity in Agriculture," Agricultural Engineering 5 (June 1924): 126-27 [hereafter AE]; "Model 80-Acre Electric Farm," PSM 44 (1928): 147-48; "Missouri Educator Tells How Electric Power is Helping Farmer," PSM 44 (1928): 171-72; "Iowa to the Front with Farm Power," PSM 49 (1930): 25-26; "Farm Power Progress in Michigan," PSM 49 (1930): 79-80; "Virginia a Leader in Farm Power," PSM 51 (1931): 51-52; and "When Santa Claus Went Away," Successful Farming, November 1931, 9 [hereafter SF]. For a case study of the agricultural expert complex and its relationship to commercial agribusiness, see Deborah Fitzgerald, The Business of Breeding: Hybrid Corn in Illinois, 1890-1940 (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1990). Contrast, for example, "Demonstration Farm Shows Possibility of Electricity in Agriculture," AE 10 (1929): 94-96, with D. G. Ebinger. "An Extension Program for Helping Farmers to Make Electricity Practical," AE 19 (1938): 107-8.
25. "Blazing a New Trail," Public Service Management 35 (1923): 168-170 [hereafter PSM]; E. A. Stewart, "Utilization of Electricity in Agriculture," Agricultural Engineering 5 (June 1924): 126-27 [hereafter AE]; "Model 80-Acre Electric Farm," PSM 44 (1928): 147-48; "Missouri Educator Tells How Electric Power is Helping Farmer," PSM 44 (1928): 171-72; "Iowa to the Front with Farm Power," PSM 49 (1930): 25-26; "Farm Power Progress in Michigan," PSM 49 (1930): 79-80; "Virginia a Leader in Farm Power," PSM 51 (1931): 51-52; and "When Santa Claus Went Away," Successful Farming, November 1931, 9 [hereafter SF]. For a case study of the agricultural expert complex and its relationship to commercial agribusiness, see Deborah Fitzgerald, The Business of Breeding: Hybrid Corn in Illinois, 1890-1940 (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1990). Contrast, for example, "Demonstration Farm Shows Possibility of Electricity in Agriculture," AE 10 (1929): 94-96, with D. G. Ebinger. "An Extension Program for Helping Farmers to Make Electricity Practical," AE 19 (1938): 107-8.
26. "Blazing a New Trail," Public Service Management 35 (1923): 168-170 [hereafter PSM]; E. A. Stewart, "Utilization of Electricity in Agriculture," Agricultural Engineering 5 (June 1924): 126-27 [hereafter AE]; "Model 80-Acre Electric Farm," PSM 44 (1928): 147-48; "Missouri Educator Tells How Electric Power is Helping Farmer," PSM 44 (1928): 171-72; "Iowa to the Front with Farm Power," PSM 49 (1930): 25-26; "Farm Power Progress in Michigan," PSM 49 (1930): 79-80; "Virginia a Leader in Farm Power," PSM 51 (1931): 51-52; and "When Santa Claus Went Away," Successful Farming, November 1931, 9 [hereafter SF]. For a case study of the agricultural expert complex and its relationship to commercial agribusiness, see Deborah Fitzgerald, The Business of Breeding: Hybrid Corn in Illinois, 1890-1940 (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1990). Contrast, for example, "Demonstration Farm Shows Possibility of Electricity in Agriculture," AE 10 (1929): 94-96, with D. G. Ebinger. "An Extension Program for Helping Farmers to Make Electricity Practical," AE 19 (1938): 107-8.
27. "Blazing a New Trail," Public Service Management 35 (1923): 168-170 [hereafter PSM]; E. A. Stewart, "Utilization of Electricity in Agriculture," Agricultural Engineering 5 (June 1924): 126-27 [hereafter AE]; "Model 80-Acre Electric Farm," PSM 44 (1928): 147-48; "Missouri Educator Tells How Electric Power is Helping Farmer," PSM 44 (1928): 171-72; "Iowa to the Front with Farm Power," PSM 49 (1930): 25-26; "Farm Power Progress in Michigan," PSM 49 (1930): 79-80; "Virginia a Leader in Farm Power," PSM 51 (1931): 51-52; and "When Santa Claus Went Away," Successful Farming, November 1931, 9 [hereafter SF]. For a case study of the agricultural expert complex and its relationship to commercial agribusiness, see Deborah Fitzgerald, The Business of Breeding: Hybrid Corn in Illinois, 1890-1940 (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1990). Contrast, for example, "Demonstration Farm Shows Possibility of Electricity in Agriculture," AE 10 (1929): 94-96, with D. G. Ebinger. "An Extension Program for Helping Farmers to Make Electricity Practical," AE 19 (1938): 107-8.
