Authorizing landscape: 'Authority', naming and the Ordnance Survey's mapping of the Scottish Highlands in the nineteenth century

Journal of Historical Geography

Volumn 26, Issue 4, 2000, Pages 532-554

  Withers, Charles W J ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF EDINBURGH   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

HISTORICAL CARTOGRAPHY; MAPPING; NINETEENTH CENTURY; UPLAND REGION;

SCOTLAND; UNITED KINGDOM;

EID: 0033764997     PISSN: 03057488     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1006/jhge.2000.0244     Document Type: Article

References (151)

1. J. Turner Hospital, Oyster (London 1996) 140.
2. E. Tonkin, Narrating our Pasts (Cambridge 1992) 8.
3. S. B. Cohen and N. Kliot, Place-names in Israel's ideological struggle over the administered territories, Annals of the Association of American Geographers 82 (1992) 653-80; B. S. A. Yeoh, Street-naming and nation-building: toponymic inscriptions of nationhood in Singapore, Area 28 (1996) 298-307; R. Berleant-Schiller, Hidden places and creole forms: naming the Barbudan landscape, Professional Geographer 43 (1991) 92-101; D. Robinson, The language and significance of place in Latin America, in J.A. Agnew and J. S. Duncan (Eds), The Power of Place: Bringing Together Geographical and Sociological Imaginations (Boston 1989) 157-84.
4. S. B. Cohen and N. Kliot, Place-names in Israel's ideological struggle over the administered territories, Annals of the Association of American Geographers 82 (1992) 653-80; B. S. A. Yeoh, Street-naming and nation-building: toponymic inscriptions of nationhood in Singapore, Area 28 (1996) 298-307; R. Berleant-Schiller, Hidden places and creole forms: naming the Barbudan landscape, Professional Geographer 43 (1991) 92-101; D. Robinson, The language and significance of place in Latin America, in J.A. Agnew and J. S. Duncan (Eds), The Power of Place: Bringing Together Geographical and Sociological Imaginations (Boston 1989) 157-84.
5. S. B. Cohen and N. Kliot, Place-names in Israel's ideological struggle over the administered territories, Annals of the Association of American Geographers 82 (1992) 653-80; B. S. A. Yeoh, Street-naming and nation-building: toponymic inscriptions of nationhood in Singapore, Area 28 (1996) 298-307; R. Berleant-Schiller, Hidden places and creole forms: naming the Barbudan landscape, Professional Geographer 43 (1991) 92-101; D. Robinson, The language and significance of place in Latin America, in J.A. Agnew and J. S. Duncan (Eds), The Power of Place: Bringing Together Geographical and Sociological Imaginations (Boston 1989) 157-84.
6. S. B. Cohen and N. Kliot, Place-names in Israel's ideological struggle over the administered territories, Annals of the Association of American Geographers 82 (1992) 653-80; B. S. A. Yeoh, Street-naming and nation-building: toponymic inscriptions of nationhood in Singapore, Area 28 (1996) 298-307; R. Berleant-Schiller, Hidden places and creole forms: naming the Barbudan landscape, Professional Geographer 43 (1991) 92-101; D. Robinson, The language and significance of place in Latin America, in J.A. Agnew and J. S. Duncan (Eds), The Power of Place: Bringing Together Geographical and Sociological Imaginations (Boston 1989) 157-84.
7. K. G. Brealey, Mapping them 'out': Euro-Canadian cartography and the appropriation of the Nuxalk and Ts'ilhqot'in First Nations' territories, 1793-1916, The Canadian Geographer 39 (1995) 140-56; M. Sparke, A map that roared and an original atlas: Canada, cartography and the narration of nation, Annals of the Association of American Geographers 88 (1998) 463-95; M.G. Hannah, Space and social control in the administration of the Oglala Lakota ("Sioux"), 1871-9, Journal of Historical Geography 19 (1993) 412-32; on the Inuit, I think here of E. Bielawski, Inuit indigenous knowledge and science in the Arctic, Northern Perspectives 20 (1992) 5-8; M.T. Bravo, The Accuracy of Ethnoscience: A Study of Inuit Cartography and Cross-Cultural Commensurability (Manchester Papers in Social Anthropology, Vol. 2, Manchester 1996); R. A. Rundstrom, A cultural interpretation of Inuit map accuracy, Geographical Review 80 (1990) 155-68. Bravo, in his discussion of the early nineteenth-century Arctic explorer, Captain Edward Parry, is particularly insightful on the question of the commensurability of native and Western knowledges and mapping traditions and on the extent to which natives were complicit in their cartographic representation by outside mapmakers. Rundstrom, by contrast, has a more 'Eurocentric' reading of Inuit mapping traditions.
8. K. G. Brealey, Mapping them 'out': Euro-Canadian cartography and the appropriation of the Nuxalk and Ts'ilhqot'in First Nations' territories, 1793-1916, The Canadian Geographer 39 (1995) 140-56; M. Sparke, A map that roared and an original atlas: Canada, cartography and the narration of nation, Annals of the Association of American Geographers 88 (1998) 463-95; M.G. Hannah, Space and social control in the administration of the Oglala Lakota ("Sioux"), 1871-9, Journal of Historical Geography 19 (1993) 412-32; on the Inuit, I think here of E. Bielawski, Inuit indigenous knowledge and science in the Arctic, Northern Perspectives 20 (1992) 5-8; M.T. Bravo, The Accuracy of Ethnoscience: A Study of Inuit Cartography and Cross-Cultural Commensurability (Manchester Papers in Social Anthropology, Vol. 2, Manchester 1996); R. A. Rundstrom, A cultural interpretation of Inuit map accuracy, Geographical Review 80 (1990) 155-68. Bravo, in his discussion of the early nineteenth-century Arctic explorer, Captain Edward Parry, is particularly insightful on the question of the commensurability of native and Western knowledges and mapping traditions and on the extent to which natives were complicit in their cartographic representation by outside mapmakers. Rundstrom, by contrast, has a more 'Eurocentric' reading of Inuit mapping traditions.
9. K. G. Brealey, Mapping them 'out': Euro-Canadian cartography and the appropriation of the Nuxalk and Ts'ilhqot'in First Nations' territories, 1793-1916, The Canadian Geographer 39 (1995) 140-56; M. Sparke, A map that roared and an original atlas: Canada, cartography and the narration of nation, Annals of the Association of American Geographers 88 (1998) 463-95; M.G. Hannah, Space and social control in the administration of the Oglala Lakota ("Sioux"), 1871-9, Journal of Historical Geography 19 (1993) 412-32; on the Inuit, I think here of E. Bielawski, Inuit indigenous knowledge and science in the Arctic, Northern Perspectives 20 (1992) 5-8; M.T. Bravo, The Accuracy of Ethnoscience: A Study of Inuit Cartography and Cross-Cultural Commensurability (Manchester Papers in Social Anthropology, Vol. 2, Manchester 1996); R. A. Rundstrom, A cultural interpretation of Inuit map accuracy, Geographical Review 80 (1990) 155-68. Bravo, in his discussion of the early nineteenth-century Arctic explorer, Captain Edward Parry, is particularly insightful on the question of the commensurability of native and Western knowledges and mapping traditions and on the extent to which natives were complicit in their cartographic representation by outside mapmakers. Rundstrom, by contrast, has a more 'Eurocentric' reading of Inuit mapping traditions.
10. K. G. Brealey, Mapping them 'out': Euro-Canadian cartography and the appropriation of the Nuxalk and Ts'ilhqot'in First Nations' territories, 1793-1916, The Canadian Geographer 39 (1995) 140-56; M. Sparke, A map that roared and an original atlas: Canada, cartography and the narration of nation, Annals of the Association of American Geographers 88 (1998) 463-95; M.G. Hannah, Space and social control in the administration of the Oglala Lakota ("Sioux"), 1871-9, Journal of Historical Geography 19 (1993) 412-32; on the Inuit, I think here of E. Bielawski, Inuit indigenous knowledge and science in the Arctic, Northern Perspectives 20 (1992) 5-8; M.T. Bravo, The Accuracy of Ethnoscience: A Study of Inuit Cartography and Cross-Cultural Commensurability (Manchester Papers in Social Anthropology, Vol. 2, Manchester 1996); R. A. Rundstrom, A cultural interpretation of Inuit map accuracy, Geographical Review 80 (1990) 155-68. Bravo, in his discussion of the early nineteenth-century Arctic explorer, Captain Edward Parry, is particularly insightful on the question of the commensurability of native and Western knowledges and mapping traditions and on the extent to which natives were complicit in their cartographic representation by outside mapmakers. Rundstrom, by contrast, has a more 'Eurocentric' reading of Inuit mapping traditions.
11. K. G. Brealey, Mapping them 'out': Euro-Canadian cartography and the appropriation of the Nuxalk and Ts'ilhqot'in First Nations' territories, 1793-1916, The Canadian Geographer 39 (1995) 140-56; M. Sparke, A map that roared and an original atlas: Canada, cartography and the narration of nation, Annals of the Association of American Geographers 88 (1998) 463-95; M.G. Hannah, Space and social control in the administration of the Oglala Lakota ("Sioux"), 1871-9, Journal of Historical Geography 19 (1993) 412-32; on the Inuit, I think here of E. Bielawski, Inuit indigenous knowledge and science in the Arctic, Northern Perspectives 20 (1992) 5-8; M.T. Bravo, The Accuracy of Ethnoscience: A Study of Inuit Cartography and Cross-Cultural Commensurability (Manchester Papers in Social Anthropology, Vol. 2, Manchester 1996); R. A. Rundstrom, A cultural interpretation of Inuit map accuracy, Geographical Review 80 (1990) 155-68. Bravo, in his discussion of the early nineteenth-century Arctic explorer, Captain Edward Parry, is particularly insightful on the question of the commensurability of native and Western knowledges and mapping traditions and on the extent to which natives were complicit in their cartographic representation by outside mapmakers. Rundstrom, by contrast, has a more 'Eurocentric' reading of Inuit mapping traditions.
