Reluctant Europeans? The Federation of British Industries and European integration, 1945-63

Business History

Volumn 42, Issue 4, 2000, Pages 91-116

  McKinlay, Alan ^a   Mercer, Helen ^a   Rollings, Neil ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ST ANDREWS   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ECONOMIC INTEGRATION; INDUSTRIAL HISTORY; STATE-BUSINESS RELATIONS; TWENTIETH CENTURY;

UNITED KINGDOM;

EID: 0033760431     PISSN: 00076791     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/00076790000000303     Document Type: Article

References (180)

1. R. Jowell and J. Spence, The Grudging Europeans: A Study of British Attitudes towards the EEC (London, 1975); M. Franklin, Britain's Future in Europe (London, 1990), chapter 2; S. George, An Awkward Partner: Britain in the European Community (Oxford, 1990). However, Britain is not alone in this designation, see T. Miljan, The Reluctant Europeans: The Attitudes of the Nordic Countries towards European Integration (London, 1977).
2. R. Jowell and J. Spence, The Grudging Europeans: A Study of British Attitudes towards the EEC (London, 1975); M. Franklin, Britain's Future in Europe (London, 1990), chapter 2; S. George, An Awkward Partner: Britain in the European Community (Oxford, 1990). However, Britain is not alone in this designation, see T. Miljan, The Reluctant Europeans: The Attitudes of the Nordic Countries towards European Integration (London, 1977).
3. R. Jowell and J. Spence, The Grudging Europeans: A Study of British Attitudes towards the EEC (London, 1975); M. Franklin, Britain's Future in Europe (London, 1990), chapter 2; S. George, An Awkward Partner: Britain in the European Community (Oxford, 1990). However, Britain is not alone in this designation, see T. Miljan, The Reluctant Europeans: The Attitudes of the Nordic Countries towards European Integration (London, 1977).
4. R. Jowell and J. Spence, The Grudging Europeans: A Study of British Attitudes towards the EEC (London, 1975); M. Franklin, Britain's Future in Europe (London, 1990), chapter 2; S. George, An Awkward Partner: Britain in the European Community (Oxford, 1990). However, Britain is not alone in this designation, see T. Miljan, The Reluctant Europeans: The Attitudes of the Nordic Countries towards European Integration (London, 1977).
5. S. George, Britain and European Integration since 1945 (Oxford, 1991), p.34.
6. George, An Awkward Partner. For a contrary position, see J. Bradbury, 'The UK in Europe: An Awkward or Accommodating Partner?', in R. Bideleux and R. Taylor (eds.), European Integration and Disintegration (London, 1996), pp.66-92.
7. George, An Awkward Partner. For a contrary position, see J. Bradbury, 'The UK in Europe: An Awkward or Accommodating Partner?', in R. Bideleux and R. Taylor (eds.), European Integration and Disintegration (London, 1996), pp.66-92.
8. C. Clark, British Trade in the Common Market (London, 1962); C. Layton, 'The Benefits of Scale for Industry', in J. Pinder (ed.), The Economics of Europe: What the Common Market Means for Britain (London, 1971); D. Evans, While Britain Slept (London, 1975); K. Middlemas, Power, Competition and the State Volume 1: Britain in Search of Balance, 1940-61 (Basingstoke, 1986); and D. Hearl, 'Britain and Europe since 1945', Parliamentary Affairs, Vol.47 (1994), p.518.
9. C. Clark, British Trade in the Common Market (London, 1962); C. Layton, 'The Benefits of Scale for Industry', in J. Pinder (ed.), The Economics of Europe: What the Common Market Means for Britain (London, 1971); D. Evans, While Britain Slept (London, 1975); K. Middlemas, Power, Competition and the State Volume 1: Britain in Search of Balance, 1940-61 (Basingstoke, 1986); and D. Hearl, 'Britain and Europe since 1945', Parliamentary Affairs, Vol.47 (1994), p.518.
10. C. Clark, British Trade in the Common Market (London, 1962); C. Layton, 'The Benefits of Scale for Industry', in J. Pinder (ed.), The Economics of Europe: What the Common Market Means for Britain (London, 1971); D. Evans, While Britain Slept (London, 1975); K. Middlemas, Power, Competition and the State Volume 1: Britain in Search of Balance, 1940-61 (Basingstoke, 1986); and D. Hearl, 'Britain and Europe since 1945', Parliamentary Affairs, Vol.47 (1994), p.518.