28. "Blazing a New Trail," Public Service Management 35 (1923): 168-170 [hereafter PSM]; E. A. Stewart, "Utilization of Electricity in Agriculture," Agricultural Engineering 5 (June 1924): 126-27 [hereafter AE]; "Model 80-Acre Electric Farm," PSM 44 (1928): 147-48; "Missouri Educator Tells How Electric Power is Helping Farmer," PSM 44 (1928): 171-72; "Iowa to the Front with Farm Power," PSM 49 (1930): 25-26; "Farm Power Progress in Michigan," PSM 49 (1930): 79-80; "Virginia a Leader in Farm Power," PSM 51 (1931): 51-52; and "When Santa Claus Went Away," Successful Farming, November 1931, 9 [hereafter SF]. For a case study of the agricultural expert complex and its relationship to commercial agribusiness, see Deborah Fitzgerald, The Business of Breeding: Hybrid Corn in Illinois, 1890-1940 (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1990). Contrast, for example, "Demonstration Farm Shows Possibility of Electricity in Agriculture," AE 10 (1929): 94-96, with D. G. Ebinger. "An Extension Program for Helping Farmers to Make Electricity Practical," AE 19 (1938): 107-8.
29. "Blazing a New Trail," Public Service Management 35 (1923): 168-170 [hereafter PSM]; E. A. Stewart, "Utilization of Electricity in Agriculture," Agricultural Engineering 5 (June 1924): 126-27 [hereafter AE]; "Model 80-Acre Electric Farm," PSM 44 (1928): 147-48; "Missouri Educator Tells How Electric Power is Helping Farmer," PSM 44 (1928): 171-72; "Iowa to the Front with Farm Power," PSM 49 (1930): 25-26; "Farm Power Progress in Michigan," PSM 49 (1930): 79-80; "Virginia a Leader in Farm Power," PSM 51 (1931): 51-52; and "When Santa Claus Went Away," Successful Farming, November 1931, 9 [hereafter SF]. For a case study of the agricultural expert complex and its relationship to commercial agribusiness, see Deborah Fitzgerald, The Business of Breeding: Hybrid Corn in Illinois, 1890-1940 (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1990). Contrast, for example, "Demonstration Farm Shows Possibility of Electricity in Agriculture," AE 10 (1929): 94-96, with D. G. Ebinger. "An Extension Program for Helping Farmers to Make Electricity Practical," AE 19 (1938): 107-8.
30. "Blazing a New Trail," Public Service Management 35 (1923): 168-170 [hereafter PSM]; E. A. Stewart, "Utilization of Electricity in Agriculture," Agricultural Engineering 5 (June 1924): 126-27 [hereafter AE]; "Model 80-Acre Electric Farm," PSM 44 (1928): 147-48; "Missouri Educator Tells How Electric Power is Helping Farmer," PSM 44 (1928): 171-72; "Iowa to the Front with Farm Power," PSM 49 (1930): 25-26; "Farm Power Progress in Michigan," PSM 49 (1930): 79-80; "Virginia a Leader in Farm Power," PSM 51 (1931): 51-52; and "When Santa Claus Went Away," Successful Farming, November 1931, 9 [hereafter SF]. For a case study of the agricultural expert complex and its relationship to commercial agribusiness, see Deborah Fitzgerald, The Business of Breeding: Hybrid Corn in Illinois, 1890-1940 (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1990). Contrast, for example, "Demonstration Farm Shows Possibility of Electricity in Agriculture," AE 10 (1929): 94-96, with D. G. Ebinger. "An Extension Program for Helping Farmers to Make Electricity Practical," AE 19 (1938): 107-8.
31. Pickett, "How Not to Electrocute the Farmer," 386; E. A. White, "Electrifying the Farm," Country Gentleman, April 1926, 68. White similarly advocated caution in "The Electric Age and Farming," Breeder's Gazette, 29 October 1925, 488, and "Electric Service for Farms," SF, January 1927, 7; E. A. Stewart, "High Line Problems When Electricity Comes," SF, November 1928, 9; I. Harvey Hull, "Electrical Co-ops," in Built of Men: The Story of Indiana Cooperatives (New York: Harper Brothers, 1952), 180.