12. K. G. Brealey, Mapping them 'out': Euro-Canadian cartography and the appropriation of the Nuxalk and Ts'ilhqot'in First Nations' territories, 1793-1916, The Canadian Geographer 39 (1995) 140-56; M. Sparke, A map that roared and an original atlas: Canada, cartography and the narration of nation, Annals of the Association of American Geographers 88 (1998) 463-95; M.G. Hannah, Space and social control in the administration of the Oglala Lakota ("Sioux"), 1871-9, Journal of Historical Geography 19 (1993) 412-32; on the Inuit, I think here of E. Bielawski, Inuit indigenous knowledge and science in the Arctic, Northern Perspectives 20 (1992) 5-8; M.T. Bravo, The Accuracy of Ethnoscience: A Study of Inuit Cartography and Cross-Cultural Commensurability (Manchester Papers in Social Anthropology, Vol. 2, Manchester 1996); R. A. Rundstrom, A cultural interpretation of Inuit map accuracy, Geographical Review 80 (1990) 155-68. Bravo, in his discussion of the early nineteenth-century Arctic explorer, Captain Edward Parry, is particularly insightful on the question of the commensurability of native and Western knowledges and mapping traditions and on the extent to which natives were complicit in their cartographic representation by outside mapmakers. Rundstrom, by contrast, has a more 'Eurocentric' reading of Inuit mapping traditions.
13. On Australia, see, for example, P. Carter, The Road to Botany Bay: An Essay in Spatial History (London 1987); K. Darian-Smith, L. Gunner and S. Nuttall (Eds), Text, Theory, Space, Land: Literature and History in South Africa and Australia (London 1996); J. Jacobs, 'Shake 'im this country': the mapping of the Aboriginal sacred in Australia - the case of Coronation Hill, in P. Jackson and J. Penrose (Eds), Constructions of Race, Place and Nation (London 1993) 100-18; M. Morphy, Colonisation, history and the construction of place: the politics of landscape in Northern Australia, in B. Bender (Ed.), Landscape: Politics and Perspectives (Oxford 1995) 141-57; S. Ryan, Inscribing the emptiness: cartography, exploration and the construction of Australia, in C. Tiffin and A. Lawson (Eds), De-scribing Empire: Post-Colonialism and Textuality (London 1994) 115-30: on New Zealand, see, for example, L. D. Berg and R. A. Kearns, Naming as norming: 'race', gender, and the identity politics of naming places in Aotearoa/New Zealand, Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 14 (1996) 99-122; E. Stokes, Geographic naming in New Zealand, Applied Geography 12 (1992) 176-91.
14. On Australia, see, for example, P. Carter, The Road to Botany Bay: An Essay in Spatial History (London 1987); K. Darian-Smith, L. Gunner and S. Nuttall (Eds), Text, Theory, Space, Land: Literature and History in South Africa and Australia (London 1996); J. Jacobs, 'Shake 'im this country': the mapping of the Aboriginal sacred in Australia - the case of Coronation Hill, in P. Jackson and J. Penrose (Eds), Constructions of Race, Place and Nation (London 1993) 100-18; M. Morphy, Colonisation, history and the construction of place: the politics of landscape in Northern Australia, in B. Bender (Ed.), Landscape: Politics and Perspectives (Oxford 1995) 141-57; S. Ryan, Inscribing the emptiness: cartography, exploration and the construction of Australia, in C. Tiffin and A. Lawson (Eds), De-scribing Empire: Post-Colonialism and Textuality (London 1994) 115-30: on New Zealand, see, for example, L. D. Berg and R. A. Kearns, Naming as norming: 'race', gender, and the identity politics of naming places in Aotearoa/New Zealand, Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 14 (1996) 99-122; E. Stokes, Geographic naming in New Zealand, Applied Geography 12 (1992) 176-91.
15. On Australia, see, for example, P. Carter, The Road to Botany Bay: An Essay in Spatial History (London 1987); K. Darian-Smith, L. Gunner and S. Nuttall (Eds), Text, Theory, Space, Land: Literature and History in South Africa and Australia (London 1996); J. Jacobs, 'Shake 'im this country': the mapping of the Aboriginal sacred in Australia - the case of Coronation Hill, in P. Jackson and J. Penrose (Eds), Constructions of Race, Place and Nation (London 1993) 100-18; M. Morphy, Colonisation, history and the construction of place: the politics of landscape in Northern Australia, in B. Bender (Ed.), Landscape: Politics and Perspectives (Oxford 1995) 141-57; S. Ryan, Inscribing the emptiness: cartography, exploration and the construction of Australia, in C. Tiffin and A. Lawson (Eds), De-scribing Empire: Post-Colonialism and Textuality (London 1994) 115-30: on New Zealand, see, for example, L. D. Berg and R. A. Kearns, Naming as norming: 'race', gender, and the identity politics of naming places in Aotearoa/New Zealand, Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 14 (1996) 99-122; E. Stokes, Geographic naming in New Zealand, Applied Geography 12 (1992) 176-91.
16. On Australia, see, for example, P. Carter, The Road to Botany Bay: An Essay in Spatial History (London 1987); K. Darian-Smith, L. Gunner and S. Nuttall (Eds), Text, Theory, Space, Land: Literature and History in South Africa and Australia (London 1996); J. Jacobs, 'Shake 'im this country': the mapping of the Aboriginal sacred in Australia - the case of Coronation Hill, in P. Jackson and J. Penrose (Eds), Constructions of Race, Place and Nation (London 1993) 100-18; M. Morphy, Colonisation, history and the construction of place: the politics of landscape in Northern Australia, in B. Bender (Ed.), Landscape: Politics and Perspectives (Oxford 1995) 141-57; S. Ryan, Inscribing the emptiness: cartography, exploration and the construction of Australia, in C. Tiffin and A. Lawson (Eds), De-scribing Empire: Post-Colonialism and Textuality (London 1994) 115-30: on New Zealand, see, for example, L. D. Berg and R. A. Kearns, Naming as norming: 'race', gender, and the identity politics of naming places in Aotearoa/New Zealand, Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 14 (1996) 99-122; E. Stokes, Geographic naming in New Zealand, Applied Geography 12 (1992) 176-91.
17. On Australia, see, for example, P. Carter, The Road to Botany Bay: An Essay in Spatial History (London 1987); K. Darian-Smith, L. Gunner and S. Nuttall (Eds), Text, Theory, Space, Land: Literature and History in South Africa and Australia (London 1996); J. Jacobs, 'Shake 'im this country': the mapping of the Aboriginal sacred in Australia - the case of Coronation Hill, in P. Jackson and J. Penrose (Eds), Constructions of Race, Place and Nation (London 1993) 100-18; M. Morphy, Colonisation, history and the construction of place: the politics of landscape in Northern Australia, in B. Bender (Ed.), Landscape: Politics and Perspectives (Oxford 1995) 141-57; S. Ryan, Inscribing the emptiness: cartography, exploration and the construction of Australia, in C. Tiffin and A. Lawson (Eds), De-scribing Empire: Post-Colonialism and Textuality (London 1994) 115-30: on New Zealand, see, for example, L. D. Berg and R. A. Kearns, Naming as norming: 'race', gender, and the identity politics of naming places in Aotearoa/New Zealand, Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 14 (1996) 99-122; E. Stokes, Geographic naming in New Zealand, Applied Geography 12 (1992) 176-91.
18. On Australia, see, for example, P. Carter, The Road to Botany Bay: An Essay in Spatial History (London 1987); K. Darian-Smith, L. Gunner and S. Nuttall (Eds), Text, Theory, Space, Land: Literature and History in South Africa and Australia (London 1996); J. Jacobs, 'Shake 'im this country': the mapping of the Aboriginal sacred in Australia - the case of Coronation Hill, in P. Jackson and J. Penrose (Eds), Constructions of Race, Place and Nation (London 1993) 100-18; M. Morphy, Colonisation, history and the construction of place: the politics of landscape in Northern Australia, in B. Bender (Ed.), Landscape: Politics and Perspectives (Oxford 1995) 141-57; S. Ryan, Inscribing the emptiness: cartography, exploration and the construction of Australia, in C. Tiffin and A. Lawson (Eds), De-scribing Empire: Post-Colonialism and Textuality (London 1994) 115-30: on New Zealand, see, for example, L. D. Berg and R. A. Kearns, Naming as norming: 'race', gender, and the identity politics of naming places in Aotearoa/New Zealand, Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 14 (1996) 99-122; E. Stokes, Geographic naming in New Zealand, Applied Geography 12 (1992) 176-91.
19. On Australia, see, for example, P. Carter, The Road to Botany Bay: An Essay in Spatial History (London 1987); K. Darian-Smith, L. Gunner and S. Nuttall (Eds), Text, Theory, Space, Land: Literature and History in South Africa and Australia (London 1996); J. Jacobs, 'Shake 'im this country': the mapping of the Aboriginal sacred in Australia - the case of Coronation Hill, in P. Jackson and J. Penrose (Eds), Constructions of Race, Place and Nation (London 1993) 100-18; M. Morphy, Colonisation, history and the construction of place: the politics of landscape in Northern Australia, in B. Bender (Ed.), Landscape: Politics and Perspectives (Oxford 1995) 141-57; S. Ryan, Inscribing the emptiness: cartography, exploration and the construction of Australia, in C. Tiffin and A. Lawson (Eds), De-scribing Empire: Post-Colonialism and Textuality (London 1994) 115-30: on New Zealand, see, for example, L. D. Berg and R. A. Kearns, Naming as norming: 'race', gender, and the identity politics of naming places in Aotearoa/New Zealand, Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 14 (1996) 99-122; E. Stokes, Geographic naming in New Zealand, Applied Geography 12 (1992) 176-91.
20. On Hawai'i see R. D. Herman, The Aloha State: place names and the anti-conquest of Hawai'i, Annals of the Association of American Geographers 89 (1999) 76-102; on the South Pacific islands generally, see R. Crocombe, Naming and claiming in the South Pacific, Journal of the Pacific Society 14 (1991) 1-19.