11. C. Clark, British Trade in the Common Market (London, 1962); C. Layton, 'The Benefits of Scale for Industry', in J. Pinder (ed.), The Economics of Europe: What the Common Market Means for Britain (London, 1971); D. Evans, While Britain Slept (London, 1975); K. Middlemas, Power, Competition and the State Volume 1: Britain in Search of Balance, 1940-61 (Basingstoke, 1986); and D. Hearl, 'Britain and Europe since 1945', Parliamentary Affairs, Vol.47 (1994), p.518.
12. C. Clark, British Trade in the Common Market (London, 1962); C. Layton, 'The Benefits of Scale for Industry', in J. Pinder (ed.), The Economics of Europe: What the Common Market Means for Britain (London, 1971); D. Evans, While Britain Slept (London, 1975); K. Middlemas, Power, Competition and the State Volume 1: Britain in Search of Balance, 1940-61 (Basingstoke, 1986); and D. Hearl, 'Britain and Europe since 1945', Parliamentary Affairs, Vol.47 (1994), p.518.
13. For an extreme example of this diplomatic fixation, see F.S. Northedge, 'Britain and the EEC: Past and Present', in R. Jenkins (ed.), Britain and the EEC (Basingstoke, 1983), pp.15-37. See also J. Tratt, The Macmillan Government and Europe (Oxford, 1996); S. Burgess and G. Edwards, 'The Six Plus One: British Policy-making and the Question of European Economic Integration, 1955', International Affairs, Vol.64 (1988), p.41; W. Kaiser, 'To Join, or Not To Join: The "Appeasement" Policy of Britain's First EEC Application', in B. Brivati and G. Jones (eds.), From Reconstruction to Integration (London, 1993), pp.144-56.
14. For an extreme example of this diplomatic fixation, see F.S. Northedge, 'Britain and the EEC: Past and Present', in R. Jenkins (ed.), Britain and the EEC (Basingstoke, 1983), pp.15-37. See also J. Tratt, The Macmillan Government and Europe (Oxford, 1996); S. Burgess and G. Edwards, 'The Six Plus One: British Policy-making and the Question of European Economic Integration, 1955', International Affairs, Vol.64 (1988), p.41; W. Kaiser, 'To Join, or Not To Join: The "Appeasement" Policy of Britain's First EEC Application', in B. Brivati and G. Jones (eds.), From Reconstruction to Integration (London, 1993), pp.144-56.
15. For an extreme example of this diplomatic fixation, see F.S. Northedge, 'Britain and the EEC: Past and Present', in R. Jenkins (ed.), Britain and the EEC (Basingstoke, 1983), pp.15-37. See also J. Tratt, The Macmillan Government and Europe (Oxford, 1996); S. Burgess and G. Edwards, 'The Six Plus One: British Policy-making and the Question of European Economic Integration, 1955', International Affairs, Vol.64 (1988), p.41; W. Kaiser, 'To Join, or Not To Join: The "Appeasement" Policy of Britain's First EEC Application', in B. Brivati and G. Jones (eds.), From Reconstruction to Integration (London, 1993), pp.144-56.
16. For an extreme example of this diplomatic fixation, see F.S. Northedge, 'Britain and the EEC: Past and Present', in R. Jenkins (ed.), Britain and the EEC (Basingstoke, 1983), pp.15-37. See also J. Tratt, The Macmillan Government and Europe (Oxford, 1996); S. Burgess and G. Edwards, 'The Six Plus One: British Policy-making and the Question of European Economic Integration, 1955', International Affairs, Vol.64 (1988), p.41; W. Kaiser, 'To Join, or Not To Join: The "Appeasement" Policy of Britain's First EEC Application', in B. Brivati and G. Jones (eds.), From Reconstruction to Integration (London, 1993), pp.144-56.
17. R.J. Lieber, British Politics and European Unity: Parties, Elites and Pressure Groups (Berkeley and London, 1970); J.W. Young, Britain and European Unity, 1945-1992 (Basingstoke, 1993).
18. R.J. Lieber, British Politics and European Unity: Parties, Elites and Pressure Groups (Berkeley and London, 1970); J.W. Young, Britain and European Unity, 1945-1992 (Basingstoke, 1993).