32. Pickett, "How Not to Electrocute the Farmer," 386; E. A. White, "Electrifying the Farm," Country Gentleman, April 1926, 68. White similarly advocated caution in "The Electric Age and Farming," Breeder's Gazette, 29 October 1925, 488, and "Electric Service for Farms," SF, January 1927, 7; E. A. Stewart, "High Line Problems When Electricity Comes," SF, November 1928, 9; I. Harvey Hull, "Electrical Co-ops," in Built of Men: The Story of Indiana Cooperatives (New York: Harper Brothers, 1952), 180.
33. Pickett, "How Not to Electrocute the Farmer," 386; E. A. White, "Electrifying the Farm," Country Gentleman, April 1926, 68. White similarly advocated caution in "The Electric Age and Farming," Breeder's Gazette, 29 October 1925, 488, and "Electric Service for Farms," SF, January 1927, 7; E. A. Stewart, "High Line Problems When Electricity Comes," SF, November 1928, 9; I. Harvey Hull, "Electrical Co-ops," in Built of Men: The Story of Indiana Cooperatives (New York: Harper Brothers, 1952), 180.
34. Pickett, "How Not to Electrocute the Farmer," 386; E. A. White, "Electrifying the Farm," Country Gentleman, April 1926, 68. White similarly advocated caution in "The Electric Age and Farming," Breeder's Gazette, 29 October 1925, 488, and "Electric Service for Farms," SF, January 1927, 7; E. A. Stewart, "High Line Problems When Electricity Comes," SF, November 1928, 9; I. Harvey Hull, "Electrical Co-ops," in Built of Men: The Story of Indiana Cooperatives (New York: Harper Brothers, 1952), 180.
35. Pickett, "How Not to Electrocute the Farmer," 386; E. A. White, "Electrifying the Farm," Country Gentleman, April 1926, 68. White similarly advocated caution in "The Electric Age and Farming," Breeder's Gazette, 29 October 1925, 488, and "Electric Service for Farms," SF, January 1927, 7; E. A. Stewart, "High Line Problems When Electricity Comes," SF, November 1928, 9; I. Harvey Hull, "Electrical Co-ops," in Built of Men: The Story of Indiana Cooperatives (New York: Harper Brothers, 1952), 180.
36. Pickett, "How Not to Electrocute the Farmer," 386; E. A. White, "Electrifying the Farm," Country Gentleman, April 1926, 68. White similarly advocated caution in "The Electric Age and Farming," Breeder's Gazette, 29 October 1925, 488, and "Electric Service for Farms," SF, January 1927, 7; E. A. Stewart, "High Line Problems When Electricity Comes," SF, November 1928, 9; I. Harvey Hull, "Electrical Co-ops," in Built of Men: The Story of Indiana Cooperatives (New York: Harper Brothers, 1952), 180.
37. "Electricity the Pathway to Farm as Well as City Prosperity," PSM 42 (1927): 170; Mrs. M. Lloyd, "A Farmer's Wife Discusses Electricity on the Farm," NELA Bulletin 15 (1928): 103-4.
38. "Electricity the Pathway to Farm as Well as City Prosperity," PSM 42 (1927): 170; Mrs. M. Lloyd, "A Farmer's Wife Discusses Electricity on the Farm," NELA Bulletin 15 (1928): 103-4.
39. S. M. Kennedy, "Electricity, the Creator of Happy Farm Homes," NELA Bulletin 11 (1924): 735-37; Ruth Schwartz Cowan, More Work for Mother: The Ironies of Household Technology from the Open Hearth to the Microwave (New York: Basic Books, 1983); Alice F. Robertson, "Fifty Farm Women Tell What They Think of Electric Power," FSM 45 (1928): 15-17. Katherine Jellison has similarly argued that farm women desired home conveniences to increase their time for farm production. See Jellison, Entitled to Power, chap. 2. For a discussion of other domestic time-use surveys, see Ronald R. Kline, "Ideology and Social Surveys: Reinterpreting the Effects of 'Laborsaving' Technology on American Farm Women," Technology and Culture 38 (1997): 355-85.