21. On Hawai'i see R. D. Herman, The Aloha State: place names and the anti-conquest of Hawai'i, Annals of the Association of American Geographers 89 (1999) 76-102; on the South Pacific islands generally, see R. Crocombe, Naming and claiming in the South Pacific, Journal of the Pacific Society 14 (1991) 1-19.
22. On this point, see, for example, Tiffin and Lawson (1994) op. cit., and H. Bhaba, The Location of Culture (London 1996); D. Gregory, Geographical Imaginations (Oxford 1994). Gregory is one of several geographers taking seriously the historical geographies of post- colonialism: see his Colonizing Geographies (Oxford forthcoming) and D. Gregory and D. Clayton (Eds), Colonialism, Postcolonialism and the Production of Space (Oxford forthcoming); see also B. Ashcroft, G. Griffiths and H. Tiffin, The Empire Writes Back: Theory and Practice in Post-colonial Literature (London 1989) and idem, The Post-colonial Studies Reader (London 1995); I. Chambers and L. Curti (Eds), The Post-colonial Question: Common Skies Divided Horizons (London 1996). For a thought-provoking discussion of the idea of 'mapping' in relation to postcolonial writing, see G. Huggan, Decolonizing the map: post- colonialism, post-structuralism and the cartographic connection, Ariel 20 (1989) 115-31.
23. On this point, see, for example, Tiffin and Lawson (1994) op. cit., and H. Bhaba, The Location of Culture (London 1996); D. Gregory, Geographical Imaginations (Oxford 1994). Gregory is one of several geographers taking seriously the historical geographies of post- colonialism: see his Colonizing Geographies (Oxford forthcoming) and D. Gregory and D. Clayton (Eds), Colonialism, Postcolonialism and the Production of Space (Oxford forthcoming); see also B. Ashcroft, G. Griffiths and H. Tiffin, The Empire Writes Back: Theory and Practice in Post-colonial Literature (London 1989) and idem, The Post-colonial Studies Reader (London 1995); I. Chambers and L. Curti (Eds), The Post-colonial Question: Common Skies Divided Horizons (London 1996). For a thought-provoking discussion of the idea of 'mapping' in relation to postcolonial writing, see G. Huggan, Decolonizing the map: post- colonialism, post-structuralism and the cartographic connection, Ariel 20 (1989) 115-31.
24. On this point, see, for example, Tiffin and Lawson (1994) op. cit., and H. Bhaba, The Location of Culture (London 1996); D. Gregory, Geographical Imaginations (Oxford 1994). Gregory is one of several geographers taking seriously the historical geographies of post- colonialism: see his Colonizing Geographies (Oxford forthcoming) and D. Gregory and D. Clayton (Eds), Colonialism, Postcolonialism and the Production of Space (Oxford forthcoming); see also B. Ashcroft, G. Griffiths and H. Tiffin, The Empire Writes Back: Theory and Practice in Post-colonial Literature (London 1989) and idem, The Post-colonial Studies Reader (London 1995); I. Chambers and L. Curti (Eds), The Post-colonial Question: Common Skies Divided Horizons (London 1996). For a thought-provoking discussion of the idea of 'mapping' in relation to postcolonial writing, see G. Huggan, Decolonizing the map: post- colonialism, post-structuralism and the cartographic connection, Ariel 20 (1989) 115-31.
25. On this point, see, for example, Tiffin and Lawson (1994) op. cit., and H. Bhaba, The Location of Culture (London 1996); D. Gregory, Geographical Imaginations (Oxford 1994). Gregory is one of several geographers taking seriously the historical geographies of post-colonialism: see his Colonizing Geographies (Oxford forthcoming) and D. Gregory and D. Clayton (Eds), Colonialism, Postcolonialism and the Production of Space (Oxford forthcoming); see also B. Ashcroft, G. Griffiths and H. Tiffin, The Empire Writes Back: Theory and Practice in Post-colonial Literature (London 1989) and idem, The Post-colonial Studies Reader (London 1995); I. Chambers and L. Curti (Eds), The Post-colonial Question: Common Skies Divided Horizons (London 1996). For a thought-provoking discussion of the idea of 'mapping' in relation to postcolonial writing, see G. Huggan, Decolonizing the map: post- colonialism, post-structuralism and the cartographic connection, Ariel 20 (1989) 115-31.
26. On this point, see, for example, Tiffin and Lawson (1994) op. cit., and H. Bhaba, The Location of Culture (London 1996); D. Gregory, Geographical Imaginations (Oxford 1994). Gregory is one of several geographers taking seriously the historical geographies of post- colonialism: see his Colonizing Geographies (Oxford forthcoming) and D. Gregory and D. Clayton (Eds), Colonialism, Postcolonialism and the Production of Space (Oxford forthcoming); see also B. Ashcroft, G. Griffiths and H. Tiffin, The Empire Writes Back: Theory and Practice in Post-colonial Literature (London 1989) and idem, The Post-colonial Studies Reader (London 1995); I. Chambers and L. Curti (Eds), The Post-colonial Question: Common Skies Divided Horizons (London 1996). For a thought-provoking discussion of the idea of 'mapping' in relation to postcolonial writing, see G. Huggan, Decolonizing the map: post- colonialism, post-structuralism and the cartographic connection, Ariel 20 (1989) 115-31.
27. On this point, see, for example, Tiffin and Lawson (1994) op. cit., and H. Bhaba, The Location of Culture (London 1996); D. Gregory, Geographical Imaginations (Oxford 1994). Gregory is one of several geographers taking seriously the historical geographies of post- colonialism: see his Colonizing Geographies (Oxford forthcoming) and D. Gregory and D. Clayton (Eds), Colonialism, Postcolonialism and the Production of Space (Oxford forthcoming); see also B. Ashcroft, G. Griffiths and H. Tiffin, The Empire Writes Back: Theory and Practice in Post-colonial Literature (London 1989) and idem, The Post-colonial Studies Reader (London 1995); I. Chambers and L. Curti (Eds), The Post-colonial Question: Common Skies Divided Horizons (London 1996). For a thought-provoking discussion of the idea of 'mapping' in relation to postcolonial writing, see G. Huggan, Decolonizing the map: post- colonialism, post-structuralism and the cartographic connection, Ariel 20 (1989) 115-31.
28. On this point, see, for example, Tiffin and Lawson (1994) op. cit., and H. Bhaba, The Location of Culture (London 1996); D. Gregory, Geographical Imaginations (Oxford 1994). Gregory is one of several geographers taking seriously the historical geographies of post- colonialism: see his Colonizing Geographies (Oxford forthcoming) and D. Gregory and D. Clayton (Eds), Colonialism, Postcolonialism and the Production of Space (Oxford forthcoming); see also B. Ashcroft, G. Griffiths and H. Tiffin, The Empire Writes Back: Theory and Practice in Post-colonial Literature (London 1989) and idem, The Post-colonial Studies Reader (London 1995); I. Chambers and L. Curti (Eds), The Post-colonial Question: Common Skies Divided Horizons (London 1996). For a thought-provoking discussion of the idea of 'mapping' in relation to postcolonial writing, see G. Huggan, Decolonizing the map: post- colonialism, post-structuralism and the cartographic connection, Ariel 20 (1989) 115-31.
29. On this point, see, for example, Tiffin and Lawson (1994) op. cit., and H. Bhaba, The Location of Culture (London 1996); D. Gregory, Geographical Imaginations (Oxford 1994). Gregory is one of several geographers taking seriously the historical geographies of post- colonialism: see his Colonizing Geographies (Oxford forthcoming) and D. Gregory and D. Clayton (Eds), Colonialism, Postcolonialism and the Production of Space (Oxford forthcoming); see also B. Ashcroft, G. Griffiths and H. Tiffin, The Empire Writes Back: Theory and Practice in Post-colonial Literature (London 1989) and idem, The Post-colonial Studies Reader (London 1995); I. Chambers and L. Curti (Eds), The Post-colonial Question: Common Skies Divided Horizons (London 1996). For a thought-provoking discussion of the idea of 'mapping' in relation to postcolonial writing, see G. Huggan, Decolonizing the map: post-colonialism, post-structuralism and the cartographic connection, Ariel 20 (1989) 115-31.
30. I think here, for example, of T.J. Barnes and J. S. Duncan, Introduction: writing worlds, in T. J. Barnes and J. S. Duncan (Eds), Writing Worlds: Discourse, Text & Metaphor in the Representation of Landscape (London 1992) 1-17; L. Bondi, In whose words? On gender identities, knowledge and writing practices, Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers 22 (1997) 245-58; D. Cosgrove and M. Domosh, Author and authority: writing the new cultural geography, in J. Duncan and D. Ley (Eds), Placel Culturel Representation (London 1993) 25-38; M. Keith, Angry writing: (re)presenting the unethical world of the ethnographer, Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 10 (1992) 551-68; L. McDowell, Multiple voices: speaking from inside and outside 'the project', Antipode 24 (1992) 56-72; G. Pratt, Spatial metaphors and speaking positions, Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 10 (1992); J. Smith, Geographical rhetoric: modes and tropes of appeal, Annals of the Association of American Geographers 86 (1996) 1-20.
31. I think here, for example, of T.J. Barnes and J. S. Duncan, Introduction: writing worlds, in T. J. Barnes and J. S. Duncan (Eds), Writing Worlds: Discourse, Text & Metaphor in the Representation of Landscape (London 1992) 1-17; L. Bondi, In whose words? On gender identities, knowledge and writing practices, Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers 22 (1997) 245-58; D. Cosgrove and M. Domosh, Author and authority: writing the new cultural geography, in J. Duncan and D. Ley (Eds), Placel Culturel Representation (London 1993) 25-38; M. Keith, Angry writing: (re)presenting the unethical world of the ethnographer, Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 10 (1992) 551-68; L. McDowell, Multiple voices: speaking from inside and outside 'the project', Antipode 24 (1992) 56-72; G. Pratt, Spatial metaphors and speaking positions, Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 10 (1992); J. Smith, Geographical rhetoric: modes and tropes of appeal, Annals of the Association of American Geographers 86 (1996) 1-20.
