The effects of external material on the chemistry and structure of Saturn's ionosphere

Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets

Volumn 105, Issue E3, 2000, Pages 7013-7052

  Moses, Julianne I ^a   Bass, Stephen F ^b  

^a LUNAR AND PLANETARY INSTITUTE   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

IONOSPHERE; SATURN;

EID: 0033780782     PISSN: 01480227     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1029/1999JE001172     Document Type: Article

References (73)

1. Achilleos, N., S. Miller, J. Tennyson, A. D. Aylward, I. Mueller-Wodaig, and D. Rees, JIM: A time-dependent, three-dimensional model of Jupiter's thermosphere and ionosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 20,089-20,112, 1998.
2. Allen, M., Y. L. Yung, and J. W. Waters, Vertical transport and photochemistry in the terrestrial mesosphere and lower thermosphere (50-120 km), J. Geophys. Res., 86, 3617-3627, 1981.
3. Anicich, V. G., Evaluated bimolecular ion-molecule gas phase kinetics of positive ions for use in modeling planetary atmospheres, cometary comae, and interstellar clouds, J. Phys. Ghem. Ref. Data, 22, 1469-1569, 1993.
4. Atreya, S. K., Atmospheres and Ionospheres of the Outer Planets and Their Satellites, 224 pp., Springer-Verlag, New York, 1986.
5. 4, J. Phys. B, 8, 3007-3019, 1975.
6. 1 and molecular deuterium, obtained by an electron-ion coincidence method, J. Phys. B, 9, 315-331, 1976.
7. Banks, P. M., and G. Kockarts, Aeronomy, 785 pp., Academic, San Diego, Calif., 1973.
8. 3) on Saturn, Astron. Astrophys., 334, L41-L44, 1998.
9. Bronshten, V. A., Physics of Meteoric Phenomena, 356 pp., D. Reidel, Norwell, Mass., 1983.
10. Chen, R. H., Studies of Jupiter's lower ionospheric layers, J. Geophys. Res., 86, 7792-7794, 1981.
11. Connerney, J. E. P., Magnetic connection for Saturn's rings and atmosphere, Geophys. Res. Lett., 13, 773-776, 1986.
12. Connerney, J. E. P., and J. H. Waite Jr., New model of Saturn's ionosphere with an influx of water from the rings, Nature, 312, 136-138, 1984.
13. Cravens, T. E., Vibrationally excited molecular hydrogen in the upper atmosphere of Jupiter, J. Geophys. Res., 92, 11,083-11,100, 1987.
14. 2O, Astron. Astrophys., 321, L13-L16, 1997.
15. Feuchtgruber, H., E. Lellouch, T. de Graauw, B. Bézard, T. Encrenaz, and M. Griffin, External supply of oxygen to the atmospheres of the giant planets, Nature, 389, 159-162, 1997.
16. Gelinas, L. J., K. A. Lynch, M. C. Kelley, S. Collins, S. Baker, Q. Zhou, and J. S. Friedman, First observation of meteoritic charged dust in the tropical mesosphere, Geophys. Res. Lett., 25, 4047-4050, 1998.
17. Gladstone, G. R., M. Allen, and Y. L. Yung, Hydrocarbon photochemistry in the upper atmosphere of Jupiter, Icarus, 119, 1-52, 1996.
18. Goertz, C. K., Dusty plasmas in the solar system, Rev. Geophys., 27, 271-292, 1989.
19. Grebowsky, J. M., Meteoric ion production near Jupiter, J. Geophys. Res., 86, 1537-1543, 1981.
20. Grevesse, N., A. Noels, and A. J. Sauval, Standard abundances, in Cosmic Abundances, edited by S. S. Holt and G. Sonneborn, Astron. Soc. Pac. Conf. Ser., 99, 117-127, 1996.
21. Havnes, O., J. Trøim, T. Blix, W. Mortensen, L. I. Næsheim, E. Thrane, and T. Tønnesen, First detection of charged dust particles in the Earth's mesosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 10,839-10,847, 1996.
22. Hinson, D. P., F. M. Flasar, A. J. Kliore, P. J. Schinder, J. D. Twicken, and R. G. Herrera, Jupiter's ionosphere: Results from the first Galileo radio occultation experiment, Geophys. Res. Lett., 24, 2107-2110, 1997.
23. Hinson, D. P., J. D. Twicken, and E. T. Karayel, Jupiter's ionosphere: New results from Voyager 2 radio occultation measurements, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 9505-9520, 1998.