40. S. M. Kennedy, "Electricity, the Creator of Happy Farm Homes," NELA Bulletin 11 (1924): 735-37; Ruth Schwartz Cowan, More Work for Mother: The Ironies of Household Technology from the Open Hearth to the Microwave (New York: Basic Books, 1983); Alice F. Robertson, "Fifty Farm Women Tell What They Think of Electric Power," FSM 45 (1928): 15-17. Katherine Jellison has similarly argued that farm women desired home conveniences to increase their time for farm production. See Jellison, Entitled to Power, chap. 2. For a discussion of other domestic time-use surveys, see Ronald R. Kline, "Ideology and Social Surveys: Reinterpreting the Effects of 'Laborsaving' Technology on American Farm Women," Technology and Culture 38 (1997): 355-85.
41. S. M. Kennedy, "Electricity, the Creator of Happy Farm Homes," NELA Bulletin 11 (1924): 735-37; Ruth Schwartz Cowan, More Work for Mother: The Ironies of Household Technology from the Open Hearth to the Microwave (New York: Basic Books, 1983); Alice F. Robertson, "Fifty Farm Women Tell What They Think of Electric Power," FSM 45 (1928): 15-17. Katherine Jellison has similarly argued that farm women desired home conveniences to increase their time for farm production. See Jellison, Entitled to Power, chap. 2. For a discussion of other domestic time-use surveys, see Ronald R. Kline, "Ideology and Social Surveys: Reinterpreting the Effects of 'Laborsaving' Technology on American Farm Women," Technology and Culture 38 (1997): 355-85.
42. S. M. Kennedy, "Electricity, the Creator of Happy Farm Homes," NELA Bulletin 11 (1924): 735-37; Ruth Schwartz Cowan, More Work for Mother: The Ironies of Household Technology from the Open Hearth to the Microwave (New York: Basic Books, 1983); Alice F. Robertson, "Fifty Farm Women Tell What They Think of Electric Power," FSM 45 (1928): 15-17. Katherine Jellison has similarly argued that farm women desired home conveniences to increase their time for farm production. See Jellison, Entitled to Power, chap. 2. For a discussion of other domestic time-use surveys, see Ronald R. Kline, "Ideology and Social Surveys: Reinterpreting the Effects of 'Laborsaving' Technology on American Farm Women," Technology and Culture 38 (1997): 355-85.
43. S. M. Kennedy, "Electricity, the Creator of Happy Farm Homes," NELA Bulletin 11 (1924): 735-37; Ruth Schwartz Cowan, More Work for Mother: The Ironies of Household Technology from the Open Hearth to the Microwave (New York: Basic Books, 1983); Alice F. Robertson, "Fifty Farm Women Tell What They Think of Electric Power," FSM 45 (1928): 15-17. Katherine Jellison has similarly argued that farm women desired home conveniences to increase their time for farm production. See Jellison, Entitled to Power, chap. 2. For a discussion of other domestic time-use surveys, see Ronald R. Kline, "Ideology and Social Surveys: Reinterpreting the Effects of 'Laborsaving' Technology on American Farm Women," Technology and Culture 38 (1997): 355-85.
44. David B. Danbom, The Resisted Revolution: Urban America and the Industrialization of Agriculture, 1900-1930 (Ames: Iowa State University Press. 1979); Marilyn Irvin Holt, Linoleum, Better Babies, and the Modern Farm Woman, 1890-1930 (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1995). Recent studies have focused on the local interactions between home demonstration agents and farm families. See Lu Ann Jones, "Revisioning the Countryside: Southern Women, Rural Reform and the Farm Economy in the Twentieth Century," (Ph.D. diss., University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 1996); and Ann McCleary, "Shaping a New Role for the Rural Woman: Home Demonstration Work in Augusta County, Virginia, 1917-1940" (Ph.D. diss., Brown University, 1996); Fitzgerald, Business of Breeding, and Neth, Preserving the Family Farm, 97-121. For classic institutional studies of the development of the agricultural experiment station, see Charles E. Rosenberg, No Other Gods: On Science and American Social Thought (1997; reprint, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1976), chaps. 8-12.
45. David B. Danbom, The Resisted Revolution: Urban America and the Industrialization of Agriculture, 1900-1930 (Ames: Iowa State University Press. 1979); Marilyn Irvin Holt, Linoleum, Better Babies, and the Modern Farm Woman, 1890-1930 (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1995). Recent studies have focused on the local interactions between home demonstration agents and farm families. See Lu Ann Jones, "Revisioning the Countryside: Southern Women, Rural Reform and the Farm Economy in the Twentieth Century," (Ph.D. diss., University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 1996); and Ann McCleary, "Shaping a New Role for the Rural Woman: Home Demonstration Work in Augusta County, Virginia, 1917-1940" (Ph.D. diss., Brown University, 1996); Fitzgerald, Business of Breeding, and Neth, Preserving the Family Farm, 97-121. For classic institutional studies of the development of the agricultural experiment station, see Charles E. Rosenberg, No Other Gods: On Science and American Social Thought (1997; reprint, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1976), chaps. 8-12.