32. I think here, for example, of T.J. Barnes and J. S. Duncan, Introduction: writing worlds, in T. J. Barnes and J. S. Duncan (Eds), Writing Worlds: Discourse, Text & Metaphor in the Representation of Landscape (London 1992) 1-17; L. Bondi, In whose words? On gender identities, knowledge and writing practices, Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers 22 (1997) 245-58; D. Cosgrove and M. Domosh, Author and authority: writing the new cultural geography, in J. Duncan and D. Ley (Eds), Placel Culturel Representation (London 1993) 25-38; M. Keith, Angry writing: (re)presenting the unethical world of the ethnographer, Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 10 (1992) 551-68; L. McDowell, Multiple voices: speaking from inside and outside 'the project', Antipode 24 (1992) 56-72; G. Pratt, Spatial metaphors and speaking positions, Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 10 (1992); J. Smith, Geographical rhetoric: modes and tropes of appeal, Annals of the Association of American Geographers 86 (1996) 1-20.
33. I think here, for example, of T.J. Barnes and J. S. Duncan, Introduction: writing worlds, in T. J. Barnes and J. S. Duncan (Eds), Writing Worlds: Discourse, Text & Metaphor in the Representation of Landscape (London 1992) 1-17; L. Bondi, In whose words? On gender identities, knowledge and writing practices, Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers 22 (1997) 245-58; D. Cosgrove and M. Domosh, Author and authority: writing the new cultural geography, in J. Duncan and D. Ley (Eds), Placel Culturel Representation (London 1993) 25-38; M. Keith, Angry writing: (re)presenting the unethical world of the ethnographer, Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 10 (1992) 551-68; L. McDowell, Multiple voices: speaking from inside and outside 'the project', Antipode 24 (1992) 56-72; G. Pratt, Spatial metaphors and speaking positions, Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 10 (1992); J. Smith, Geographical rhetoric: modes and tropes of appeal, Annals of the Association of American Geographers 86 (1996) 1-20.
34. I think here, for example, of T.J. Barnes and J. S. Duncan, Introduction: writing worlds, in T. J. Barnes and J. S. Duncan (Eds), Writing Worlds: Discourse, Text & Metaphor in the Representation of Landscape (London 1992) 1-17; L. Bondi, In whose words? On gender identities, knowledge and writing practices, Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers 22 (1997) 245-58; D. Cosgrove and M. Domosh, Author and authority: writing the new cultural geography, in J. Duncan and D. Ley (Eds), Placel Culturel Representation (London 1993) 25-38; M. Keith, Angry writing: (re)presenting the unethical world of the ethnographer, Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 10 (1992) 551-68; L. McDowell, Multiple voices: speaking from inside and outside 'the project', Antipode 24 (1992) 56-72; G. Pratt, Spatial metaphors and speaking positions, Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 10 (1992); J. Smith, Geographical rhetoric: modes and tropes of appeal, Annals of the Association of American Geographers 86 (1996) 1-20.
35. I think here, for example, of T.J. Barnes and J. S. Duncan, Introduction: writing worlds, in T. J. Barnes and J. S. Duncan (Eds), Writing Worlds: Discourse, Text & Metaphor in the Representation of Landscape (London 1992) 1-17; L. Bondi, In whose words? On gender identities, knowledge and writing practices, Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers 22 (1997) 245-58; D. Cosgrove and M. Domosh, Author and authority: writing the new cultural geography, in J. Duncan and D. Ley (Eds), Placel Culturel Representation (London 1993) 25-38; M. Keith, Angry writing: (re)presenting the unethical world of the ethnographer, Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 10 (1992) 551-68; L. McDowell, Multiple voices: speaking from inside and outside 'the project', Antipode 24 (1992) 56-72; G. Pratt, Spatial metaphors and speaking positions, Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 10 (1992); J. Smith, Geographical rhetoric: modes and tropes of appeal, Annals of the Association of American Geographers 86 (1996) 1-20.
36. I think here, for example, of T.J. Barnes and J. S. Duncan, Introduction: writing worlds, in T. J. Barnes and J. S. Duncan (Eds), Writing Worlds: Discourse, Text & Metaphor in the Representation of Landscape (London 1992) 1-17; L. Bondi, In whose words? On gender identities, knowledge and writing practices, Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers 22 (1997) 245-58; D. Cosgrove and M. Domosh, Author and authority: writing the new cultural geography, in J. Duncan and D. Ley (Eds), Placel Culturel Representation (London 1993) 25-38; M. Keith, Angry writing: (re)presenting the unethical world of the ethnographer, Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 10 (1992) 551-68; L. McDowell, Multiple voices: speaking from inside and outside 'the project', Antipode 24 (1992) 56-72; G. Pratt, Spatial metaphors and speaking positions, Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 10 (1992); J. Smith, Geographical rhetoric: modes and tropes of appeal, Annals of the Association of American Geographers 86 (1996) 1-20.
37. J. B. Harley, Maps, knowledge and power, in D.E. Cosgrove and S. J. Daniels (Eds), The Iconography of Landscape (Cambridge 1988) 277-312; idem, Silences and secrecy: the hidden agenda of cartography in early modern Europe, Imago Mundi 11 (1988) 111-30; idem, Historical geography and the cartographic illusion, Journal of Historical Geography 15 (1989) 80-91; idem, Cartography, ethics and social theory, Cartographica 27 (1990) 1-23; idem, Deconstructing the map, in Barnes and Duncan, op. cit., 231-47; idem, Re-reading the maps of the Columbian encounter, Annals of the Association of American Geographers 82 (1992) 522-42; J. H. Andrews, Meaning, Knowledge and Power in the Map Philosophy of J. B. Harley (Trinity Papers in Geography, Vol. 6, Dublin 1988).
38. J. B. Harley, Maps, knowledge and power, in D.E. Cosgrove and S. J. Daniels (Eds), The Iconography of Landscape (Cambridge 1988) 277-312; idem, Silences and secrecy: the hidden agenda of cartography in early modern Europe, Imago Mundi 11 (1988) 111-30; idem, Historical geography and the cartographic illusion, Journal of Historical Geography 15 (1989) 80-91; idem, Cartography, ethics and social theory, Cartographica 27 (1990) 1-23; idem, Deconstructing the map, in Barnes and Duncan, op. cit., 231-47; idem, Re-reading the maps of the Columbian encounter, Annals of the Association of American Geographers 82 (1992) 522-42; J. H. Andrews, Meaning, Knowledge and Power in the Map Philosophy of J. B. Harley (Trinity Papers in Geography, Vol. 6, Dublin 1988).
39. J. B. Harley, Maps, knowledge and power, in D.E. Cosgrove and S. J. Daniels (Eds), The Iconography of Landscape (Cambridge 1988) 277-312; idem, Silences and secrecy: the hidden agenda of cartography in early modern Europe, Imago Mundi 11 (1988) 111-30; idem, Historical geography and the cartographic illusion, Journal of Historical Geography 15 (1989) 80-91; idem, Cartography, ethics and social theory, Cartographica 27 (1990) 1-23; idem, Deconstructing the map, in Barnes and Duncan, op. cit., 231-47; idem, Re-reading the maps of the Columbian encounter, Annals of the Association of American Geographers 82 (1992) 522-42; J. H. Andrews, Meaning, Knowledge and Power in the Map Philosophy of J. B. Harley (Trinity Papers in Geography, Vol. 6, Dublin 1988).
40. J. B. Harley, Maps, knowledge and power, in D.E. Cosgrove and S. J. Daniels (Eds), The Iconography of Landscape (Cambridge 1988) 277-312; idem, Silences and secrecy: the hidden agenda of cartography in early modern Europe, Imago Mundi 11 (1988) 111-30; idem, Historical geography and the cartographic illusion, Journal of Historical Geography 15 (1989) 80-91; idem, Cartography, ethics and social theory, Cartographica 27 (1990) 1-23; idem, Deconstructing the map, in Barnes and Duncan, op. cit., 231-47; idem, Re-reading the maps of the Columbian encounter, Annals of the Association of American Geographers 82 (1992) 522-42; J. H. Andrews, Meaning, Knowledge and Power in the Map Philosophy of J. B. Harley (Trinity Papers in Geography, Vol. 6, Dublin 1988).
41. J. B. Harley, Maps, knowledge and power, in D.E. Cosgrove and S. J. Daniels (Eds), The Iconography of Landscape (Cambridge 1988) 277-312; idem, Silences and secrecy: the hidden agenda of cartography in early modern Europe, Imago Mundi 11 (1988) 111-30; idem, Historical geography and the cartographic illusion, Journal of Historical Geography 15 (1989) 80-91; idem, Cartography, ethics and social theory, Cartographica 27 (1990) 1-23; idem, Deconstructing the map, in Barnes and Duncan, op. cit., 231-47; idem, Re-reading the maps of the Columbian encounter, Annals of the Association of American Geographers 82 (1992) 522-42; J. H. Andrews, Meaning, Knowledge and Power in the Map Philosophy of J. B. Harley (Trinity Papers in Geography, Vol. 6, Dublin 1988).
42. J. B. Harley, Maps, knowledge and power, in D.E. Cosgrove and S. J. Daniels (Eds), The Iconography of Landscape (Cambridge 1988) 277-312; idem, Silences and secrecy: the hidden agenda of cartography in early modern Europe, Imago Mundi 11 (1988) 111-30; idem, Historical geography and the cartographic illusion, Journal of Historical Geography 15 (1989) 80-91; idem, Cartography, ethics and social theory, Cartographica 27 (1990) 1-23; idem, Deconstructing the map, in Barnes and Duncan, op. cit., 231-47; idem, Re-reading the maps of the Columbian encounter, Annals of the Association of American Geographers 82 (1992) 522-42; J. H. Andrews, Meaning, Knowledge and Power in the Map Philosophy of J. B. Harley (Trinity Papers in Geography, Vol. 6, Dublin 1988).