24. Hubbard, W. B., et al., Structure of Saturn's mesosphere from the 28 Sgr occultations, Icarus, 130, 404-425, 1997.
25. Hudson, R. D., Critical review of ultraviolet photoabsorption cross sections for molecules of astrophysical and aeronomic interest, Rev. Geophys., 9, 305-406, 1971.
26. Hunten, D. M., R. P. Turco, and O. B. Toon, Smoke and dust particles of meteoric origin in the mesosphere and stratosphere, J. Atmos. Sci., 37, 1342-1357, 1980.
27. Huntress, W. T., Jr., A review of Jovian ionospheric chemistry, Adv. At. Mol. Phys., 10, 295-340, 1974.
28. Ip, W. H., On plasma transport in the vicinity of the rings of Saturn: A siphon flow mechanism, J. Geophys. Res., 88, 819-822, 1983.
29. Kelley, M. C., The Earth's Ionosphere: Plasma Physics and Electrodynamics, 484 pp., Academic, San Diego, Calif., 1989.
30. Kim, Y. H., The Jovian Ionosphere, Ph.D. thesis, 221 pp., State Univ. of N.Y. at Stony Brook, 1991.
31. Kim, Y. H., and J. L. Fox, The chemistry of hydrocarbon ions in the Jovian ionosphere, Icarus, 112, 310-325, 1994.
32. 2 for aeronomic calculations, At. Data Nucl. Data Tables, 23, 63-81, 1979.
33. Kliore, A. J., G. F. Lindal, I. R. Patel, D. N. Sweetnam, and H. B. Hotz, Vertical structure of the ionosphere and upper neutral atmosphere of Saturn from the Pioneer radio occultation, Science, 207, 446-449, 1980a.
34. Kliore, A. J., I. R. Patel, G. F. Lindal, D. M. Sweetnam, H. B. Hotz, J. H. Waite Jr., and T. R. McDonough, Structure of the ionosphere and atmosphere of Saturn from Pioneer 11 radio occultation, J. Geophys. Res., 85, 5857-5870, 1980b.
35. Lindal, G. F., D. N. Sweetnam, and V. R. Eshleman, The atmosphere of Saturn: An analysis of the Voyager radio occultation measurements, Astron. J., 90, 1136-1146, 1985.
36. Love, S. G., and D. E. Brownlee, A direct measurement of the terrestrial mass accretion rate of cosmic dust, Science, 262, 550-553, 1993.
37. Lyons, J. R., Metal ions in the atmosphere of Neptune, Science, 267, 648-651, 1995.
38. Majeed, T., and J. C. McConnell, The upper ionospheres of Jupiter and Saturn, Planet. Space Sci., 39, 1715-1732, 1991.
39. Majeed, T., and J. C. McConnell, Voyager electron density measurements on Saturn: Analysis with a time-dependent ionospheric model, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 7589-7598, 1996.
40. 2 in the outer planets thermosphere: Fluorescence in the Lyman and Werner bands, Planet. Space Sci., 39, 1591-1606, 1991.
41. McConnell, J. C., J. B. Holberg, G. R. Smith, B. R. Sandel, D. E., Shemansky, and A. L. Broadfoot, A new look at the ionosphere of Jupiter in light of the UVS occultation results, Planet. Space Sci., 30, 151-167, 1982.
42. McElroy, M. B., The ionospheres of the major planets, Space Sci. Rev., 14, 460-473, 1973.
43. Millar, T. J., P. R. A. Farquhar, and K. Willacy, The UMIST database for astrochemistry 1995, Astron. Astrophys. Suppl. Ser., 121, 139-185, 1997.
44. Moses, J. I., Meteoroid ablation in Neptune's atmosphere, Icarus, 99, 368-383, 1992.
45. Moses, J. I., Dust ablation during the Shoemaker-Levy 9 impacts, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 21,619-21,643, 1997.
46. Moses, J. I., Micrometeoritic bombardment of Saturn, I, Ablation profiles, Lunar Planet. Sci. Conf., 1427, (CD ROM), 1998.
47. Moses, J. I., B. Bézard, E. Lellouch, G. R. Gladstone, H. Feuchtgruber, and M. Allen, Photochemistry of Saturn's atmosphere, I, Hydrocarbon chemistry and comparisons with ISO observations, Icarus, in press, 2000a.
48. Moses, J. I., B. Bézard, E. Lellouch, G. R. Gladstone, H. Feuchtgruber, and M. Allen, Photochemistry of Saturn's atmosphere, II, Effects of an influx of external oxygen, Icarus, in press, 2000b.