46. David B. Danbom, The Resisted Revolution: Urban America and the Industrialization of Agriculture, 1900-1930 (Ames: Iowa State University Press. 1979); Marilyn Irvin Holt, Linoleum, Better Babies, and the Modern Farm Woman, 1890-1930 (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1995). Recent studies have focused on the local interactions between home demonstration agents and farm families. See Lu Ann Jones, "Revisioning the Countryside: Southern Women, Rural Reform and the Farm Economy in the Twentieth Century," (Ph.D. diss., University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 1996); and Ann McCleary, "Shaping a New Role for the Rural Woman: Home Demonstration Work in Augusta County, Virginia, 1917-1940" (Ph.D. diss., Brown University, 1996); Fitzgerald, Business of Breeding, and Neth, Preserving the Family Farm, 97-121. For classic institutional studies of the development of the agricultural experiment station, see Charles E. Rosenberg, No Other Gods: On Science and American Social Thought (1997; reprint, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1976), chaps. 8-12.
47. David B. Danbom, The Resisted Revolution: Urban America and the Industrialization of Agriculture, 1900-1930 (Ames: Iowa State University Press. 1979); Marilyn Irvin Holt, Linoleum, Better Babies, and the Modern Farm Woman, 1890-1930 (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1995). Recent studies have focused on the local interactions between home demonstration agents and farm families. See Lu Ann Jones, "Revisioning the Countryside: Southern Women, Rural Reform and the Farm Economy in the Twentieth Century," (Ph.D. diss., University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 1996); and Ann McCleary, "Shaping a New Role for the Rural Woman: Home Demonstration Work in Augusta County, Virginia, 1917-1940" (Ph.D. diss., Brown University, 1996); Fitzgerald, Business of Breeding, and Neth, Preserving the Family Farm, 97-121. For classic institutional studies of the development of the agricultural experiment station, see Charles E. Rosenberg, No Other Gods: On Science and American Social Thought (1997; reprint, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1976), chaps. 8-12.
48. David B. Danbom, The Resisted Revolution: Urban America and the Industrialization of Agriculture, 1900-1930 (Ames: Iowa State University Press. 1979); Marilyn Irvin Holt, Linoleum, Better Babies, and the Modern Farm Woman, 1890-1930 (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1995). Recent studies have focused on the local interactions between home demonstration agents and farm families. See Lu Ann Jones, "Revisioning the Countryside: Southern Women, Rural Reform and the Farm Economy in the Twentieth Century," (Ph.D. diss., University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 1996); and Ann McCleary, "Shaping a New Role for the Rural Woman: Home Demonstration Work in Augusta County, Virginia, 1917-1940" (Ph.D. diss., Brown University, 1996); Fitzgerald, Business of Breeding, and Neth, Preserving the Family Farm, 97-121. For classic institutional studies of the development of the agricultural experiment station, see Charles E. Rosenberg, No Other Gods: On Science and American Social Thought (1997; reprint, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1976), chaps. 8-12.
49. David B. Danbom, The Resisted Revolution: Urban America and the Industrialization of Agriculture, 1900-1930 (Ames: Iowa State University Press. 1979); Marilyn Irvin Holt, Linoleum, Better Babies, and the Modern Farm Woman, 1890-1930 (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1995). Recent studies have focused on the local interactions between home demonstration agents and farm families. See Lu Ann Jones, "Revisioning the Countryside: Southern Women, Rural Reform and the Farm Economy in the Twentieth Century," (Ph.D. diss., University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 1996); and Ann McCleary, "Shaping a New Role for the Rural Woman: Home Demonstration Work in Augusta County, Virginia, 1917-1940" (Ph.D. diss., Brown University, 1996); Fitzgerald, Business of Breeding, and Neth, Preserving the Family Farm, 97-121. For classic institutional studies of the development of the agricultural experiment station, see Charles E. Rosenberg, No Other Gods: On Science and American Social Thought (1997; reprint, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1976), chaps. 8-12.