43. J. B. Harley, Maps, knowledge and power, in D.E. Cosgrove and S. J. Daniels (Eds), The Iconography of Landscape (Cambridge 1988) 277-312; idem, Silences and secrecy: the hidden agenda of cartography in early modern Europe, Imago Mundi 11 (1988) 111-30; idem, Historical geography and the cartographic illusion, Journal of Historical Geography 15 (1989) 80-91; idem, Cartography, ethics and social theory, Cartographica 27 (1990) 1-23; idem, Deconstructing the map, in Barnes and Duncan, op. cit., 231-47; idem, Re-reading the maps of the Columbian encounter, Annals of the Association of American Geographers 82 (1992) 522-42; J. H. Andrews, Meaning, Knowledge and Power in the Map Philosophy of J. B. Harley (Trinity Papers in Geography, Vol. 6, Dublin 1988).
44. B. Belyea, Amerindian maps: the explorer as translator, Journal of Historical Geography 18 (1992) 267-77; idem, Inland journeys, native maps, Cartographica 33 (1996) 1-16.
45. B. Belyea, Amerindian maps: the explorer as translator, Journal of Historical Geography 18 (1992) 267-77; idem, Inland journeys, native maps, Cartographica 33 (1996) 1-16.
46. B. Friel, Translations (London 1981); these points about naming and cultural identity were also explored by Friel in his Making History (London 1988).
47. B. Friel, Translations (London 1981); these points about naming and cultural identity were also explored by Friel in his Making History (London 1988).
48. Bravo, op. cit.; idem, Ethnographic navigation and the geographical gift, in D. Livingstone and C. Withers (Eds), Geography and Enlightenment (Chicago 1999) 199-235.
49. Bravo, op. cit.; idem, Ethnographic navigation and the geographical gift, in D. Livingstone and C. Withers (Eds), Geography and Enlightenment (Chicago 1999) 199-235.
50. D. Aberley, Boundaries of Home: Mapping for Local Empowerment (Gabriola Island, BC 1983); L. De Vorsey, Amerindian contributions to the mapping of North America, Imago Mundi 30 (1978) 71-8; J. C. Stone, Imperialism, colonialism and cartography, Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers 13 (1988) 57-64; Rundstrom (1990) op.cit.; Belyea (1992) op. cit., provide a partial historiographical review of the ways in which cartographic historians have differently examined the involvement of native North Americans with Western mapping traditions. The importance of local context and the different forms in which maps may be realized is explored in D. Crouch and D. Matless, Refiguring geography: the parish maps of Common Ground, Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers 21 (1996) 236-55. The politics of 'translation' as a matter of social authority is discussed, inter alia, by G. Steiner, After Babel: Aspects of Language and Translation (Oxford 1975); G. C. Spivak, The politics of translation, in M. Barrett and A. Phillips (Eds), Destabilising Theory: Contemporary Feminist Debates (Cambridge 1992) 177-200; L. Venuti, Translation as cultural politics: regimes of domestication in English, Textual Practice 72 (1993) 208-23.
51. D. Aberley, Boundaries of Home: Mapping for Local Empowerment (Gabriola Island, BC 1983); L. De Vorsey, Amerindian contributions to the mapping of North America, Imago Mundi 30 (1978) 71-8; J. C. Stone, Imperialism, colonialism and cartography, Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers 13 (1988) 57-64; Rundstrom (1990) op.cit.; Belyea (1992) op. cit., provide a partial historiographical review of the ways in which cartographic historians have differently examined the involvement of native North Americans with Western mapping traditions. The importance of local context and the different forms in which maps may be realized is explored in D. Crouch and D. Matless, Refiguring geography: the parish maps of Common Ground, Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers 21 (1996) 236-55. The politics of 'translation' as a matter of social authority is discussed, inter alia, by G. Steiner, After Babel: Aspects of Language and Translation (Oxford 1975); G. C. Spivak, The politics of translation, in M. Barrett and A. Phillips (Eds), Destabilising Theory: Contemporary Feminist Debates (Cambridge 1992) 177-200; L. Venuti, Translation as cultural politics: regimes of domestication in English, Textual Practice 72 (1993) 208-23.
52. D. Aberley, Boundaries of Home: Mapping for Local Empowerment (Gabriola Island, BC 1983); L. De Vorsey, Amerindian contributions to the mapping of North America, Imago Mundi 30 (1978) 71-8; J. C. Stone, Imperialism, colonialism and cartography, Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers 13 (1988) 57-64; Rundstrom (1990) op.cit.; Belyea (1992) op. cit., provide a partial historiographical review of the ways in which cartographic historians have differently examined the involvement of native North Americans with Western mapping traditions. The importance of local context and the different forms in which maps may be realized is explored in D. Crouch and D. Matless, Refiguring geography: the parish maps of Common Ground, Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers 21 (1996) 236-55. The politics of 'translation' as a matter of social authority is discussed, inter alia, by G. Steiner, After Babel: Aspects of Language and Translation (Oxford 1975); G. C. Spivak, The politics of translation, in M. Barrett and A. Phillips (Eds), Destabilising Theory: Contemporary Feminist Debates (Cambridge 1992) 177-200; L. Venuti, Translation as cultural politics: regimes of domestication in English, Textual Practice 72 (1993) 208-23.
53. D. Aberley, Boundaries of Home: Mapping for Local Empowerment (Gabriola Island, BC 1983); L. De Vorsey, Amerindian contributions to the mapping of North America, Imago Mundi 30 (1978) 71-8; J. C. Stone, Imperialism, colonialism and cartography, Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers 13 (1988) 57-64; Rundstrom (1990) op.cit.; Belyea (1992) op. cit., provide a partial historiographical review of the ways in which cartographic historians have differently examined the involvement of native North Americans with Western mapping traditions. The importance of local context and the different forms in which maps may be realized is explored in D. Crouch and D. Matless, Refiguring geography: the parish maps of Common Ground, Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers 21 (1996) 236-55. The politics of 'translation' as a matter of social authority is discussed, inter alia, by G. Steiner, After Babel: Aspects of Language and Translation (Oxford 1975); G. C. Spivak, The politics of translation, in M. Barrett and A. Phillips (Eds), Destabilising Theory: Contemporary Feminist Debates (Cambridge 1992) 177-200; L. Venuti, Translation as cultural politics: regimes of domestication in English, Textual Practice 72 (1993) 208-23.
54. D. Aberley, Boundaries of Home: Mapping for Local Empowerment (Gabriola Island, BC 1983); L. De Vorsey, Amerindian contributions to the mapping of North America, Imago Mundi 30 (1978) 71-8; J. C. Stone, Imperialism, colonialism and cartography, Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers 13 (1988) 57-64; Rundstrom (1990) op.cit.; Belyea (1992) op. cit., provide a partial historiographical review of the ways in which cartographic historians have differently examined the involvement of native North Americans with Western mapping traditions. The importance of local context and the different forms in which maps may be realized is explored in D. Crouch and D. Matless, Refiguring geography: the parish maps of Common Ground, Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers 21 (1996) 236-55. The politics of 'translation' as a matter of social authority is discussed, inter alia, by G. Steiner, After Babel: Aspects of Language and Translation (Oxford 1975); G. C. Spivak, The politics of translation, in M. Barrett and A. Phillips (Eds), Destabilising Theory: Contemporary Feminist Debates (Cambridge 1992) 177-200; L. Venuti, Translation as cultural politics: regimes of domestication in English, Textual Practice 72 (1993) 208-23.
55. D. Aberley, Boundaries of Home: Mapping for Local Empowerment (Gabriola Island, BC 1983); L. De Vorsey, Amerindian contributions to the mapping of North America, Imago Mundi 30 (1978) 71-8; J. C. Stone, Imperialism, colonialism and cartography, Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers 13 (1988) 57-64; Rundstrom (1990) op.cit.; Belyea (1992) op. cit., provide a partial historiographical review of the ways in which cartographic historians have differently examined the involvement of native North Americans with Western mapping traditions. The importance of local context and the different forms in which maps may be realized is explored in D. Crouch and D. Matless, Refiguring geography: the parish maps of Common Ground, Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers 21 (1996) 236-55. The politics of 'translation' as a matter of social authority is discussed, inter alia, by G. Steiner, After Babel: Aspects of Language and Translation (Oxford 1975); G. C. Spivak, The politics of translation, in M. Barrett and A. Phillips (Eds), Destabilising Theory: Contemporary Feminist Debates (Cambridge 1992) 177-200; L. Venuti, Translation as cultural politics: regimes of domestication in English, Textual Practice 72 (1993) 208-23.
56. D. Aberley, Boundaries of Home: Mapping for Local Empowerment (Gabriola Island, BC 1983); L. De Vorsey, Amerindian contributions to the mapping of North America, Imago Mundi 30 (1978) 71-8; J. C. Stone, Imperialism, colonialism and cartography, Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers 13 (1988) 57-64; Rundstrom (1990) op.cit.; Belyea (1992) op. cit., provide a partial historiographical review of the ways in which cartographic historians have differently examined the involvement of native North Americans with Western mapping traditions. The importance of local context and the different forms in which maps may be realized is explored in D. Crouch and D. Matless, Refiguring geography: the parish maps of Common Ground, Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers 21 (1996) 236-55. The politics of 'translation' as a matter of social authority is discussed, inter alia, by G. Steiner, After Babel: Aspects of Language and Translation (Oxford 1975); G. C. Spivak, The politics of translation, in M. Barrett and A. Phillips (Eds), Destabilising Theory: Contemporary Feminist Debates (Cambridge 1992) 177-200; L. Venuti, Translation as cultural politics: regimes of domestication in English, Textual Practice 72 (1993) 208-23.
