What Makes Washday Less Blue? Gender, Nation, and Technology Choice in Postwar Canada

Technology and Culture

Volumn 38, Issue 1, 1997, Pages 153-185

  Parr, Joy ^a  

^a NONE

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EID: 0031500905     PISSN: 0040165X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2307/3106787     Document Type: Review

References (135)

1. Canadian Westinghouse Hamilton, Employment Forecast Interview Report (EFIR) May 5, 1959, RG 20 767, National Archives of Canada (NAC); "Thor Gathers Speed after US Agreement," Marketing, April 24, 1959, 8. Marketing was the Canadian equivalent of Printer's Ink.
2. Canadian General Electric, October 7, 1958, EFIR December 6, 1962, RG 20 765 23-100-C27, NAC; Zimmerman's comments are in Canadian Westinghouse, EFIR May 6, 1959, RG 20 767, NAC; for Kelvinator see RG 20 773 NAC.
3. Judy Wajcman suggests in her study of refrigerators, however, that Cowan reduced housewives to the role of consumers, responsive only to price, and told the story as a rivalry between manufacturing interests in which user preferences did not figure. Judy Wajcman, Feminism Confronts Technology (University Park, Pa., 1991), p. 102. It is worth considering whether the precedence of price over use values in consumer decision-making may have been more marked in the United States than in other North Atlantic economies in the 1950s.
4. Susan Strasser, Never Done: A History of American Housework (New York, 1982), pp. 267-68; Ruth Schwartz Cowan, More Work for Mother: The Ironies of Household Technology from the Open Hearth to the Microwave (New York, 1983), p. 94.
5. Susan Strasser, Never Done: A History of American Housework (New York, 1982), pp. 267-68; Ruth Schwartz Cowan, More Work for Mother: The Ironies of Household Technology from the Open Hearth to the Microwave (New York, 1983), p. 94.
6. Cowan, pp. 128-43.
7. Home Goods Retailing (HGR), January 23, 1967: 1, 7, 23. Home Goods Retailing addressed in Canada roughly the same market as Electrical Merchandising in the United States. Domestic Appliances - Canadian Manufacturing + Imports-Exports for 1965 and 1966, RG 20 1755 8001-404/34 NAC.
8. T. A. B. Corley, Domestic Electrical Appliances (London, 1966), pp. 131-36; Penny Sparke, Electrical Appliances (London, 1987), chap. 7; the best British article on women and laundry technology is Christine Zmroczek, "Dirty Linen: Women, Class and Washing Machines, 1920s-1960s," Women's Studies International Forum 15 (1992): 173-85. The statistics used in this paragraph are drawn from Zmroczek, pp. 180, 182, tables 1 and 2.
9. T. A. B. Corley, Domestic Electrical Appliances (London, 1966), pp. 131-36; Penny Sparke, Electrical Appliances (London, 1987), chap. 7; the best British article on women and laundry technology is Christine Zmroczek, "Dirty Linen: Women, Class and Washing Machines, 1920s-1960s," Women's Studies International Forum 15 (1992): 173-85. The statistics used in this paragraph are drawn from Zmroczek, pp. 180, 182, tables 1 and 2.
10. T. A. B. Corley, Domestic Electrical Appliances (London, 1966), pp. 131-36; Penny Sparke, Electrical Appliances (London, 1987), chap. 7; the best British article on women and laundry technology is Christine Zmroczek, "Dirty Linen: Women, Class and Washing Machines, 1920s-1960s," Women's Studies International Forum 15 (1992): 173-85. The statistics used in this paragraph are drawn from Zmroczek, pp. 180, 182, tables 1 and 2.
11. Zmroczek, p. 182; Robert Frost, "Machine Liberation: Inventing Housewives and Home Appliances in Interwar France," French Historical Studies 18 (1993): 128; Cynthia Cockburn and Ruza Furst Dilic, eds., introduction to Bringing Technology Home: Gender and Technology in a Changing Europe (Buckingham, 1994), p. 17.
12. Zmroczek, p. 182; Robert Frost, "Machine Liberation: Inventing Housewives and Home Appliances in Interwar France," French Historical Studies 18 (1993): 128; Cynthia Cockburn and Ruza Furst Dilic, eds., introduction to Bringing Technology Home: Gender and Technology in a Changing Europe (Buckingham, 1994), p. 17.
13. Zmroczek, p. 182; Robert Frost, "Machine Liberation: Inventing Housewives and Home Appliances in Interwar France," French Historical Studies 18 (1993): 128; Cynthia Cockburn and Ruza Furst Dilic, eds., introduction to Bringing Technology Home: Gender and Technology in a Changing Europe (Buckingham, 1994), p. 17.
14. There is a fine discussion of this issue in Wajcman (n. 3 above), chap. 4.
15. "Are We 'Selling' the Company to the Consumer?" Industrial Canada, July 1958, p. 140.
16. Peter J. McClure and John K. Ryans, Jr., "Differences Between Retailers' and Consumers' Perceptions," Journal of Marketing Research February 1968: 35-40; the discussion of retailers' understandings of consumer valuation of automatic washers is on pp. 36-37.
17. For example, see the discussion of product engineering in a 1980 Spanish washing machine firm, M. Garnie Alemany Gomez, "Bodies, Machines and Male Power," in Cockburn and Dilic, pp. 132-33.
18. Slavenka Drakulic, How We Survived Communism and Even Laughed (New York, 1993), p. 53. The whole chapter, "On Doing Laundry," pp. 43-54 is compelling reading for those interested in these questions.
19. Slavenka Drakulic, How We Survived Communism and Even Laughed (New York, 1993), p. 53. The whole chapter, "On Doing Laundry," pp. 43-54 is compelling reading for those interested in these questions.
20. Zmroczek (n. 7 above), p. 183.
21. Wajcman (n. 3 above), p. 102.
22. In 1993 and 1994, through columns in Victoria and Vancouver, British Columbia, newspapers I recruited twenty-three women, married between 1945 and 1955, to interview about the furniture and equipment they used in their homes up until 1968. These columns were picked up by national news services, and I received additional letters from across the country in response. All interviews were tape-recorded and then transcribed. The interview transcripts and letters will be deposited in the Simon Fraser University Archives, Burnaby, British Columbia. Lily Hansen (pseud.) interview by author, New Westminster, BC, May 25, 1994; Tina Wall (pseud.) interview by author, Victoria, BC, June 16, 1994; Martha Watson, Alma, Ontario, letter to the author, July 24, 1993; Irene Newlands, Surrey, BC, letter to the author, October 12, 1993.