50. David B. Danbom, The Resisted Revolution: Urban America and the Industrialization of Agriculture, 1900-1930 (Ames: Iowa State University Press. 1979); Marilyn Irvin Holt, Linoleum, Better Babies, and the Modern Farm Woman, 1890-1930 (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1995). Recent studies have focused on the local interactions between home demonstration agents and farm families. See Lu Ann Jones, "Revisioning the Countryside: Southern Women, Rural Reform and the Farm Economy in the Twentieth Century," (Ph.D. diss., University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 1996); and Ann McCleary, "Shaping a New Role for the Rural Woman: Home Demonstration Work in Augusta County, Virginia, 1917-1940" (Ph.D. diss., Brown University, 1996); Fitzgerald, Business of Breeding, and Neth, Preserving the Family Farm, 97-121. For classic institutional studies of the development of the agricultural experiment station, see Charles E. Rosenberg, No Other Gods: On Science and American Social Thought (1997; reprint, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1976), chaps. 8-12.
51. J. C. Martin, "The Problem of Electrical Energy Use on the Farm," AE 4 (1923): 21-23; L. J. Fletcher, "Rural Electric Service from the Western Standpoint," AE 7 (1926): 407-8; J. E. Waggoner, "The Individual Light Plant in Rural Electric Development," AE 10 (1929): 390-92; W. C. Brown, "Recent Electric Lighting Development and Its Farm Application," AE 15 (1934): 395-96.
52. J. C. Martin, "The Problem of Electrical Energy Use on the Farm," AE 4 (1923): 21-23; L. J. Fletcher, "Rural Electric Service from the Western Standpoint," AE 7 (1926): 407-8; J. E. Waggoner, "The Individual Light Plant in Rural Electric Development," AE 10 (1929): 390-92; W. C. Brown, "Recent Electric Lighting Development and Its Farm Application," AE 15 (1934): 395-96.
53. J. C. Martin, "The Problem of Electrical Energy Use on the Farm," AE 4 (1923): 21-23; L. J. Fletcher, "Rural Electric Service from the Western Standpoint," AE 7 (1926): 407-8; J. E. Waggoner, "The Individual Light Plant in Rural Electric Development," AE 10 (1929): 390-92; W. C. Brown, "Recent Electric Lighting Development and Its Farm Application," AE 15 (1934): 395-96.
54. J. C. Martin, "The Problem of Electrical Energy Use on the Farm," AE 4 (1923): 21-23; L. J. Fletcher, "Rural Electric Service from the Western Standpoint," AE 7 (1926): 407-8; J. E. Waggoner, "The Individual Light Plant in Rural Electric Development," AE 10 (1929): 390-92; W. C. Brown, "Recent Electric Lighting Development and Its Farm Application," AE 15 (1934): 395-96.
55. F. J. St. John, "Electric Service Brings Many Benefits to the Farm and Home," Power Farming 32 (October 1923): 5-6.
56. F. J. St. John, "How to Make Your Home More Homey," Dairy Farmer, 1 July 1923, 18-19.
57. E. Davison, "What the Homemaker Needs to Know About Electricity," Journal of Home Economics 22 (1930): 94-97; Gail Redfield, "Care and Operation of Electric Household Equipment," Lafayette, Indiana: Purdue University Department of Agricultural Extension, Leaflet No. 187 (1933), 2-3; Mrs. H. F. Reifsteck, "Does Electricity Make Farm Life Better?" SF, September 1926, 106; Clara Woolworth, "Care of Home Electric Aids," Country Gentleman, April 1926, 149; Christine Quattlebaum, "When You Wire the Farm House," Dairy Farmer, 1 April 1925, 12-13.
58. E. Davison, "What the Homemaker Needs to Know About Electricity," Journal of Home Economics 22 (1930): 94-97; Gail Redfield, "Care and Operation of Electric Household Equipment," Lafayette, Indiana: Purdue University Department of Agricultural Extension, Leaflet No. 187 (1933), 2-3; Mrs. H. F. Reifsteck, "Does Electricity Make Farm Life Better?" SF, September 1926, 106; Clara Woolworth, "Care of Home Electric Aids," Country Gentleman, April 1926, 149; Christine Quattlebaum, "When You Wire the Farm House," Dairy Farmer, 1 April 1925, 12-13.