57. D. Aberley, Boundaries of Home: Mapping for Local Empowerment (Gabriola Island, BC 1983); L. De Vorsey, Amerindian contributions to the mapping of North America, Imago Mundi 30 (1978) 71-8; J. C. Stone, Imperialism, colonialism and cartography, Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers 13 (1988) 57-64; Rundstrom (1990) op.cit.; Belyea (1992) op. cit., provide a partial historiographical review of the ways in which cartographic historians have differently examined the involvement of native North Americans with Western mapping traditions. The importance of local context and the different forms in which maps may be realized is explored in D. Crouch and D. Matless, Refiguring geography: the parish maps of Common Ground, Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers 21 (1996) 236-55. The politics of 'translation' as a matter of social authority is discussed, inter alia, by G. Steiner, After Babel: Aspects of Language and Translation (Oxford 1975); G. C. Spivak, The politics of translation, in M. Barrett and A. Phillips (Eds), Destabilising Theory: Contemporary Feminist Debates (Cambridge 1992) 177-200; L. Venuti, Translation as cultural politics: regimes of domestication in English, Textual Practice 72 (1993) 208-23.
58. D. Aberley, Boundaries of Home: Mapping for Local Empowerment (Gabriola Island, BC 1983); L. De Vorsey, Amerindian contributions to the mapping of North America, Imago Mundi 30 (1978) 71-8; J. C. Stone, Imperialism, colonialism and cartography, Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers 13 (1988) 57-64; Rundstrom (1990) op.cit.; Belyea (1992) op. cit., provide a partial historiographical review of the ways in which cartographic historians have differently examined the involvement of native North Americans with Western mapping traditions. The importance of local context and the different forms in which maps may be realized is explored in D. Crouch and D. Matless, Refiguring geography: the parish maps of Common Ground, Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers 21 (1996) 236-55. The politics of 'translation' as a matter of social authority is discussed, inter alia, by G. Steiner, After Babel: Aspects of Language and Translation (Oxford 1975); G. C. Spivak, The politics of translation, in M. Barrett and A. Phillips (Eds), Destabilising Theory: Contemporary Feminist Debates (Cambridge 1992) 177-200; L. Venuti, Translation as cultural politics: regimes of domestication in English, Textual Practice 72 (1993) 208-23.
59. B. Friel, J. Andrews and K. Barry, Translations and a paper landscape, The Crane Bag 7 (1988) 118-24; D. Kibberd, Friel translating, in idem, Inventing Ireland: The Literature of the Modern Nation (London 1992) 614-37; S. Richards, Placed identities for placeless times: Brian Friel and post-colonial criticism, Irish University Review 27 (1997) 55-68. Andrews has been at pains to point out the inaccuracies of Friel's Translations and to criticize those who have uncritically and unwittingly accepted the work as an historical record of fact. On this, in addition to the foregoing, see J. H. Andrews, Notes for a future edition of Brian Friel's Translations, The Irish Review 13 (1992-3) 93-106; idem, Irish placenames and the Ordnance Survey, Cartographica 31 (1994) 60-1; idem, The playwright as historian (unpublished typescript); and L. Pilkington, Language and politics in Brian Friel's Translations, Irish University Review 20 (1990) 287-8.
60. B. Friel, J. Andrews and K. Barry, Translations and a paper landscape, The Crane Bag 7 (1988) 118-24; D. Kibberd, Friel translating, in idem, Inventing Ireland: The Literature of the Modern Nation (London 1992) 614-37; S. Richards, Placed identities for placeless times: Brian Friel and post-colonial criticism, Irish University Review 27 (1997) 55-68. Andrews has been at pains to point out the inaccuracies of Friel's Translations and to criticize those who have uncritically and unwittingly accepted the work as an historical record of fact. On this, in addition to the foregoing, see J. H. Andrews, Notes for a future edition of Brian Friel's Translations, The Irish Review 13 (1992-3) 93-106; idem, Irish placenames and the Ordnance Survey, Cartographica 31 (1994) 60-1; idem, The playwright as historian (unpublished typescript); and L. Pilkington, Language and politics in Brian Friel's Translations, Irish University Review 20 (1990) 287-8.
61. B. Friel, J. Andrews and K. Barry, Translations and a paper landscape, The Crane Bag 7 (1988) 118-24; D. Kibberd, Friel translating, in idem, Inventing Ireland: The Literature of the Modern Nation (London 1992) 614-37; S. Richards, Placed identities for placeless times: Brian Friel and post-colonial criticism, Irish University Review 27 (1997) 55-68. Andrews has been at pains to point out the inaccuracies of Friel's Translations and to criticize those who have uncritically and unwittingly accepted the work as an historical record of fact. On this, in addition to the foregoing, see J. H. Andrews, Notes for a future edition of Brian Friel's Translations, The Irish Review 13 (1992-3) 93-106; idem, Irish placenames and the Ordnance Survey, Cartographica 31 (1994) 60-1; idem, The playwright as historian (unpublished typescript); and L. Pilkington, Language and politics in Brian Friel's Translations, Irish University Review 20 (1990) 287-8.
62. B. Friel, J. Andrews and K. Barry, Translations and a paper landscape, The Crane Bag 7 (1988) 118-24; D. Kibberd, Friel translating, in idem, Inventing Ireland: The Literature of the Modern Nation (London 1992) 614-37; S. Richards, Placed identities for placeless times: Brian Friel and post-colonial criticism, Irish University Review 27 (1997) 55-68. Andrews has been at pains to point out the inaccuracies of Friel's Translations and to criticize those who have uncritically and unwittingly accepted the work as an historical record of fact. On this, in addition to the foregoing, see J. H. Andrews, Notes for a future edition of Brian Friel's Translations, The Irish Review 13 (1992-3) 93-106; idem, Irish placenames and the Ordnance Survey, Cartographica 31 (1994) 60-1; idem, The playwright as historian (unpublished typescript); and L. Pilkington, Language and politics in Brian Friel's Translations, Irish University Review 20 (1990) 287-8.
63. B. Friel, J. Andrews and K. Barry, Translations and a paper landscape, The Crane Bag 7 (1988) 118-24; D. Kibberd, Friel translating, in idem, Inventing Ireland: The Literature of the Modern Nation (London 1992) 614-37; S. Richards, Placed identities for placeless times: Brian Friel and post-colonial criticism, Irish University Review 27 (1997) 55-68. Andrews has been at pains to point out the inaccuracies of Friel's Translations and to criticize those who have uncritically and unwittingly accepted the work as an historical record of fact. On this, in addition to the foregoing, see J. H. Andrews, Notes for a future edition of Brian Friel's Translations, The Irish Review 13 (1992-3) 93-106; idem, Irish placenames and the Ordnance Survey, Cartographica 31 (1994) 60-1; idem, The playwright as historian (unpublished typescript); and L. Pilkington, Language and politics in Brian Friel's Translations, Irish University Review 20 (1990) 287-8.
64. B. Friel, J. Andrews and K. Barry, Translations and a paper landscape, The Crane Bag 7 (1988) 118-24; D. Kibberd, Friel translating, in idem, Inventing Ireland: The Literature of the Modern Nation (London 1992) 614-37; S. Richards, Placed identities for placeless times: Brian Friel and post-colonial criticism, Irish University Review 27 (1997) 55-68. Andrews has been at pains to point out the inaccuracies of Friel's Translations and to criticize those who have uncritically and unwittingly accepted the work as an historical record of fact. On this, in addition to the foregoing, see J. H. Andrews, Notes for a future edition of Brian Friel's Translations, The Irish Review 13 (1992-3) 93-106; idem, Irish placenames and the Ordnance Survey, Cartographica 31 (1994) 60-1; idem, The playwright as historian (unpublished typescript); and L. Pilkington,
65. B. Friel, J. Andrews and K. Barry, Translations and a paper landscape, The Crane Bag 7 (1988) 118-24; D. Kibberd, Friel translating, in idem, Inventing Ireland: The Literature of the Modern Nation (London 1992) 614-37; S. Richards, Placed identities for placeless times: Brian Friel and post-colonial criticism, Irish University Review 27 (1997) 55-68. Andrews has been at pains to point out the inaccuracies of Friel's Translations and to criticize those who have uncritically and unwittingly accepted the work as an historical record of fact. On this, in addition to the foregoing, see J. H. Andrews, Notes for a future edition of Brian Friel's Translations, The Irish Review 13 (1992-3) 93-106; idem, Irish placenames and the Ordnance Survey, Cartographica 31 (1994) 60-1; idem, The playwright as historian (unpublished typescript); and L. Pilkington, Language and politics in Brian Friel's Translations, Irish University Review 20 (1990) 287-8.
66. J. H. Andrews, More suitable to the English tongue: the cartography of Celtic place-names Ulster Local Studies 14 (1992) 7-21. Andrews identifies five means to toponymic change: substitution, translation; transcription from Irish-kanguage documents; dictation; and restoration. Translation in the sense Belyea outlines it here was "relatively rare" (Andrews, op. cit., 11). Most names were altered through dictation in which a non-Irish speaker recorded in English orthography a placename spoken by an Irish speaker and turned to English words which partially matched the sounds of the Irish name elements.
67. J. H. Andrews, More suitable to the English tongue: the cartography of Celtic place- names Ulster Local Studies 14 (1992) 7-21. Andrews identifies five means to toponymic change: substitution, translation; transcription from Irish-kanguage documents; dictation; and restoration. Translation in the sense Belyea outlines it here was "relatively rare" (Andrews, op. cit., 11). Most names were altered through dictation in which a non-Irish speaker recorded in English orthography a placename spoken by an Irish speaker and turned to English words which partially matched the sounds of the Irish name elements.
68. M. Hamer, Putting Ireland on the map, Textual Practice 3 (1989) 184-201 [quote from page 190]. The naming of Ireland as a matter of contemporary cultural politics is discussed in C. Nash, Irish place names: post-colonial locations, Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers 24 (1999) 457-80. I am grateful to Dr Nash for allowing me to see this paper prior to publication.
69. M. Hamer, Putting Ireland on the map, Textual Practice 3 (1989) 184-201 [quote from page 190]. The naming of Ireland as a matter of contemporary cultural politics is discussed in C. Nash, Irish place names: post-colonial locations, Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers 24 (1999) 457-80. I am grateful to Dr Nash for allowing me to see this paper prior to publication.
70. I think in this context of the early seventeenth-century mapmaker, Richard Bartlett, who was decapitated in Donegal by locals who did not want their land 'inscribed': see J. H. Andrews, Shapes of Ireland: Maps and their Makers 1564-1839 (Dublin 1997) 104.