23. Allison Simpson, interview by author, Delta, BC, May 18, 1994; Joan Coffey, interview by author, Coquitlam, BC, May 17, 1994; Mary Paine (pseud.) interview by author, Delta, BC, May 17, 1994; Patricia Cliff, interview by author, Victoria, BC, June 16, 1994; Marjorie Barlow, interview by Margaret-Anne Knowles, North Vancouver, BC, March 3, 1994; Lynn Stevens, interview by author, Langley, BC, May 26, 1994; Nettie Murphy, interview by author, Mission, BC, November 24, 1994; Gerry Kilby, interview by Margaret-Anne Knowles, Vancouver, BC, February 1, 1994; "Better Care Longer Wear," Canadian Homes and Gardens, October 1950: 68-69; Jane Monteith, "Planning a Laundry for Today and Tomorrow," Chatelaine, February 1949: 37.
24. Allison Simpson, interview by author, Delta, BC, May 18, 1994; Joan Coffey, interview by author, Coquitlam, BC, May 17, 1994; Mary Paine (pseud.) interview by author, Delta, BC, May 17, 1994; Patricia Cliff, interview by author, Victoria, BC, June 16, 1994; Marjorie Barlow, interview by Margaret-Anne Knowles, North Vancouver, BC, March 3, 1994; Lynn Stevens, interview by author, Langley, BC, May 26, 1994; Nettie Murphy, interview by author, Mission, BC, November 24, 1994; Gerry Kilby, interview by Margaret-Anne Knowles, Vancouver, BC, February 1, 1994; "Better Care Longer Wear," Canadian Homes and Gardens, October 1950: 68-69; Jane Monteith, "Planning a Laundry for Today and Tomorrow," Chatelaine, February 1949: 37.
25. Paine, interview; Simpson, interview; Pam McKeen, interview by author, Victoria, BC, June 15, 1995; Winnifred Edwards (pseud.) interview by author, New Westminster, BC, June 9, 1994. Chatelaine, the major Canadian women's magazine, noted as advantages for automatic over wringer machines in November 1951 that "your hands never touch the water; weight of wet clothes does not have to be lifted up and down; no dripping water to clear up afterward," and emphatically, "no worry about children playing around the automatic machine."
26. Simpson, interview.
27. Ruth Schwartz Cowan, "The Consumption Junction: A Proposal for Research Strategies in the Sociology of Technology," in Wiebe K. Bijker, Trevor Pinch, and Thomas P. Hughes, eds., The Social Construction of Technological Systems: New Directions in Sociology and the History of Technology (Cambridge, Mass., 1987), pp. 263, 278.
28. Ruth Schwartz Cowan, "The Consumption Junction: A Proposal for Research Strategies in the Sociology of Technology," in Wiebe K. Bijker, Trevor Pinch, and Thomas P. Hughes, eds., The Social Construction of Technological Systems: New Directions in Sociology and the History of Technology (Cambridge, Mass., 1987), pp. 263, 278.
29. Sigfried Giedion, Mechanization Takes Command (New York, 1948).
30. A. B. Blankenship, "The Consumer of the Sixties," in Texts of Papers Presented at the 3rd Annual Appliance Marketing Seminar (n.p., Canadian Electrical Manufacturers Association, June 9, 1960), pp. 33-34.
31. F. W. Mansfield, "A Discussion of the Principles of Marketing Research and How They Can Be Used by the Appliance Industry," in The Next Fifty Years Belong to Marketing: Texts of Papers Presented at the 2nd Annual Appliance Marketing Seminar (n.p., Canadian Electrical Manufacturers Association, June 3, 1959), pp. 6, 8, 13.
32. Sparke (n. 7 above), p. 6; Cockburn and Dilic (n. 8 above), p. 11; Frost (n. 8 above), p. 127, n. 44, citing Bruno Latour and Madeleine Akrich; Susan Ormrod, "'Let's Nuke the Dinner': Discursive Practices of Gender in the Creation of a New Cooking Process," in Cockburn and Dilic, pp. 42-58.
33. Frost, p. 129.
34. "The Beautiful McClary Washer," Chatelaine, April 1951, inside front cover; the Connor pitch is described in "Hookers Used in Connor Campaign," Marketing, May 15, 1954: 16; "Housewives Like Color Washers, Beatty Adds Color Sales Curve with Cromatic Line," Marketing, November 11, 1955: 20; "Mothers of All Ages Choose Beatty Copperstyle," Chatelaine, March 1958: 53.
35. "The Beautiful McClary Washer," Chatelaine, April 1951, inside front cover; the Connor pitch is described in "Hookers Used in Connor Campaign," Marketing, May 15, 1954: 16; "Housewives Like Color Washers, Beatty Adds Color Sales Curve with Cromatic Line," Marketing, November 11, 1955: 20; "Mothers of All Ages Choose Beatty Copperstyle," Chatelaine, March 1958: 53.
36. "The Beautiful McClary Washer," Chatelaine, April 1951, inside front cover; the Connor pitch is described in "Hookers Used in Connor Campaign," Marketing, May 15, 1954: 16; "Housewives Like Color Washers, Beatty Adds Color Sales Curve with Cromatic Line," Marketing, November 11, 1955: 20; "Mothers of All Ages Choose Beatty Copperstyle," Chatelaine, March 1958: 53.
37. "The Beautiful McClary Washer," Chatelaine, April 1951, inside front cover; the Connor pitch is described in "Hookers Used in Connor Campaign," Marketing, May 15, 1954: 16; "Housewives Like Color Washers, Beatty Adds Color Sales Curve with Cromatic Line," Marketing, November 11, 1955: 20; "Mothers of All Ages Choose Beatty Copperstyle," Chatelaine, March 1958: 53.
38. Strasser (n. 4 above), p. 267.
39. "The Easy Way to Sell - Coax Man on Store Floor to 'Romance' Your Product," Marketing, August 30, 1957: 20-22.
40. R. J. Woxman, "The Consumer Needs and Wants - How Can the Appliance and Home Entertainment Industry Meet the Challenge?" in Proceedings 5th Annual Appliance Marketing Seminar (n.p., Canadian Electrical Manufacturers Association, May 17, 1962), p. 41.
41. A. L. Vincent, "The Retailers Viewpoint on Marketing Appliances," in The Next Fifty Years Belong to Marketing (n. 23 above), pp. 53-54.
42. "Change Washday into Playday! The New Easy," Canadian Homes and Gardens (CHG), November 1956, 45; "Now the New Beatty Washer Saves You," CHG, June 1952, 34; "Bendix Introduces '53 Line," Marketing, January 1953, 1; 1958 ad for automatic washer showing mother with toddler in high chair, washer behind them and cover line, "Less time for your laundry, more time for your family," Live Better Electrically file 570, Ontario Hydro Archives.
43. "Change Washday into Playday! The New Easy," Canadian Homes and Gardens (CHG), November 1956, 45; "Now the New Beatty Washer Saves You," CHG, June 1952, 34; "Bendix Introduces '53 Line," Marketing, January 1953, 1; 1958 ad for automatic washer showing mother with toddler in high chair, washer behind them and cover line, "Less time for your laundry, more time for your family," Live Better Electrically file 570, Ontario Hydro Archives.