49. Nair, H., M. Allen, A. D. Anbar, Y. L. Yung, and R. T. Clancy, A photochemical model of the martian atmosphere, Icarus, 111, 124-150, 1994.
50. Northrop, T. G., and J. R. Hill, The stability of negatively charged dust grains in Saturn's ring plane, J. Geophys. Res., 87, 6045-6051, 1982.
51. Northrop, T. G., and J. R. Hill, The inner edge of Saturn's B ring, J. Geophys. Res., 88, 6102-6108, 1983.
52. Öpik, E. J., Physics of Meteor Flight in the Atmosphere, 174 pp., Wiley Interscience, New York, 1958.
53. 2, Astrophys. J., 298, 369-374, 1985.
54. Reid, G. C., Ice particles and electron "bite-outs" at the summer polar mesopause, J. Geophys. Res., 95, 13,891-13,896, 1990.
55. Reid, R. C., J. M. Praunitz, and B. E. Poling, The Properties of Liquids and Gases, 741 pp., McGraw-Hill, New York, 1987.
56. Rosinski, J., and R. H. Snow, Secondary particulate matter from meteor vapors, J. Meteorol., 18, 736-745, 1961.
57. Samson, J. A. R., The measurements of the photoionization cross sections of the atomic gases, Adv. At. Mol. Phys., 2, 177-261, 1966.
58. 4 from 110-950 Å, J. Chem. Phys., 90, 6925-6932, 1989.
59. Shimizu, M., Strong interaction between the ring system and the ionosphere of Saturn, Moon Planets, 22, 521-522, 1980.
60. Shoemaker, E. M., Interpretation of lunar craters, in Physics and Astronomy of the Moon, edited by Z. Kopal, pp. 283-359, Academic, San Diego, Calif., 1962.
61. Smith, G. R., D. E. Shemansky, J. B. Holberg, A. L. Broadfoot, B. R. Sandel, and J. C. McConnell, Saturn's upper atmosphere from the Voyager 2 EUV solar and stellar occultations, J. Geophys. Res., 88, 8667-8678, 1983.
62. Strobel, D. F., The ionospheres of the major planets, Rev. Geophys., 17, 1913-1922, 1979.
63. Strobel, D. F., and M. B. McElroy, The F2-layer at middle latitudes, Planet. Space Sci., 18, 1181-1202, 1970.
64. Swider, W., Jr., Processes for meteoric elements in the E-region, Planet. Space Sci., 17, 1233-1246, 1969.
65. Torr, M. R., and D. G. Torr, Ionization frequencies for solar cycle 21: Revised, J. Geophys. Res., 90, 6675-6678, 1985.
66. Turco, R. P., O. B. Toon, P. Hamill, and R. C. Whitten, Effects of meteoric debris on stratospheric aerosols and gases, J. Geophys. Res., 86, 1113-1128, 1981.
67. Tyler, G. L., V. R. Eshleman, J. D. Anderson, G. S. Levy, G. F. Lindal, G. E. Wood, and T. A. Croft, Radio science investigation of the Saturn system with Voyager 1: Preliminary results, Science, 212, 201-206, 1981.
68. Tyler, G. L., V. R. Eshleman, J. D. Anderson, G. S. Levy, G. F. Lindal, G. E. Wood, and T. A. Croft, Radio science with Voyager 2 at Saturn: Atmosphere and ionosphere and the masses of Mimas, Tethys, and Iapetus, Science, 215, 553-558, 1982.
69. Ulwick, J. C., K. D. Baker, M. C. Kelley, B. B. Balsley, and W. L. Ecklund, Comparison of simultaneous MST radar and electron density probe measurements during STATE, J. Geophys. Res., 93, 6989-7000, 1988.
70. Waite, J. H., Jr., The ionosphere of Saturn, Ph.D. thesis, 260 pp., Univ. of Mich., Ann Arbor, 1981.
71. Waite, J. H., Jr., and T. E. Cravens, Current review of the Jupiter, Saturn, and Uranus ionospheres, Adv. Space Res., 7(12), 119-134, 1987.
72. Waite, J. H., Jr., T. E. Cravens, J. Kozyra, A. F. Nagy, S. K. Atreya, and R. H. Chen, Electron precipitation and related aeronomy of the Jovian thermosphere and ionosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 88, 6143-6163, 1983.
73. Waite, J. H., Jr., W. S. Lewis, G. R. Gladstone, T. E. Cravens, A. N. Maurellis, P. Drossart, J. E. P. Connerney, S. Miller, and H. A. Lam, Outer planetary ionospheres: A review of recent research and a look toward the future, Adv. Space Res., 20, 243-252, 1997.