19. Lieber, British Politics, pp.57-8; M. Camps, Britain and the European Community, 1955-1963 (London, 1964), p.99. See also U. Kitzinger, The Challenge of the Common Market (Oxford, 1961), and, more recently, Young, Britain and European Unity.
20. Lieber, British Politics, pp.57-8; M. Camps, Britain and the European Community, 1955-1963 (London, 1964), p.99. See also U. Kitzinger, The Challenge of the Common Market (Oxford, 1961), and, more recently, Young, Britain and European Unity.
21. Lieber, British Politics, pp.57-8; M. Camps, Britain and the European Community, 1955-1963 (London, 1964), p.99. See also U. Kitzinger, The Challenge of the Common Market (Oxford, 1961), and, more recently, Young, Britain and European Unity.
22. Lieber, British Politics, pp.57-8; M. Camps, Britain and the European Community, 1955-1963 (London, 1964), p.99. See also U. Kitzinger, The Challenge of the Common Market (Oxford, 1961), and, more recently, Young, Britain and European Unity.
23. A. Milward, 'Allegiance - the Past and the Future', Journal of European Integration History, Vol.1 (1995), p.11. See also idem, The European Rescue of the Nation-state (London, 1992), pp.xi, 119-20.
24. A. Milward, 'Allegiance - the Past and the Future', Journal of European Integration History, Vol.1 (1995), p.11. See also idem, The European Rescue of the Nation-state (London, 1992), pp.xi, 119-20.
25. Ehrmann, European Coal and Steel Community; E. Haas, Uniting of Europe (Stanford, 1958), pp.162-213; and F. Lynch, 'Restoring France: The Road to Integration', in Milward (ed.), Frontier of National Sovereignty, pp.59-87. More positive accounts of these federations' views can be found in G. Braunthal, The Federation of German Industry in Politics (Ithaca, NY, 1965), pp.317-27; R. Frank, 'The French Alternative: Economic Power through the Empire or through Europe?', in E. di Nolfo (ed.), Power in Europe? II: Great Britain, France, Germany and Italy and the Origins of the EEC, 1952-1957 (Berlin and New York, 1992), pp.160-73; and W. Bührer and H.-J. Schröder, 'Germany's Economic Revival in the 1950s: The Foreign Policy Perspective', in di Nolfo (ed.), Power in Europe?, pp.187-95.
26. Ehrmann, European Coal and Steel Community; E. Haas, Uniting of Europe (Stanford, 1958), pp.162-213; and F. Lynch, 'Restoring France: The Road to Integration', in Milward (ed.), Frontier of National Sovereignty, pp.59-87. More positive accounts of these federations' views can be found in G. Braunthal, The Federation of German Industry in Politics (Ithaca, NY, 1965), pp.317-27; R. Frank, 'The French Alternative: Economic Power through the Empire or through Europe?', in E. di Nolfo (ed.), Power in Europe? II: Great Britain, France, Germany and Italy and the Origins of the EEC, 1952-1957 (Berlin and New York, 1992), pp.160-73; and W. Bührer and H.-J. Schröder, 'Germany's Economic Revival in the 1950s: The Foreign Policy Perspective', in di Nolfo (ed.), Power in Europe?, pp.187-95.
27. Ehrmann, European Coal and Steel Community; E. Haas, Uniting of Europe (Stanford, 1958), pp.162-213; and F. Lynch, 'Restoring France: The Road to Integration', in Milward (ed.), Frontier of National Sovereignty, pp.59-87. More positive accounts of these federations' views can be found in G. Braunthal, The Federation of German Industry in Politics (Ithaca, NY, 1965), pp.317-27; R. Frank, 'The French Alternative: Economic Power through the Empire or through Europe?', in E. di Nolfo (ed.), Power in Europe? II: Great Britain, France, Germany and Italy and the Origins of the EEC, 1952-1957 (Berlin and New York, 1992), pp.160-73; and W. Bührer and H.-J. Schröder, 'Germany's Economic Revival in the 1950s: The Foreign Policy Perspective', in di Nolfo (ed.), Power in Europe?, pp.187-95.