44. "Change Washday into Playday! The New Easy," Canadian Homes and Gardens (CHG), November 1956, 45; "Now the New Beatty Washer Saves You," CHG, June 1952, 34; "Bendix Introduces '53 Line," Marketing, January 1953, 1; 1958 ad for automatic washer showing mother with toddler in high chair, washer behind them and cover line, "Less time for your laundry, more time for your family," Live Better Electrically file 570, Ontario Hydro Archives.
45. Marie Holmes, "Look What's Happening to Washday," Chatelaine, May 1953, 78; Strasser, p. 268.
46. Ads for automatic washers 1959 and 1960, Live Better Electrically file 570. 1, Ontario Hydro Archives. The advantages Australian women found in daily laundry are described by Kereen Reiger, "At Home with Technology," Arena 75 (1986): 115-16, 117-18.
47. "'Twins for Twins' Promotion," Marketing, February 21, 1953, 1; "Practical and Emotional Appeals Feature This Consumer 'Contest,'" Marketing, March 21, 1953, 2; "Laundry Dealership Told 'Babies Mean Business,'" Marketing, September 5, 1958, 46.
48. "'Twins for Twins' Promotion," Marketing, February 21, 1953, 1; "Practical and Emotional Appeals Feature This Consumer 'Contest,'" Marketing, March 21, 1953, 2; "Laundry Dealership Told 'Babies Mean Business,'" Marketing, September 5, 1958, 46.
49. "'Twins for Twins' Promotion," Marketing, February 21, 1953, 1; "Practical and Emotional Appeals Feature This Consumer 'Contest,'" Marketing, March 21, 1953, 2; "Laundry Dealership Told 'Babies Mean Business,'" Marketing, September 5, 1958, 46.
50. Marshall McLuhan ponders this conflation in The Mechanical Bride: Folklore of Industrial Man (New York, 1951). Dianne Newell pointed out to me this aspect of these essays, particularly apparent in McLuhan's choice of illustrations; see similarly, Richard Sennett, The Fall of Public Man (New York, 1974), p. 20; Mariana Valverde, "Representing Childhood: The Multiple Fathers of the Dionne Quintuplettes," in Carol Smart, Regulating Women (New York, 1992), pp. 119-46; special Dionne issue of Journal of Canadian Studies, Winter 1994-95.
51. Marshall McLuhan ponders this conflation in The Mechanical Bride: Folklore of Industrial Man (New York, 1951). Dianne Newell pointed out to me this aspect of these essays, particularly apparent in McLuhan's choice of illustrations; see similarly, Richard Sennett, The Fall of Public Man (New York, 1974), p. 20; Mariana Valverde, "Representing Childhood: The Multiple Fathers of the Dionne Quintuplettes," in Carol Smart, Regulating Women (New York, 1992), pp. 119-46; special Dionne issue of Journal of Canadian Studies, Winter 1994-95.
52. Marshall McLuhan ponders this conflation in The Mechanical Bride: Folklore of Industrial Man (New York, 1951). Dianne Newell pointed out to me this aspect of these essays, particularly apparent in McLuhan's choice of illustrations; see similarly, Richard Sennett, The Fall of Public Man (New York, 1974), p. 20; Mariana Valverde, "Representing Childhood: The Multiple Fathers of the Dionne Quintuplettes," in Carol Smart, Regulating Women (New York, 1992), pp. 119-46; special Dionne issue of Journal of Canadian Studies, Winter 1994-95.
53. Marshall McLuhan ponders this conflation in The Mechanical Bride: Folklore of Industrial Man (New York, 1951). Dianne Newell pointed out to me this aspect of these essays, particularly apparent in McLuhan's choice of illustrations; see similarly, Richard Sennett, The Fall of Public Man (New York, 1974), p. 20; Mariana Valverde, "Representing Childhood: The Multiple Fathers of the Dionne Quintuplettes," in Carol Smart, Regulating Women (New York, 1992), pp. 119-46; special Dionne issue of Journal of Canadian Studies, Winter 1994-95.
54. Marshall McLuhan ponders this conflation in The Mechanical Bride: Folklore of Industrial Man (New York, 1951). Dianne Newell pointed out to me this aspect of these essays, particularly apparent in McLuhan's choice of illustrations; see similarly, Richard Sennett, The Fall of Public Man (New York, 1974), p. 20; Mariana Valverde, "Representing Childhood: The Multiple Fathers of the Dionne Quintuplettes," in Carol Smart, Regulating Women (New York, 1992), pp. 119-46; special Dionne issue of Journal of Canadian Studies, Winter 1994-95.
55. 1959 automatic washer ad, Living Better Electrically 570. 1, Ontario Hydro Archives; "Buy a Washer, Save a Wife: Promotion Soaps Up Husbands," Marketing, July 11, 1958, 30; "After the Wedding, a Washer Inglis Ad Aimed at Husbands," Marketing, April 3, 1959, 6. The latter campaign ran in both Maclean's and La Patrie. The Marketing stories describe the advertising campaign and the advertiser's rationale for its design.
56. 1959 automatic washer ad, Living Better Electrically 570. 1, Ontario Hydro Archives; "Buy a Washer, Save a Wife: Promotion Soaps Up Husbands," Marketing, July 11, 1958, 30; "After the Wedding, a Washer Inglis Ad Aimed at Husbands," Marketing, April 3, 1959, 6. The latter campaign ran in both Maclean's and La Patrie. The Marketing stories describe the advertising campaign and the advertiser's rationale for its design.
57. In 1954 the four largest makers of automatics commanded 91 percent of the market. That year the four largest firms producing wringers made only 52 percent of the machines offered for sale. See Clarence Barber, The Canadian Electrical Manufacturing Industry, Royal Commission on Canada's Economic Prospects (Ottawa, September 1956), p. 43; U.S. Department of Commerce, Major Household Appliances: Production, Consumption and Trade - Selected Countries (Washington, D. C., 1960), pp. 9, 14; on Beatty's history in the field see "The Costs Are the Same but Value Greater Now," Financial Post, May 17, 1958, 28; "Major Appliance Industry Plan," Domestic Appliance Plan 1965-8, Electrical and Electronics Branch, RG 20 1755 404/34, NAC; Beatty Brothers EFIR, October 22, 1963, RG 20 763 NAC; Kelvinator Canada EFIR, April 1956, RG 20 773 NAC.
58. In 1954 the four largest makers of automatics commanded 91 percent of the market. That year the four largest firms producing wringers made only 52 percent of the machines offered for sale. See Clarence Barber, The Canadian Electrical Manufacturing Industry, Royal Commission on Canada's Economic Prospects (Ottawa, September 1956), p. 43; U.S. Department of Commerce, Major Household Appliances: Production, Consumption and Trade - Selected Countries (Washington, D. C., 1960), pp. 9, 14; on Beatty's history in the field see "The Costs Are the Same but Value Greater Now," Financial Post, May 17, 1958, 28; "Major Appliance Industry Plan," Domestic Appliance Plan 1965-8, Electrical and Electronics Branch, RG 20 1755 404/34, NAC; Beatty Brothers EFIR, October 22, 1963, RG 20 763 NAC; Kelvinator Canada EFIR, April 1956, RG 20 773 NAC.