59. E. Davison, "What the Homemaker Needs to Know About Electricity," Journal of Home Economics 22 (1930): 94-97; Gail Redfield, "Care and Operation of Electric Household Equipment," Lafayette, Indiana: Purdue University Department of Agricultural Extension, Leaflet No. 187 (1933), 2-3; Mrs. H. F. Reifsteck, "Does Electricity Make Farm Life Better?" SF, September 1926, 106; Clara Woolworth, "Care of Home Electric Aids," Country Gentleman, April 1926, 149; Christine Quattlebaum, "When You Wire the Farm House," Dairy Farmer, 1 April 1925, 12-13.
60. E. Davison, "What the Homemaker Needs to Know About Electricity," Journal of Home Economics 22 (1930): 94-97; Gail Redfield, "Care and Operation of Electric Household Equipment," Lafayette, Indiana: Purdue University Department of Agricultural Extension, Leaflet No. 187 (1933), 2-3; Mrs. H. F. Reifsteck, "Does Electricity Make Farm Life Better?" SF, September 1926, 106; Clara Woolworth, "Care of Home Electric Aids," Country Gentleman, April 1926, 149; Christine Quattlebaum, "When You Wire the Farm House," Dairy Farmer, 1 April 1925, 12-13.
61. E. Davison, "What the Homemaker Needs to Know About Electricity," Journal of Home Economics 22 (1930): 94-97; Gail Redfield, "Care and Operation of Electric Household Equipment," Lafayette, Indiana: Purdue University Department of Agricultural Extension, Leaflet No. 187 (1933), 2-3; Mrs. H. F. Reifsteck, "Does Electricity Make Farm Life Better?" SF, September 1926, 106; Clara Woolworth, "Care of Home Electric Aids," Country Gentleman, April 1926, 149; Christine Quattlebaum, "When You Wire the Farm House," Dairy Farmer, 1 April 1925, 12-13.
62. Nye, Electrifying America, 321-26;
63. Kline, "Agents of Modernity."
64. Mrs. Eva Williams, interview by Byrnes Willcox and Rose Colliness, tape recording, n.d., SOHC D-43; See, for example, Glenn Marson, "Farm
65. Mrs. Eva Williams, interview by Byrnes Willcox and Rose Colliness, tape recording, n.d., SOHC D-43; See, for example, Glenn Marson, "Farm Electrification Program Creates False Hope," PSM 59 (1935): 156; Fredda Davis, n.d., SOHC D-12.
66. Mrs. Eva Williams, interview by Byrnes Willcox and Rose Colliness, tape recording, n.d., SOHC D-43; See, for example, Glenn Marson, "Farm Electrification Program Creates False Hope," PSM 59 (1935): 156; Fredda Davis, n.d., SOHC D-12.
67. Mr. and Mrs. L. C. Case Jr., interview by Bonnie Bishop, tape recording, 19 June 1984, SOHC D-6. See G. C. Neff, "Electric Service for Rural Districts," AE 5 (1924): 56-57 for a discussion of private power rate structures: Oral and Pearl Yates, interview by Bonnie Bishop, tape recording, 29 May 1984, SOHC D-44.
68. Mr. and Mrs. L. C. Case Jr., interview by Bonnie Bishop, tape recording, 19 June 1984, SOHC D-6. See G. C. Neff, "Electric Service for Rural Districts," AE 5 (1924): 56-57 for a discussion of private power rate structures: Oral and Pearl Yates, interview by Bonnie Bishop, tape recording, 29 May 1984, SOHC D-44.
69. Kline recognizes that women may have had a more powerful role in home modernization than current interpretations imply. Kline, "Agents of Modernity," 243.
70. Shirley Collier, interview by Renate Dahlin, tape recording, 4 June 1984, SOHC D-7.
71. Oral and Pearl Yates, SOHC D-44; Fredda Davis, SOHC D-12; Mr. and Mrs. L. C. Case Jr., SOCH D-6.
72. Elanor Arnold, ed., Voices of American Homemakers (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1993), 173; Bessie Jones, "Making the Best," interview with Sherry Thomas in We Didn't Have Much But We Sure Had Plenty (Garden City, N.Y.: Anchor Books, 1981), 38: Mrs. W. D. Eliot, interview by Larry Johnson, tape recording, n.d., SOHC D-15.
73. Elanor Arnold, ed., Voices of American Homemakers (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1993), 173; Bessie Jones, "Making the Best," interview with Sherry Thomas in We Didn't Have Much But We Sure Had Plenty (Garden City, N.Y.: Anchor Books, 1981), 38: Mrs. W. D. Eliot, interview by Larry Johnson, tape recording, n.d., SOHC D-15.