28. Ehrmann, European Coal and Steel Community; E. Haas, Uniting of Europe (Stanford, 1958), pp.162-213; and F. Lynch, 'Restoring France: The Road to Integration', in Milward (ed.), Frontier of National Sovereignty, pp.59-87. More positive accounts of these federations' views can be found in G. Braunthal, The Federation of German Industry in Politics (Ithaca, NY, 1965), pp.317-27; R. Frank, 'The French Alternative: Economic Power through the Empire or through Europe?', in E. di Nolfo (ed.), Power in Europe? II: Great Britain, France, Germany and Italy and the Origins of the EEC, 1952-1957 (Berlin and New York, 1992), pp.160-73; and W. Bührer and H.-J. Schröder, 'Germany's Economic Revival in the 1950s: The Foreign Policy Perspective', in di Nolfo (ed.), Power in Europe?, pp.187-95.
29. Ehrmann, European Coal and Steel Community; E. Haas, Uniting of Europe (Stanford, 1958), pp.162-213; and F. Lynch, 'Restoring France: The Road to Integration', in Milward (ed.), Frontier of National Sovereignty, pp.59-87. More positive accounts of these federations' views can be found in G. Braunthal, The Federation of German Industry in Politics (Ithaca, NY, 1965), pp.317-27; R. Frank, 'The French Alternative: Economic Power through the Empire or through Europe?', in E. di Nolfo (ed.), Power in Europe? II: Great Britain, France, Germany and Italy and the Origins of the EEC, 1952-1957 (Berlin and New York, 1992), pp.160-73; and W. Bührer and H.-J. Schröder, 'Germany's Economic Revival in the 1950s: The Foreign Policy Perspective', in di Nolfo (ed.), Power in Europe?, pp.187-95.
30. Ehrmann, European Coal and Steel Community; E. Haas, Uniting of Europe (Stanford, 1958), pp.162-213; and F. Lynch, 'Restoring France: The Road to Integration', in Milward (ed.), Frontier of National Sovereignty, pp.59-87. More positive accounts of these federations' views can be found in G. Braunthal, The Federation of German Industry in Politics (Ithaca, NY, 1965), pp.317-27; R. Frank, 'The French Alternative: Economic Power through the Empire or through Europe?', in E. di Nolfo (ed.), Power in Europe? II: Great Britain, France, Germany and Italy and the Origins of the EEC, 1952-1957 (Berlin and New York, 1992), pp.160-73; and W. Bührer and H.-J. Schröder, 'Germany's Economic Revival in the 1950s: The Foreign Policy Perspective', in di Nolfo (ed.), Power in Europe?, pp.187-95.
31. For surveys see, M.J. Smith, Pressure, Power and Policy (Hemel Hempstead, 1993); W. Grant, Business and Politics in Britain (Basingstoke, 1993).
32. For surveys see, M.J. Smith, Pressure, Power and Policy (Hemel Hempstead, 1993); W. Grant, Business and Politics in Britain (Basingstoke, 1993).
33. Grant, Business, pp.18-19; A. Cox, 'The Failure of Corporatist State Forms and Policies in Post-war Britain', in A. Cox and N. O'Sullivan (eds.), The Corporate State (Aldershot, 1988), pp.198-223; K. Middlemas, Politics in Industrial Society (London, 1979); idem, Power, Competition and the State, Vol. 1 (Basingstoke, 1986).
34. Grant, Business, pp.18-19; A. Cox, 'The Failure of Corporatist State Forms and Policies in Post-war Britain', in A. Cox and N. O'Sullivan (eds.), The Corporate State (Aldershot, 1988), pp.198-223; K. Middlemas, Politics in Industrial Society (London, 1979); idem, Power, Competition and the State, Vol. 1 (Basingstoke, 1986).
35. Grant, Business, pp.18-19; A. Cox, 'The Failure of Corporatist State Forms and Policies in Post-war Britain', in A. Cox and N. O'Sullivan (eds.), The Corporate State (Aldershot, 1988), pp.198-223; K. Middlemas, Politics in Industrial Society (London, 1979); idem, Power, Competition and the State, Vol. 1 (Basingstoke, 1986).
36. Grant, Business, pp.18-19; A. Cox, 'The Failure of Corporatist State Forms and Policies in Post-war Britain', in A. Cox and N. O'Sullivan (eds.), The Corporate State (Aldershot, 1988), pp.198-223; K. Middlemas, Politics in Industrial Society (London, 1979); idem, Power, Competition and the State, Vol. 1 (Basingstoke, 1986).