59. In 1954 the four largest makers of automatics commanded 91 percent of the market. That year the four largest firms producing wringers made only 52 percent of the machines offered for sale. See Clarence Barber, The Canadian Electrical Manufacturing Industry, Royal Commission on Canada's Economic Prospects (Ottawa, September 1956), p. 43; U.S. Department of Commerce, Major Household Appliances: Production, Consumption and Trade - Selected Countries (Washington, D. C., 1960), pp. 9, 14; on Beatty's history in the field see "The Costs Are the Same but Value Greater Now," Financial Post, May 17, 1958, 28; "Major Appliance Industry Plan," Domestic Appliance Plan 1965-8, Electrical and Electronics Branch, RG 20 1755 404/34, NAC; Beatty Brothers EFIR, October 22, 1963, RG 20 763 NAC; Kelvinator Canada EFIR, April 1956, RG 20 773 NAC.
60. In 1954 the four largest makers of automatics commanded 91 percent of the market. That year the four largest firms producing wringers made only 52 percent of the machines offered for sale. See Clarence Barber, The Canadian Electrical Manufacturing Industry, Royal Commission on Canada's Economic Prospects (Ottawa, September 1956), p. 43; U.S. Department of Commerce, Major Household Appliances: Production, Consumption and Trade - Selected Countries (Washington, D. C., 1960), pp. 9, 14; on Beatty's history in the field see "The Costs Are the Same but Value Greater Now," Financial Post, May 17, 1958, 28; "Major Appliance Industry Plan," Domestic Appliance Plan 1965-8, Electrical and Electronics Branch, RG 20 1755 404/34, NAC; Beatty Brothers EFIR, October 22, 1963, RG 20 763 NAC; Kelvinator Canada EFIR, April 1956, RG 20 773 NAC.
61. Barber, pp. 29, 51-52, 54; H. C. Eastman, "Electrical Appliances Industry," p. 5, in RG 20 1755 8001-404/35 NAC.
62. Barber, p. 10; Beatty Brothers, interview with R. L. Kerr, EFIR, May 20, 1964, RG 20 763 NAC; Canadian Westinghouse, interview with C. H. McBain and K. E. Waugh, EFIR, June 6, 1962, RG 20 767 NAC. J. H. Connor and Son produced wringer machines in two versions, one for rural and northern markets using cast iron, steel, and heavy aluminum for maximum durability at a higher price, the other using more light metals and plastics for urban users. H. E. English unpublished report on visit to J. H. Connor and Son Ltd., April 12, 1956, Royal Commission on Canada's Economic Prospects, 3-13-8, RG 33 52 NAC.
63. Eastman, pp. 5, 8, 12; comments on Eastman by G. Q. Rahm, Chief, Appliance and Commercial Machine Division, Trade and Commerce, February 4, 1966, and by Ralph Barford, General Steel Wares, February 23, 1966, RG 20 1755 P8001-404/35 NAC. There is a longer discussion about optimal plant size: by Barford, of Beatty and General Steel Wares in P. C. Fedenburgh, site visit, January 5, 1967, RG 20 P8001-270/G47 NAC. Plants that used more outsourcing - that is, purchased rather than produced parts - would have been efficient at a smaller scale, but here the national boundary loomed as an obstacle, for even firms with Canadian subsidiaries confined parts manufacture to the United States.
64. Gomez (n. 12 above), p. 132.
65. "Laundry appliance firms sign agreement," HRG, May 15, 1959); P. C. Fredenburgh, "Comparison of US and Canadian Major Appliance Plants," March 22, 1968, p. 23, RG 20 1755 8001-404/41 vol. 2 NAC.
66. David Sobel and Susan Meurer, Working at Inglis: The Life and Death of a Canadian Factory (Toronto, 1994), pp. 115, 141, 249-53.
67. U.S. Department of Commerce, Major Household Appliances (n. 37 above), p. 14; Barber (n. 37 above), p. 62; "Major Appliance Study," chap. 3, input prices, RG 20 vol. 1755 P8001-404/46 NAC.
68. Fredenburgh, p. 22.
69. For a discussion of the different ways in which manufacturers using mass and batch production methods feature and attend to consumers see Philip Scranton, "Manufacturing Diversity: Production Systems, Markets, and an American Consumer Society, 1870-1930," Technology and Culture 35 (1994): 476-505.
70. The age of existing stocks - 27 percent dating from the 1920s and 30 percent from the early thirties - was estimated by the Wartime Prices and Trade Board (WPTB) research and statistics division using a sample of 6,524 interviews in the summer of 1940: Wartime Prices and Trade Board, RG 64 1452 A-10-9-4 NAC.
71. F. H. Leacy, Historical Statistics of Canada, 2nd ed. (Ottawa, 1983) A248.
72. WPTB, "A Survey on Household Necessities," pp. 2, 8, RG 64 1460 A-10-9-23, NAC; Lily Hansen, interview (n. 16 above). Hansen remembers buying one of the last washers at Woodward's department store in 1943.
73. "Production of Durable Goods," August 1946 RG 46 WPTB 1465 NAC.
74. Joy Parr and Gunilla Ekberg, "Mrs. Consumer and Mr. Keynes in Postwar Canada and Sweden," Gebder and History 8 (1996): 212-30.
75. Department of Finance, "Control of Consumer Credit, PC 1249," March 13, 1951, RG19 E2C vol. 32, NAC.
76. Coffey, interview (n. 17 above); Watson, letter to author (n. 16 above).
77. See the warnings to salesmen in "Charting Course for Selling." Marketing, November 30, 1946, 2, and "Selling Via Demonstrations," Marketing, July 30, 1949, 8, 12.
78. See the warnings to salesmen in "Charting Course for Selling." Marketing, November 30, 1946, 2, and "Selling Via Demonstrations," Marketing, July 30, 1949, 8, 12.
79. 43liff, interview (n. 17 above); Margaret Shortliffe, Victoria, BC interview by author, June 16, 1994, reporting about Kingston, Ontario; Edwards, interview (n. 18 above); Murphy, interview (n. 17 above). See Zmroczek (n. 7 above), p. 183, on the British equivalent of wet wash called bag wash. A recent discussion of commercial laundries in the United States is Roger Miller, "Selling Mrs. Consumer: advertising and the creation of suburban socio-spatial relations, 1910-1930," Antipode 23 (1991): 278.
80. McLuhan (n. 35 above), pp. 32, 33; William Christian, George Grant (Toronto, 1993), pp. 177, 250. Grant's best-known writings are Lament for a Nation: The Defeat Of Canadian Nationalism (Princeton, N.J., 1965) and Technology and Empire: Perspectives on North America (Toronto, 1969).