74. Elanor Arnold, ed., Voices of American Homemakers (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1993), 173; Bessie Jones, "Making the Best," interview with Sherry Thomas in We Didn't Have Much But We Sure Had Plenty (Garden City, N.Y.: Anchor Books, 1981), 38: Mrs. W. D. Eliot, interview by Larry Johnson, tape recording, n.d., SOHC D-15.
75. This sentiment is expressed in all of the interviews cited previously.
76. Brown, The Fight for the REA, chap. 5: H. E. Wichers, "The Right Light-Where You Need It," SF, November 1938, 42; "Short Order Electricity," SF, September 1937, 32-33; and Frank J. G. Duck, "When Will the High-Line Reach You . . . 1940, 1945, 1950, If Ever?" Breeder's Gazette, March 1938, 16-19; "Electric Industry Brings Power to 790,000 Farms," PSM 61 (1936): 84. The September 1936 issue contains several articles deploring the REA and rural electrification; Walker B. Edmiston, "Urban Explorer Penetrates Far Into Rural America," PSM 61 (1936): 79-80.
77. Brown, The Fight for the REA, chap. 5: H. E. Wichers, "The Right Light-Where You Need It," SF, November 1938, 42; "Short Order Electricity," SF, September 1937, 32-33; and Frank J. G. Duck, "When Will the High-Line Reach You . . . 1940, 1945, 1950, If Ever?" Breeder's Gazette, March 1938, 16-19; "Electric Industry Brings Power to 790,000 Farms," PSM 61 (1936): 84. The September 1936 issue contains several articles deploring the REA and rural electrification; Walker B. Edmiston, "Urban Explorer Penetrates Far Into Rural America," PSM 61 (1936): 79-80.
78. Brown, The Fight for the REA, chap. 5: H. E. Wichers, "The Right Light-Where You Need It," SF, November 1938, 42; "Short Order Electricity," SF, September 1937, 32-33; and Frank J. G. Duck, "When Will the High-Line Reach You . . . 1940, 1945, 1950, If Ever?" Breeder's Gazette, March 1938, 16-19; "Electric Industry Brings Power to 790,000 Farms," PSM 61 (1936): 84. The September 1936 issue contains several articles deploring the REA and rural electrification; Walker B. Edmiston, "Urban Explorer Penetrates Far Into Rural America," PSM 61 (1936): 79-80.
79. Brown, The Fight for the REA, chap. 5: H. E. Wichers, "The Right Light-Where You Need It," SF, November 1938, 42; "Short Order Electricity," SF, September 1937, 32-33; and Frank J. G. Duck, "When Will the High-Line Reach You . . . 1940, 1945, 1950, If Ever?" Breeder's Gazette, March 1938, 16-19; "Electric Industry Brings Power to 790,000 Farms," PSM 61 (1936): 84. The September 1936 issue contains several articles deploring the REA and rural electrification; Walker B. Edmiston, "Urban Explorer Penetrates Far Into Rural America," PSM 61 (1936): 79-80.
80. Brown, The Fight for the REA, chap. 5: H. E. Wichers, "The Right Light-Where You Need It," SF, November 1938, 42; "Short Order Electricity," SF, September 1937, 32-33; and Frank J. G. Duck, "When Will the High-Line Reach You . . . 1940, 1945, 1950, If Ever?" Breeder's Gazette, March 1938, 16-19; "Electric Industry Brings Power to 790,000 Farms," PSM 61 (1936): 84. The September 1936 issue contains several articles deploring the REA and rural electrification; Walker B. Edmiston, "Urban Explorer Penetrates Far Into Rural America," PSM 61 (1936): 79-80.
81. Brown, The Fight for the REA, chap. 5: H. E. Wichers, "The Right Light-Where You Need It," SF, November 1938, 42; "Short Order Electricity," SF, September 1937, 32-33; and Frank J. G. Duck, "When Will the High-Line Reach You . . . 1940, 1945, 1950, If Ever?" Breeder's Gazette, March 1938, 16-19; "Electric Industry Brings Power to 790,000 Farms," PSM 61 (1936): 84. The September 1936 issue contains several articles deploring the REA and rural electrification; Walker B. Edmiston, "Urban Explorer Penetrates Far Into Rural America," PSM 61 (1936): 79-80.