37. See D. Marsh (ed.), Comparing Policy Networks (Milton Keynes, 1998); D. Marsh and R.A.W. Rhodes (eds.), Policy Networks in British Government (Oxford, 1992), A.G. Jordan and J.J. Richardson, Government and Pressure Groups in Britain (Oxford, 1987). It has been argued that policy networks are a meso-level concept which can be used within a variety of macro-level frameworks.
38. See D. Marsh (ed.), Comparing Policy Networks (Milton Keynes, 1998); D. Marsh and R.A.W. Rhodes (eds.), Policy Networks in British Government (Oxford, 1992), A.G. Jordan and J.J. Richardson, Government and Pressure Groups in Britain (Oxford, 1987). It has been argued that policy networks are a meso-level concept which can be used within a variety of macro-level frameworks.
39. See D. Marsh (ed.), Comparing Policy Networks (Milton Keynes, 1998); D. Marsh and R.A.W. Rhodes (eds.), Policy Networks in British Government (Oxford, 1992), A.G. Jordan and J.J. Richardson, Government and Pressure Groups in Britain (Oxford, 1987). It has been argued that policy networks are a meso-level concept which can be used within a variety of macro-level frameworks.
40. Smith, Pressure, pp.1-11 and 48-75; R.A.W. Rhodes, Control and Power in Centre-Local Government Relations (Farnborough, 1981).
41. Smith, Pressure, pp.1-11 and 48-75; R.A.W. Rhodes, Control and Power in Centre-Local Government Relations (Farnborough, 1981).
42. A.K. Cairncross, Years of Recovery (London, 1985), pp.8-10; J. Tomlinson, 'The Attlee Government and the Balance of Payments, 1945-51', Twentieth Century British History, Vol.2 (1991), pp.47-66.
43. A.K. Cairncross, Years of Recovery (London, 1985), pp.8-10; J. Tomlinson, 'The Attlee Government and the Balance of Payments, 1945-51', Twentieth Century British History, Vol.2 (1991), pp.47-66.
44. The extent and impact of the lack of competition is a matter of some dispute. See S.N. Broadberry and N.F.R. Crafts, 'British Economic Policy and Performance in the Early Post-War Period', Business History Vol.38 (1996), pp.65-91; J. Tomlinson and N. Tiratsoo, '"An Old Story, Freshly Told"? A Comment on Broadberry and Crafts' Approach to Britain's Early Post-War Economic Performance', Business History, Vol.40 No.2 (1998), pp.62-72; S.N. Broadberry and N.F.R. Crafts, 'The Post-War Settlement: Not Such a Good Bargain After All', Business History, Vol.40 No.2 (1998), pp.73-9.
45. The extent and impact of the lack of competition is a matter of some dispute. See S.N. Broadberry and N.F.R. Crafts, 'British Economic Policy and Performance in the Early Post-War Period', Business History Vol.38 (1996), pp.65-91; J. Tomlinson and N. Tiratsoo, '"An Old Story, Freshly Told"? A Comment on Broadberry and Crafts' Approach to Britain's Early Post-War Economic Performance', Business History, Vol.40 No.2 (1998), pp.62-72; S.N. Broadberry and N.F.R. Crafts, 'The Post-War Settlement: Not Such a Good Bargain After All', Business History, Vol.40 No.2 (1998), pp.73-9.
46. The extent and impact of the lack of competition is a matter of some dispute. See S.N. Broadberry and N.F.R. Crafts, 'British Economic Policy and Performance in the Early Post-War Period', Business History Vol.38 (1996), pp.65-91; J. Tomlinson and N. Tiratsoo, '"An Old Story, Freshly Told"? A Comment on Broadberry and Crafts' Approach to Britain's Early Post-War Economic Performance', Business History, Vol.40 No.2 (1998), pp.62-72; S.N. Broadberry and N.F.R. Crafts, 'The Post-War Settlement: Not Such a Good Bargain After All', Business History, Vol.40 No.2 (1998), pp.73-9.
47. For example, see N. Tiratsoo, 'The Motor Car Industry', in H. Mercer et al. (eds.), Labour Governments and Private Industry (Edinburgh, 1992), pp.162-85.
48. Cairncross, Years, p.201.
49. For a sectoral perspective, see T.R. Whistler, 'The Outstanding Potential Market: The British Motor Industry and Europe, 1945-75', Journal of Transport History, Vol.15 (1994), pp.1-19.