71. J. H. Andrews, A Paper Landscape: The Ordnance Survey in Nineteenth-Century Ireland (Oxford 1975).
72. Thomas Colby's "Instructions for the Interior Survey of Ireland, 1825" are reproduced in full in Andrews (1975) op.cit., Appendix B, 309-21. The quoted paragraphs are from page 311.
73. Thomas Colby's "Instructions for the Interior Survey of Ireland, 1825" are reproduced in full in Andrews (1975) op.cit., Appendix B, 309-21. The quoted paragraphs are from page 311.
74. This is taken from W. A. Seymour (Ed.), A History of the Ordnance Survey (Folkestone 1980) 176. There is some evidence to suggest that the procedures for naming as here outlined were laid down not in Ireland but in the Ordnance Survey's mapping of Lincolnshire that preceded it: see J. B. Harley, Place-names on the early Ordnance Survey maps of England and Wales, Cartographic Journal 8 (1971) 91-104.
75. This is taken from W. A. Seymour (Ed.), A History of the Ordnance Survey (Folkestone 1980) 176. There is some evidence to suggest that the procedures for naming as here outlined were laid down not in Ireland but in the Ordnance Survey's mapping of Lincolnshire that preceded it: see J. B. Harley, Place-names on the early Ordnance Survey maps of England and Wales, Cartographic Journal 8 (1971) 91-104.
76. Andrews, op. cit., 120.
77. Andrews, op. cit., 122. Andrews has also pointed out that whilst this principle - of adopting "not necessarily the commonest version but the version which came nearest to the original Irish form of the name" - was recorded in several similar contemporary statements by Thomas Larcom, Colby's deputy in Ireland, it does not appear in the formal instructions cited here. As Andrews notes, one must ask therefore whether the Ordnance Survey in Britain was ever actually influenced by Larcom's philosophy of "coming nearest to the original form" and, indeed, "whether any British Survey officer after say the mid-1870s had ever heard of it" (J. Andrews, pers. comm., 14 May 1999). On O'Donovan in more detail, see P. Boyne, John O'Donovan (1806-61): A Biography (Kilkenny 1987) and J. Andrews' review of this biography in Archives of Natural History 15 (1988) 237-9. On Larcom, see Andrews, op. cit., passim, and idem op. cit., 277-309.
78. Andrews, op. cit., 122. Andrews has also pointed out that whilst this principle - of adopting "not necessarily the commonest version but the version which came nearest to the original Irish form of the name" - was recorded in several similar contemporary statements by Thomas Larcom, Colby's deputy in Ireland, it does not appear in the formal instructions cited here. As Andrews notes, one must ask therefore whether the Ordnance Survey in Britain was ever actually influenced by Larcom's philosophy of "coming nearest to the original form" and, indeed, "whether any British Survey officer after say the mid-1870s had ever heard of it" (J. Andrews, pers. comm., 14 May 1999). On O'Donovan in more detail, see P. Boyne, John O'Donovan (1806-61): A Biography (Kilkenny 1987) and J. Andrews' review of this biography in Archives of Natural History 15 (1988) 237-9. On Larcom, see Andrews, op. cit., passim, and idem op. cit., 277-309.
79. Andrews, op. cit., 122. Andrews has also pointed out that whilst this principle - of adopting "not necessarily the commonest version but the version which came nearest to the original Irish form of the name" - was recorded in several similar contemporary statements by Thomas Larcom, Colby's deputy in Ireland, it does not appear in the formal instructions cited here. As Andrews notes, one must ask therefore whether the Ordnance Survey in Britain was ever actually influenced by Larcom's philosophy of "coming nearest to the original form" and, indeed, "whether any British Survey officer after say the mid-1870s had ever heard of it" (J. Andrews, pers. comm., 14 May 1999). On O'Donovan in more detail, see P. Boyne, John O'Donovan (1806-61): A Biography (Kilkenny 1987) and J. Andrews' review of this biography in Archives of Natural History 15 (1988) 237-9. On Larcom, see Andrews, op. cit., passim, and idem op. cit., 277-309.
80. Andrews, op. cit., 122. Andrews has also pointed out that whilst this principle - of adopting "not necessarily the commonest version but the version which came nearest to the original Irish form of the name" - was recorded in several similar contemporary statements by Thomas Larcom, Colby's deputy in Ireland, it does not appear in the formal instructions cited here. As Andrews notes, one must ask therefore whether the Ordnance Survey in Britain was ever actually influenced by Larcom's philosophy of "coming nearest to the original form" and, indeed, "whether any British Survey officer after say the mid-1870s had ever heard of it" (J. Andrews, pers. comm., 14 May 1999). On O'Donovan in more detail, see P. Boyne, John O'Donovan (1806-61): A Biography (Kilkenny 1987) and J. Andrews' review of this biography in Archives of Natural History 15 (1988) 237-9. On Larcom, see Andrews, op. cit., passim, and idem op. cit., 277-309.
81. Andrews, op. cit., 122-6; C. Close, The Early Years of the Ordnance Survey (London 1969 edition) 134-7; Seymour, op. cit., 176, 326.
82. Andrews, op. cit., 122-6; C. Close, The Early Years of the Ordnance Survey (London 1969 edition) 134-7; Seymour, op. cit., 176, 326.
83. Andrews, op. cit., 122-6; C. Close, The Early Years of the Ordnance Survey (London 1969 edition) 134-7; Seymour, op. cit., 176, 326.
84. Seymour, op. cit., 176.
85. Major-General Sir Henry James, Account of the Field Surveying and the Preparation of the Manuscript Plans of the Ordnance Survey (Southampton 1873) n.p [in association with Appendix 14, here reproduced as Figure 1].
86. Quoted in Seymour, op. cit., 176.
87. Anon., Methods and Processes Adopted for the Production of the Maps of the Ordnance Survey (Southampton 1902) 46-7; Brigadier H. St J. L. Winterbotham, The National Plans (London 1934) 58-9.
88. Anon., Methods and Processes Adopted for the Production of the Maps of the Ordnance Survey (Southampton 1902) 46-7; Brigadier H. St J. L. Winterbotham, The National Plans (London 1934) 58-9.
89. Winterbotham, op. cit., 59.
90. Colonel Sir Charles Wilson, Methods and processes of the Ordnance Survey, Scottish Geographical Magazine 7 (1891) 248-59.
91. R. C. Boud, The Highland and Agricultural Society of Scotland and the Ordnance Survey of Scotland, 1837-1875, The Cartographic Journal 23 (1986) 3-26.
92. BPP, XLI (1831) 76; BPP, XLVII (1836) 89.
93. BPP, XLI (1831) 76; BPP, XLVII (1836) 89.
94. Wilson, op. cit., 258-9.
95. The use of the idea of displacement of knowledge in these terms and, particularly, of the term 'centre of calculation' is drawn from B. Latour, Science in action (Milton Keynes 1987). For a fuller discussion of the applicability of the idea in relation to mapping practices, see Bravo, op. cit.
96. The use of the idea of displacement of knowledge in these terms and, particularly, of the term 'centre of calculation' is drawn from B. Latour, Science in action (Milton Keynes 1987). For a fuller discussion of the applicability of the idea in relation to mapping practices, see Bravo, op. cit.
97. R. Oliver, The Ordnance Survey and the Great exhibition of 1851, The Cartographic Journal 28 (1991) 25-8; a fuller picture of the difficulties encountered by Survey, both financial and those arising from the nature of the country, is to be found in BPP, XIV (1856) Report from the Select Committee on Ordnance Survey in Scotland, 361-532; Close, op. cit., 86-93.
98. R. Oliver, The Ordnance Survey and the Great exhibition of 1851, The Cartographic Journal 28 (1991) 25-8; a fuller picture of the difficulties encountered by Survey, both financial and those arising from the nature of the country, is to be found in BPP, XIV (1856) Report from the Select Committee on Ordnance Survey in Scotland, 361-532; Close, op. cit., 86-93.
99. R. Oliver, The Ordnance Survey and the Great exhibition of 1851, The Cartographic Journal 28 (1991) 25-8; a fuller picture of the difficulties encountered by Survey, both financial and those arising from the nature of the country, is to be found in BPP, XIV (1856) Report from the Select Committee on Ordnance Survey in Scotland, 361-532; Close, op. cit., 86-93.
100. National Archives of Scotland (Scottish Record Office), Microfilm Reels of the Original Object Name Books, RH4/23/144, 146, 156 [Hereafter just NAS, and the RH number: it is not possible to give a more precise indication of location on the film since the name books are not paginated].
101. NAS, RH4/23/156.
102. NAS, RH4/23/148.
103. For support of this point, see T.M. Devine, The Great Highland Famine: Hunger, Emigration and the Scottish Highlands in the Nineteenth Century (Edinburgh 1988) passim, but, for Lewis in particular, 212-25; C. W. J. Withers, Destitution and migration: labour mobility and relief from famine in Highland Scotland, 1836-50, Journal of Historical Geography 14 (1988) 128-50.
104. For support of this point, see T.M. Devine, The Great Highland Famine: Hunger, Emigration and the Scottish Highlands in the Nineteenth Century (Edinburgh 1988) passim, but, for Lewis in particular, 212-25; C. W. J. Withers, Destitution and migration: labour mobility and relief from famine in Highland Scotland, 1836-50, Journal of Historical Geography 14 (1988) 128-50.
105. BPP, XXVI (1851) Report to the Board of Supervision by Sir John McNeill, G. C. B., on the Western Highlands and Islands.
106. C. W J. Withers, Gaelic Scotland: The Transformation of a Culture Region (London 1988); P. Womack, Improvement and Romance: Constructing the Myth of the Highlands (London 1989).
107. C. W J. Withers, Gaelic Scotland: The Transformation of a Culture Region (London 1988); P. Womack, Improvement and Romance: Constructing the Myth of the Highlands (London 1989).