81. McLuhan (n. 35 above), pp. 32, 33; William Christian, George Grant (Toronto, 1993), pp. 177, 250. Grant's best-known writings are Lament for a Nation: The Defeat Of Canadian Nationalism (Princeton, N.J., 1965) and Technology and Empire: Perspectives on North America (Toronto, 1969).
82. Shortliffe, interview; Ann Brook, interview by author, Abbotsford, BC, November 24, 1994; Susan Taylor (pseud.), interview by author, Victoria, BC, May 10, 1994; Joan Niblock, interview by author, Langley, BC, May 25, 1994; Bev Newmarch, Calgary, Alberta, letter to author, September 6, 1993.
83. Olive L. Kozicky, Calgary, Alberta, letter to author, September 14, 1993; Newmarch, letter to author; Elizabeth Perry, Calgary, Alberta, letter to author, September 12, 1993.
84. Shortliffe, interview; Edwards, interview; Liz Forbes, Duncan, BC, letter to author, November 1993.
85. "Laundry's No Problem," CHG, October 1950, 91; "How to Choose Your Next Big Appliance," Chatelaine, November 1956, 22; Canadian General Electric, EFIR, June 9, 1965, RG 20 765 23-100 C27 NAC; Tanis Day, "Substituting Capital for Labour in the Home: The Diffusion of Household Technology," (Ph.D. diss., Queen's University, 1987), p. 185. The 1966 prices cited from Day are in 1971 dollars.
86. "Laundry's No Problem," CHG, October 1950, 91; "How to Choose Your Next Big Appliance," Chatelaine, November 1956, 22; Canadian General Electric, EFIR, June 9, 1965, RG 20 765 23-100 C27 NAC; Tanis Day, "Substituting Capital for Labour in the Home: The Diffusion of Household Technology," (Ph.D. diss., Queen's University, 1987), p. 185. The 1966 prices cited from Day are in 1971 dollars.
87. Jean Mann Due, "Consumption Levels in Canada and the United States, 1947-50," Canadian Journal of Economics and Political Science 21 (May 1955): 174-81.
88. Department of Finance, "Control of Consumer Credit" (n. 52 above)
89. Nancy Folbre and Heidi Hartmann, "The Rhetoric of Self Interest: Ideology and Gender in Economic Theory," in The Consequences of Economic Rhetoric, ed. Arjo Klamer (New York, 1988), pp. 184-203; Paula England, "The Separative Self: Androcentric Bias in Neoclassical Assumptions," in Beyond Economic Man: Feminist Theory and Economics, ed. Marianne A. Ferber and Julie A. Nelson (Chicago, 1993), pp. 37-53.
90. Nancy Folbre and Heidi Hartmann, "The Rhetoric of Self Interest: Ideology and Gender in Economic Theory," in The Consequences of Economic Rhetoric, ed. Arjo Klamer (New York, 1988), pp. 184-203; Paula England, "The Separative Self: Androcentric Bias in Neoclassical Assumptions," in Beyond Economic Man: Feminist Theory and Economics, ed. Marianne A. Ferber and Julie A. Nelson (Chicago, 1993), pp. 37-53.
91. The least spent for refrigerators was $342, the most $353; for stoves the range was between $205 and $219, both narrower differences on larger sums than the $35 gap for washers. "Purchasing of Furniture, Household Appliances and Home Furnishings - Toronto - By Age Groups, 1949-50-51 and 32 weeks of 1952," Market Research 1953-60 S69 v. 25, T. Eaton Company, Archives of Ontario.
92. "Purchasing of home furnishings and appliances by new home owners," Controller's Office, September 2, 1958, Series 165 Box 2 file 5.1, T. Eaton Company, Archives of Ontario.
93. McKeen, interview (n. 18 above); Niblock, interview (n. 57 above); Coffey, interview (n. 17 above); Gerd Evans, interview by Margaret-Anne Knowles, Burnaby, BC, April 6, 1994; Mrs. A. B. Botham, Ganges, BC, letter to author, October 16, 1993; Hazel Beech, Lake Cowichan, BC, letter to author, July 22, 1993.
94. This seems to have been the case for Ontario in the 1950s. See Nora Cebotarev, "From Domesticity to the Public Sphere: Farm Women, 1945-86," in A Diversity of Women: Ontario 1945-80, ed. Joy Parr (Toronto, 1995), pp. 203, 207. In Quebec, aspiration for domestic comfort took greater precedence; Yves Tremblay, "Equiper la maison de ferme ou la ferme, le choix des femmes quebecoises, 1930-1960," Bulletin de l'histoire de l'electricite 19-20 (1992) 235-48.
95. This seems to have been the case for Ontario in the 1950s. See Nora Cebotarev, "From Domesticity to the Public Sphere: Farm Women, 1945-86," in A Diversity of Women: Ontario 1945-80, ed. Joy Parr (Toronto, 1995), pp. 203, 207. In Quebec, aspiration for domestic comfort took greater precedence; Yves Tremblay, "Equiper la maison de ferme ou la ferme, le choix des femmes quebecoises, 1930-1960," Bulletin de l'histoire de l'electricite 19-20 (1992) 235-48.
96. Katherine Jellison, Entitled to Power: Farm Women and Technology, 1913-63 (Chapel Hill, N. C., 1993), p. 109; Corlann Gee Bush, "'He Isn't Half So Cranky As He Used To Be': Agricultural Mechanisation, Comparable Worth, and the Changing Farm Family," in "To Toil the Livelong Day": America's Women at Work, 1780-1980, ed. Carol Groneman and Mary Beth Norton (Ithaca, N. Y., 1987), p. 228.
97. Katherine Jellison, Entitled to Power: Farm Women and Technology, 1913-63 (Chapel Hill, N. C., 1993), p. 109; Corlann Gee Bush, "'He Isn't Half So Cranky As He Used To Be': Agricultural Mechanisation, Comparable Worth, and the Changing Farm Family," in "To Toil the Livelong Day": America's Women at Work, 1780-1980, ed. Carol Groneman and Mary Beth Norton (Ithaca, N. Y., 1987), p. 228.
98. "Report of Findings Concerning Consumer Information; Crafts and Hobbies; Housing (The Farm Home)," Progress Report #7, "Special Study of Ontario Farm Homes and Homemakers 1959," pp. 11, 12, 28, AOS6076, Helen Abell Papers, University of Guelph Archives.
99. J. K. Edmonds, "Keep a Sales Eye on the Farmer's Wife," Marketing, May 24, 1957, 28.
100. Ibid. Proportion of automatic washing machines among electric washing machines in Quebec homes (%): 1960 (13); 1961 (15. 6); 1962 (18. 4); 1963 (21. 6); 1964 (25. 4); 1965 (28. 3); 1966 (32. 7); 1967 (38. 8); Dominion Bureau of Statistics, Household Facilities and Equipment (Ottawa, 1960-67). Jellison, pp. 180, 185.
101. The interviews included questions about how buying decisions were made. The response usually was that decisions were arrived at jointly. It was usually difficult to discern whether or how patriarchal privileges or status as breadwinners influence buying priorities. In the analysis of the transcripts and correspondence, I have taken women at their word. Cliff, interview (n. 17 above); Murphy, interview (n. 17 above).
102. J. K. Edmonds, "An Expanding Durable Goods Market: Aim Ad Pitch to Working Wife," Marketing, October 28, 1960, 42; "The Working Wife - Appliances Target," Marketing, December 26, 1958, 8; Vance Packard, The Hidden Persuaders (New York, 1957), p. 62; Maxine Margolis, Mothers and Such, Views of American Women and Why They Change (Berkeley, 1984), p. 167; Joan Sangster bases her finding on detailed studies by the Women's Bureau of the Federal Department of Labour. See her "Doing Two Jobs: The Wage-Earning Mother, 1945-70," in Parr, A Diversity of Women: (n. 67 above), pp. 100, 120; Mary E. Singer and Sue Rogers, "Survey of Child Care and Housekeeping Arrangements Made by Homemakers Who Are Employed Outside the Home," June 1966, REl MAC AO135, University of Guelph Archives, pp. 22, 25. Newlands, letter to author (n. 16 above); Joyce Cunningham, Victoria, BC, letter to author, October 30, 1993.
103. J. K. Edmonds, "An Expanding Durable Goods Market: Aim Ad Pitch to Working Wife," Marketing, October 28, 1960, 42; "The Working Wife - Appliances Target," Marketing, December 26, 1958, 8; Vance Packard, The Hidden Persuaders (New York, 1957), p. 62; Maxine Margolis, Mothers and Such, Views of American Women and Why They Change (Berkeley, 1984), p. 167; Joan Sangster bases her finding on detailed studies by the Women's Bureau of the Federal Department of Labour. See her "Doing Two Jobs: The Wage-Earning Mother, 1945-70," in Parr, A Diversity of Women: (n. 67 above), pp. 100, 120; Mary E. Singer and Sue Rogers, "Survey of Child Care and Housekeeping Arrangements Made by Homemakers Who Are Employed Outside the Home," June 1966, REl MAC AO135, University of Guelph Archives, pp. 22, 25. Newlands, letter to author (n. 16 above); Joyce Cunningham, Victoria, BC, letter to author, October 30, 1993.
104. J. K. Edmonds, "An Expanding Durable Goods Market: Aim Ad Pitch to Working Wife," Marketing, October 28, 1960, 42; "The Working Wife - Appliances Target," Marketing, December 26, 1958, 8; Vance Packard, The Hidden Persuaders (New York, 1957), p. 62; Maxine Margolis, Mothers and Such, Views of American Women and Why They Change (Berkeley, 1984), p. 167; Joan Sangster bases her finding on detailed studies by the Women's Bureau of the Federal Department of Labour. See her "Doing Two Jobs: The Wage-Earning Mother, 1945-70," in Parr, A Diversity of Women: (n. 67 above), pp. 100, 120; Mary E. Singer and Sue Rogers, "Survey of Child Care and Housekeeping Arrangements Made by Homemakers Who Are Employed Outside the Home," June 1966, REl MAC AO135, University of Guelph Archives, pp. 22, 25. Newlands, letter to author (n. 16 above); Joyce Cunningham, Victoria, BC, letter to author, October 30, 1993.
105. J. K. Edmonds, "An Expanding Durable Goods Market: Aim Ad Pitch to Working Wife," Marketing, October 28, 1960, 42; "The Working Wife - Appliances Target," Marketing, December 26, 1958, 8; Vance Packard, The Hidden Persuaders (New York, 1957), p. 62; Maxine Margolis, Mothers and Such, Views of American Women and Why They Change (Berkeley, 1984), p. 167; Joan Sangster bases her finding on detailed studies by the Women's Bureau of the Federal Department of Labour. See her "Doing Two Jobs: The Wage-Earning Mother, 1945-70," in Parr, A Diversity of Women: (n. 67 above), pp. 100, 120; Mary E. Singer and Sue Rogers, "Survey of Child Care and Housekeeping Arrangements Made by Homemakers Who Are Employed Outside the Home," June 1966, REl MAC AO135, University of Guelph Archives, pp. 22, 25. Newlands, letter to author (n. 16 above); Joyce Cunningham, Victoria, BC, letter to author, October 30, 1993.
106. J. K. Edmonds, "An Expanding Durable Goods Market: Aim Ad Pitch to Working Wife," Marketing, October 28, 1960, 42; "The Working Wife - Appliances Target," Marketing, December 26, 1958, 8; Vance Packard, The Hidden Persuaders (New York, 1957), p. 62; Maxine Margolis, Mothers and Such, Views of American Women and Why They Change (Berkeley, 1984), p. 167; Joan Sangster bases her finding on detailed studies by the Women's Bureau of the Federal Department of Labour. See her "Doing Two Jobs: The Wage-Earning Mother, 1945-70," in Parr, A Diversity of Women: (n. 67 above), pp. 100, 120; Mary E. Singer and Sue Rogers, "Survey of Child Care and Housekeeping Arrangements Made by Homemakers Who Are Employed Outside the Home," June 1966, REl MAC AO135, University of Guelph Archives, pp. 22, 25. Newlands, letter to author (n. 16 above); Joyce Cunningham, Victoria, BC, letter to author, October 30, 1993.
107. "The Working Wife - Appliances Target," Marketing, December 24, 1958, 8; Edmonds, "Aim Ad Pitch to Working Wife"; Lee Maguire, "Canadian Consumer Buying Intentions: A Study of Provincial and Socioeconomic Differences," (master's thesis, University of Windsor, 1967), p. 34. A copy of this thesis is in the University of Guelph Library.
108. Helen Abell and Frank Uhlir, "Rural Young People and Their Future Plans, Opinion and Attitudes of Selected Rural Young People Concerning Farming and Rural Life in Alberta, Ontario and Quebec 1951-52," Canada, Department of Agriculture, 1953, in Helen Abell Collection, University of Guelph Archives.
109. Margaret McCready, "Science in the Home" (typescript, February 1946) and "Whither Home Economics" (typescript, November 1954), in Margaret McCready Collection, AO13518 and 13519, University of Guelph Archives.
110. Anne-Jorunn Berg, "A Gendered Socio-technical Construction: The Smart House," pp. 173-74, and Andjelka Milic, "Women, Technology and Societal Failure in Former Yugoslavia," p. 156 in Cockburn and Dilic (n. 8 above).
111. Anne-Jorunn Berg, "A Gendered Socio-technical Construction: The Smart House," pp. 173-74, and Andjelka Milic, "Women, Technology and Societal Failure in Former Yugoslavia," p. 156 in Cockburn and Dilic (n. 8 above).