108. On Canada, I think here, for example, of Brealey, op. cit.; Sparke, op. cit.; for Egypt, A. Godlewska, Map, text and image - the mentality of enlightened conquerors: a new look at the Description de l'Egypte, Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers 20 (1995) 5-28; for Australia, I think of Carter, op.cit.; Jacobs, op. cit.; Morphy, op. cit.; and Ryan, op. cit.
109. On Canada, I think here, for example, of Brealey, op. cit.; Sparke, op. cit.; for Egypt, A. Godlewska, Map, text and image - the mentality of enlightened conquerors: a new look at the Description de l'Egypte, Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers 20 (1995) 5-28; for Australia, I think of Carter, op.cit.; Jacobs, op. cit.; Morphy, op. cit.; and Ryan, op. cit.
110. On Canada, I think here, for example, of Brealey, op. cit.; Sparke, op. cit.; for Egypt, A. Godlewska, Map, text and image - the mentality of enlightened conquerors: a new look at the Description de l'Egypte, Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers 20 (1995) 5-28; for Australia, I think of Carter, op.cit.; Jacobs, op. cit.; Morphy, op. cit.; and Ryan, op. cit.
111. On Canada, I think here, for example, of Brealey, op. cit.; Sparke, op. cit.; for Egypt, A. Godlewska, Map, text and image - the mentality of enlightened conquerors: a new look at the Description de l'Egypte, Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers 20 (1995) 5-28; for Australia, I think of Carter, op.cit.; Jacobs, op. cit.; Morphy, op. cit.; and Ryan, op. cit.
112. On Canada, I think here, for example, of Brealey, op. cit.; Sparke, op. cit.; for Egypt, A. Godlewska, Map, text and image - the mentality of enlightened conquerors: a new look at the Description de l'Egypte, Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers 20 (1995) 5-28; for Australia, I think of Carter, op.cit.; Jacobs, op. cit.; Morphy, op. cit.; and Ryan, op. cit.
113. On Canada, I think here, for example, of Brealey, op. cit.; Sparke, op. cit.; for Egypt, A. Godlewska, Map, text and image - the mentality of enlightened conquerors: a new look at the Description de l'Egypte, Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers 20 (1995) 5-28; for Australia, I think of Carter, op.cit.; Jacobs, op. cit.; Morphy, op. cit.; and Ryan, op. cit.
114. On Canada, I think here, for example, of Brealey, op. cit.; Sparke, op. cit.; for Egypt, A. Godlewska, Map, text and image - the mentality of enlightened conquerors: a new look at the Description de l'Egypte, Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers 20 (1995) 5-28; for Australia, I think of Carter, op.cit.; Jacobs, op. cit.; Morphy, op. cit.; and Ryan, op. cit.
115. Y.-F. Tuan, Language and the making of place: a narrative-descriptive approach, Annals of the Association of American Geographers 81 (1991) 684-96 [quote from page 687].
116. Harley, op. cit., 3.
117. Ryan, op. cit., 116.
118. The evidence for Gaelic literacy in this period embraced by the survey of Lewis and, later, the remaining Hebridean parishes is discussed in C. W J. Withers, Gaelic in Scotland 1698-1981: the Geographical History of a Language (Edinburgh 1984) 150-60.
119. The Original Object Names Books for Scotland, First Series, run to 245 microfilm reels: NAS RH4/23/1-245.1 have examined completely here those relating to the four parishes of Barvas, Lochs, Stornoway and Uig making up Lewis (RH4/23/145-50, 151-2, 155-6, 159-60, 161-3, 164-5) and reviewed the evidence for Harris and South Uist parishes. For the Lewis parishes of Stornoway and Barvas, the evidence of the first series was supported by assessment of the relevant volumes of OS2, the "OS Name Books Second (Revision) Series" which cover the period from 1892 until, roughly, 1960.
120. Aberley, op. cit. and Rundstrom, op. cit.
121. Aberley, op. cit. and Rundstrom, op. cit.
122. NAS, RH4/23/145-9, 152, 165.
123. J. H. M. Mackenzie, Diary 1851 John Munro Mackenzie Chamberlain of the Lews (Stornoway 1994) 23.
124. McNeill, Report, op. cit.
125. NAS, RH4/23/156.
126. NAS, RH4/23/145 (Index 5c, page 72).
127. NAS, RH4/23/146; NAS, West Register House, OS2, Stornoway. The point about later amendments in the 1892 and later name books and, also, the increasing sense in which the second series survey was content to rely upon the first series' name books as the 'authority' for names is briefly discussed by Winterbotham, op. cit., 59.
128. University of Edinburgh Library, Special Collections, MS 362. This letter is also quoted in M. Robson, The living voice, in F. Macleod (Ed.), Togail Tir/Marking Time: the Maps of the Western Isles (Stornoway 1989) 97-104 [quote on page 98].
129. Robson, op. cit., 99-103.
130. University of Edinburgh Library, Special Collections, MS 362a. The evidence that this postdates Wilson's 1891 paper comes in the opening lines of this draft letter where Carmichael writes, as his opening remarks, "in his instructive and interesting information on the work of the Ordnance Survey Sir Charles Wilson suggested that the Royal Geographical Society of Scotland should aid in the matter of place names". Carmichael's next sentence "a very proper suggestion to my way of thinking" is then scored through by him. Wilson had made this suggestion in his paper to the RSGS in March 1891.
131. On the mapping of the Hebrides in particular, see Macleod, op. cit., passim; on Scotland's mapping as a whole in this period, see D. G. Moir (Ed.), The Early Maps of Scotland, Vol. 1 (Edinburgh 1973).
132. On the mapping of the Hebrides in particular, see Macleod, op. cit., passim; on Scotland's mapping as a whole in this period, see D. G. Moir (Ed.), The Early Maps of Scotland, Vol. 1 (Edinburgh 1973).
133. The genealogy and utility of these maps is discussed in more detail in J. B. Caird, Early 19th century estate plans, in Macleod, op. cit., 49-77; a contemporary view of how earlier plans and maps were used as 'authorities' for his own map, in turn later cited as an 'authority' by Ordnance Survey - despite its very obvious differences in coverage: see Figure 4 - is provided by A. Arrowsmith, Memoir Relative to the Construction of the Map of Scotland (London 1807).
134. The genealogy and utility of these maps is discussed in more detail in J. B. Caird, Early 19th century estate plans, in Macleod, op. cit., 49-77; a contemporary view of how earlier plans and maps were used as 'authorities' for his own map, in turn later cited as an 'authority' by Ordnance Survey - despite its very obvious differences in coverage: see Figure 4 - is provided by A. Arrowsmith, Memoir Relative to the Construction of the Map of Scotland (London 1807).
135. N. Gunn, Young Art and Old Hector (London 1976 edition) 250-1.
136. R. F. Freeman, Place identity in Lower Shader, Isle of Lewis: the evidence of mapping, narrative and communal activities (unpublished M.Litt, thesis, University of Edinburgh 1997); R. Wentworth, Collecting place-names from local sources in the west Highlands (Unpublished paper presented to the Meeting of the Scottish Place Names Society, March 1997).
137. R. F. Freeman, Place identity in Lower Shader, Isle of Lewis: the evidence of mapping, narrative and communal activities (unpublished M.Litt, thesis, University of Edinburgh 1997); R. Wentworth, Collecting place-names from local sources in the west Highlands (Unpublished paper presented to the Meeting of the Scottish Place Names Society, March 1997).
138. Jacobs, op. cit.; Ryan, op. cit.
139. Jacobs, op. cit.; Ryan, op. cit.
140. Harley, Deconstructing the map, op. cit., 237.
141. C. Tilley, A Phenomenology of Landscape (Oxford 1994) 19.
142. J. Hunter (Ed.), For the People's Cause: From the Writings of John Murdoch Highland and Irish Land Reformer (Edinburgh 1986) 190-1.
143. For discussion of protest in this period, see Withers, Gaelic Scotland, 351-401; idem, Rural protest in the Highlands of Scotland and in Ireland, 1850-1930, in S. Connolly, R.A. Houston and R. A. Morris (Eds), Conflict, Identity and Economic Development: Ireland and Scotland, 1600-1939 (Preston 1995) 172-88; Ian J. M. Robertson, The historical geography of social protest in Highland Scotland, 1914-c.1939 (Unpublished Ph.D. thesis, University of Bristol 1995).
144. For discussion of protest in this period, see Withers, Gaelic Scotland, 351-401; idem, Rural protest in the Highlands of Scotland and in Ireland, 1850-1930, in S. Connolly, R.A. Houston and R. A. Morris (Eds), Conflict, Identity and Economic Development: Ireland and Scotland, 1600-1939 (Preston 1995) 172-88; Ian J. M. Robertson, The historical geography of social protest in Highland Scotland, 1914-c.1939 (Unpublished Ph.D. thesis, University of Bristol 1995).
145. For discussion of protest in this period, see Withers, Gaelic Scotland, 351-401; idem, Rural protest in the Highlands of Scotland and in Ireland, 1850-1930, in S. Connolly, R.A. Houston and R. A. Morris (Eds), Conflict, Identity and Economic Development: Ireland and Scotland, 1600-1939 (Preston 1995) 172-88; Ian J. M. Robertson, The historical geography of social protest in Highland Scotland, 1914-c.1939 (Unpublished Ph.D. thesis, University of Bristol 1995).
146. C. Jedrej and M. Nuttall, White Settlers: The Impact of Rural Repopulation in Scotland (Luxembourg 1996) 123.
147. Freeman, op. cit., 67-76 discusses this local mapping project.
148. I am indebted to Roy Wentworth on this point and to his on-going work on names in the Wester Ross area (R. Wentworth, personal communication 23 May 1999).
149. G. Deleuze and F. Guattari, A Thousand Plateaus: Capitalism And Schizophrenia (Minneapolis 1987) 12-3.
150. Harley, op. cit., 4; on this point, see also Woods' discussion of "The interest the maps serves is masked" in his The Power of Maps (New York 1992) 70-94.
151. Harley, op. cit., 4; on this point, see also Woods' discussion of "The interest the maps serves is masked" in his The Power of Maps (New York 1992) 70-94.