112. McLean-Hunter, Housing Plans of Canadians (Toronto, August 1945), p. 7; Lever Brothers, Canadian Homes, a Survey of Urban and Farm Housing (Toronto, 1945), p. 7; The regional variations were considerable. See D. R. White, "Rural Canada in Transition," in Rural Canada in Transition, ed. M. A. Trembley and W. J. Anderson (Ottawa, 1966), pp. 39-41. In 1961 two-thirds of prairie farm homes still did not have inside running water.
113. McLean-Hunter, Housing Plans of Canadians (Toronto, August 1945), p. 7; Lever Brothers, Canadian Homes, a Survey of Urban and Farm Housing (Toronto, 1945), p. 7; The regional variations were considerable. See D. R. White, "Rural Canada in Transition," in Rural Canada in Transition, ed. M. A. Trembley and W. J. Anderson (Ottawa, 1966), pp. 39-41. In 1961 two-thirds of prairie farm homes still did not have inside running water.
114. McLean-Hunter, Housing Plans of Canadians (Toronto, August 1945), p. 7; Lever Brothers, Canadian Homes, a Survey of Urban and Farm Housing (Toronto, 1945), p. 7; The regional variations were considerable. See D. R. White, "Rural Canada in Transition," in Rural Canada in Transition, ed. M. A. Trembley and W. J. Anderson (Ottawa, 1966), pp. 39-41. In 1961 two-thirds of prairie farm homes still did not have inside running water.
115. White, pp. 39-41.
116. The association between use of wringer technology and the absence of municipal water systems is apparent in the United States as well. See James A. Carman and J. D. Kaczor, "Ownership Patterns for Major Household Appliances," in Studies in the Demand for Consumer Household Equipment, ed. James A. Carman (Berkeley, 1965), p. 118.
117. Evans, interview (n. 66 above); Emma Boyd, interview by Margaret-Anne Knowles, Vancouver, BC, January 27, 1994; Kilby, interview (n. 17 above); Simpson, interview (n. 17 above); Hansen, interview (n. 16 above); Kathy Grensewich, Kitchener, Ontario, letter to author, August 2, 1993.
118. Leacy (n. 48 above), E49. Women who remembered the fifties as a time when they struggled to get by retrospectively often dated their own postwar prosperity from 1962.
119. In 1964, three-quarters of wringer sales were to households with incomes greater than $5,000; see G. D. Quirin, R. M. Sultan, and T. A. Wilson, "The Canadian Appliance Industry," working paper, University of Toronto, Institute for Quantitative Research in Social and Economic Policy, 1970, pp. 36, 77. Also in 1964, sales of wringer washers amounted to 203,000, while sales of automatics came to 162,900. 75.3 percent of wringer sales were to replace wringers, 59.6 percent of automatic sales were conversions from wringers. See "Major Appliance Study, 1964 Study: 1964 sales by types of transactions," Major Appliance Study RG 20 vol. 1755 P8001-4404/46 NAC.
120. Sparke (n. 7 above), p. 6; Rosemary Pringle, "Women and Consumer Capitalism," in Women, Social Welfare and the Stale in Australia, ed. Cora Baldock and Bettina Cass (Sydney, 1983), p. 100; Susan Strasser, Satisfaction Guaranteed: The Making of the American Mass Market (New York, 1989), p. 15; David Nye, Electrifying America: Social Meanings of a New Technology, 1880-1940 (Cambridge, Mass., 1990), p. 281; John Fiske, Reading the Popular (Boston, 1989), p. 2.
121. Sparke (n. 7 above), p. 6; Rosemary Pringle, "Women and Consumer Capitalism," in Women, Social Welfare and the Stale in Australia, ed. Cora Baldock and Bettina Cass (Sydney, 1983), p. 100; Susan Strasser, Satisfaction Guaranteed: The Making of the American Mass Market (New York, 1989), p. 15; David Nye, Electrifying America: Social Meanings of a New Technology, 1880-1940 (Cambridge, Mass., 1990), p. 281; John Fiske, Reading the Popular (Boston, 1989), p. 2.
122. Sparke (n. 7 above), p. 6; Rosemary Pringle, "Women and Consumer Capitalism," in Women, Social Welfare and the Stale in Australia, ed. Cora Baldock and Bettina Cass (Sydney, 1983), p. 100; Susan Strasser, Satisfaction Guaranteed: The Making of the American Mass Market (New York, 1989), p. 15; David Nye, Electrifying America: Social Meanings of a New Technology, 1880-1940 (Cambridge, Mass., 1990), p. 281; John Fiske, Reading the Popular (Boston, 1989), p. 2.
123. Sparke (n. 7 above), p. 6; Rosemary Pringle, "Women and Consumer Capitalism," in Women, Social Welfare and the Stale in Australia, ed. Cora Baldock and Bettina Cass (Sydney, 1983), p. 100; Susan Strasser, Satisfaction Guaranteed: The Making of the American Mass Market (New York, 1989), p. 15; David Nye, Electrifying America: Social Meanings of a New Technology, 1880-1940 (Cambridge, Mass., 1990), p. 281; John Fiske, Reading the Popular (Boston, 1989), p. 2.
124. Nye, p. 281; Mihaly Csikszentminhalyi and Eugene Rochberg-Halton, The Meaning of Things: Domestic Symbols and the Self (Cambridge, 1981), p. 53.
125. The comment from Mrs. Barr and another similar by Mrs. G. F. Grady of Peterborough are in "Housewives' Ideas for Better Washers," CHG, June 1955, 66; the filling system of the seven-rinse Inglis automatic is described in Mrs. R. G. Morningstar, "Survey of Time and Motion Studies for Household Equipment," Report 23, 1952, Canadian Association of Consumers, MC 28 I 200 vol. 1 NAC; "Look What's Happening to Washday," Chatelaine, May 1953), pp. 79, 81; " Today's Household Equipment," Chatelaine, November 1951), p. 90; "Buying Public Loves Laundry 'Automation,'" HGR, March 25, 1963, 18; "Laundry Market Accelerating Fast in Canada," HGR, March 7, 1966; Nye, p. 303; Mrs. Cindy Bolger, Ariss, Ontario, letter to author, July 25, 1993; Forbes, letter to author (n. 59 above).
126. The comment from Mrs. Barr and another similar by Mrs. G. F. Grady of Peterborough are in "Housewives' Ideas for Better Washers," CHG, June 1955, 66; the filling system of the seven-rinse Inglis automatic is described in Mrs. R. G. Morningstar, "Survey of Time and Motion Studies for Household Equipment," Report 23, 1952, Canadian Association of Consumers, MC 28 I 200 vol. 1 NAC; "Look What's Happening to Washday," Chatelaine, May 1953), pp. 79, 81; " Today's Household Equipment," Chatelaine, November 1951), p. 90; "Buying Public Loves Laundry 'Automation,'" HGR, March 25, 1963, 18; "Laundry Market Accelerating Fast in Canada," HGR, March 7, 1966; Nye, p. 303; Mrs. Cindy Bolger, Ariss, Ontario, letter to author, July 25, 1993; Forbes, letter to author (n. 59 above).
127. The comment from Mrs. Barr and another similar by Mrs. G. F. Grady of Peterborough are in "Housewives' Ideas for Better Washers," CHG, June 1955, 66; the filling system of the seven-rinse Inglis automatic is described in Mrs. R. G. Morningstar, "Survey of Time and Motion Studies for Household Equipment," Report 23, 1952, Canadian Association of Consumers, MC 28 I 200 vol. 1 NAC; "Look What's Happening to Washday," Chatelaine, May 1953), pp. 79, 81; " Today's Household Equipment," Chatelaine, November 1951), p. 90; "Buying Public Loves Laundry 'Automation,'" HGR, March 25, 1963, 18; "Laundry Market Accelerating Fast in Canada," HGR, March 7, 1966; Nye, p. 303; Mrs. Cindy Bolger, Ariss, Ontario, letter to author, July 25, 1993; Forbes, letter to author (n. 59 above).
128. The comment from Mrs. Barr and another similar by Mrs. G. F. Grady of Peterborough are in "Housewives' Ideas for Better Washers," CHG, June 1955, 66; the filling system of the seven-rinse Inglis automatic is described in Mrs. R. G. Morningstar, "Survey of Time and Motion Studies for Household Equipment," Report 23, 1952, Canadian Association of Consumers, MC 28 I 200 vol. 1 NAC; "Look What's Happening to Washday," Chatelaine, May 1953), pp. 79, 81; " Today's Household Equipment," Chatelaine, November 1951), p. 90; "Buying Public Loves Laundry 'Automation,'" HGR, March 25, 1963, 18; "Laundry Market Accelerating Fast in Canada," HGR, March 7, 1966; Nye, p. 303; Mrs. Cindy Bolger, Ariss, Ontario, letter to author, July 25, 1993; Forbes, letter to author (n. 59 above).
129. The comment from Mrs. Barr and another similar by Mrs. G. F. Grady of Peterborough are in "Housewives' Ideas for Better Washers," CHG, June 1955, 66; the filling system of the seven-rinse Inglis automatic is described in Mrs. R. G. Morningstar, "Survey of Time and Motion Studies for Household Equipment," Report 23, 1952, Canadian Association of Consumers, MC 28 I 200 vol. 1 NAC; "Look What's Happening to Washday," Chatelaine, May 1953), pp. 79, 81; " Today's Household Equipment," Chatelaine, November 1951), p. 90; "Buying Public Loves Laundry 'Automation,'" HGR, March 25, 1963, 18; "Laundry Market Accelerating Fast in Canada," HGR, March 7, 1966; Nye, p. 303; Mrs. Cindy Bolger, Ariss, Ontario, letter to author, July 25, 1993; Forbes, letter to author (n. 59 above).
130. The comment from Mrs. Barr and another similar by Mrs. G. F. Grady of Peterborough are in "Housewives' Ideas for Better Washers," CHG, June 1955, 66; the filling system of the seven-rinse Inglis automatic is described in Mrs. R. G. Morningstar, "Survey of Time and Motion Studies for Household Equipment," Report 23, 1952, Canadian Association of Consumers, MC 28 I 200 vol. 1 NAC; "Look What's Happening to Washday," Chatelaine, May 1953), pp. 79, 81; " Today's Household Equipment," Chatelaine, November 1951), p. 90; "Buying Public Loves Laundry 'Automation,'" HGR, March 25, 1963, 18; "Laundry Market Accelerating Fast in Canada," HGR, March 7, 1966; Nye, p. 303; Mrs. Cindy Bolger, Ariss, Ontario, letter to author, July 25, 1993; Forbes, letter to author (n. 59 above).
131. Suzette Worden, "Powerful Women: Electricity in the Home, 1919-40," in A View from the Interior: Feminism, Women and Design, ed. Judy Attfield and Pat Kirkham (London, 1989), p. 140; Pringle, pp. 100-101.
132. Corley (n. 7 above), p. 136; Giedion (n. 21 above), p. 570; Mrs. W. R. Walton, paper presented before CEMA, 1962, in Proceedings 5th Annual Appliance Marketing Seminar (n.p., Canadian Electrical Manufacturers Association, May 17, 1962), p. 16; Greta Nelson, interview by Margaret-Anne Knowles, Burnaby, BC, March 5, 1994; Botham, letter to author (n. 66 above); Newmarch, letter to author (n. 57 above).
133. \89 Perry, letter to author (n. 58 above); for reactions to Canadian women's "doubts and prejudices" about automatics, see Margaret Meadows, "What To Look for When Buying an Automatic Washer," Chatelaine, May 1951, 84; "Working Up Sales Lather - Market Was Made Sure It Was, Westinghouse," Marketing, February 22, 1957, 7; "Guarantees Washer for Twelve Years," Marketing, March 28, 1958, 1; "Consumer Attitude Survey - Fuels and Household Appliances," May 1961, British Columbia Electric Marketing Division, British Columbia Hydro Archives, 5, 39, 41; Bea Millar, interview by author, notes only, Vancouver, BC, 8 May 1996. Millar, head of BC Electric Home Services, noted that the first automatics needed to be bolted to a good cement foundation because the spinning tub caused the washer cabinet to shift.
134. \89 Perry, letter to author (n. 58 above); for reactions to Canadian women's "doubts and prejudices" about automatics, see Margaret Meadows, "What To Look for When Buying an Automatic Washer," Chatelaine, May 1951, 84; "Working Up Sales Lather - Market Was Made Sure It Was, Westinghouse," Marketing, February 22, 1957, 7; "Guarantees Washer for Twelve Years," Marketing, March 28, 1958, 1; "Consumer Attitude Survey - Fuels and Household Appliances," May 1961, British Columbia Electric Marketing Division, British Columbia Hydro Archives, 5, 39, 41; Bea Millar, interview by author, notes only, Vancouver, BC, 8 May 1996. Millar, head of BC Electric Home Services, noted that the first automatics needed to be bolted to a good cement foundation because the spinning tub caused the washer cabinet to shift.
135. \89 Perry, letter to author (n. 58 above); for reactions to Canadian women's "doubts and prejudices" about automatics, see Margaret Meadows, "What To Look for When Buying an Automatic Washer," Chatelaine, May 1951, 84; "Working Up Sales Lather - Market Was Made Sure It Was, Westinghouse," Marketing, February 22, 1957, 7; "Guarantees Washer for Twelve Years," Marketing, March 28, 1958, 1; "Consumer Attitude Survey - Fuels and Household Appliances," May 1961, British Columbia Electric Marketing Division, British Columbia Hydro Archives, 5, 39, 41; Bea Millar, interview by author, notes only, Vancouver, BC, 8 May 1996. Millar, head of BC Electric Home Services, noted that the first automatics needed to be bolted to a good cement foundation because the spinning tub caused the washer cabinet to shift.