50. Bretherton was not a typical civil servant. He was an Oxford economist from 1928 to 1945, and joined the Economic Section, the small group of economists in government, as its deputy director in 1949. He left in 1951 before becoming an under-secretary at the Board of Trade in 1954.
51. Public Record Office (hereafter PRO), BT11/5852, 'The Development of Policy about the Common Market, and the Origin of the Negotiations for a European Free Trade Area, 1955/1957. with Special Reference to the Board of Trade', by R. Bretherton, June 1961, p.2.
52. For a review of these contacts see the FBI's Annual Reports.
53. FBI, Annual Report 1948, pp.7-8 and 9. See also A. Milward and G. Brennan, Britain's Place in the World (London, 1996).
54. FBI, Annual Report 1948, pp.7-8 and 9. See also A. Milward and G. Brennan, Britain's Place in the World (London, 1996).
55. Modern Records Centre (hereafter MRC), MSS200/F/1/1/146, ERP Committee meeting, 23 June 1948.
56. Ibid., ERP Committee meeting, 25 July 1949.
57. A. Milward, The Reconstruction of Western Europe, 1945-51 (London, 1984); W. Diebold, Trade and Payments in Western Europe: A Study in European Cooperation, 1947-51 (New York, 1952); W.A. Brusse, Tariffs, Trade and European Integration, 1947-1957 (Basingstoke, 1997).
58. A. Milward, The Reconstruction of Western Europe, 1945-51 (London, 1984); W. Diebold, Trade and Payments in Western Europe: A Study in European Cooperation, 1947-51 (New York, 1952); W.A. Brusse, Tariffs, Trade and European Integration, 1947-1957 (Basingstoke, 1997).
59. A. Milward, The Reconstruction of Western Europe, 1945-51 (London, 1984); W. Diebold, Trade and Payments in Western Europe: A Study in European Cooperation, 1947-51 (New York, 1952); W.A. Brusse, Tariffs, Trade and European Integration, 1947-1957 (Basingstoke, 1997).
60. MRC, MSS200/F/3/S1/21/47, D/6234, 'Visit M. Gilbert, President of the Association of Franco-British Economic Expansion, & April 1948'; PRO BT11/3832, Kipping at 6th meeting Consultative Committee for Industry.
61. PRO BT11/3832, Bennett, minutes of the 7th meeting of the Consultative Committee for Industry, 25 June 1948. Bennett was Joint Managing Director of Joseph Lucas Industries Limited, a director of ICI and of Lloyds Bank and had been President of the Society of Motor Manufacturers and Traders, an industrial adviser to the Ministry of Supply 1938-39 and held a number of other government posts during the Second World War.
62. Milward, Reconstruction, pp.237-50.
63. See R. Woodhouse, British Policy towards France, 1945-51 (Basingstoke, 1995), pp.105-24; E. Dell, The Schuman Plan and the British Abdication of Leadership in Europe (Oxford, 1995); C. Lord, Absent at the Creation (Aldershot, 1996).
64. See R. Woodhouse, British Policy towards France, 1945-51 (Basingstoke, 1995), pp.105-24; E. Dell, The Schuman Plan and the British Abdication of Leadership in Europe (Oxford, 1995); C. Lord, Absent at the Creation (Aldershot, 1996).
65. See R. Woodhouse, British Policy towards France, 1945-51 (Basingstoke, 1995), pp.105-24; E. Dell, The Schuman Plan and the British Abdication of Leadership in Europe (Oxford, 1995); C. Lord, Absent at the Creation (Aldershot, 1996).
66. Lord, Absent, p.45; R. Ranieri, 'Inside or Outside the Magic Circle? The Italian and British Steel Industries Face to Face with the Schuman Plan and the European Coal Iron and Steel Community', in A. Milward et al. (eds.), The Frontier of National Sovereignty: History and Theory, 1945-1992 (London, 1993), p.119; and Dell, Schuman Plan, p.277. See also R. Ranieri, 'Attempting an Unlikely Union: The British Steel Industry and the ECSC, 1950-54', in P. Stirk and S. Willis (eds.), Shaping Postwar Europe (London, 1992), pp.112-23.
67. Lord, Absent, p.45; R. Ranieri, 'Inside or Outside the Magic Circle? The Italian and British Steel Industries Face to Face with the Schuman Plan and the European Coal Iron and Steel Community', in A. Milward et al. (eds.), The Frontier of National Sovereignty: History and Theory, 1945-1992 (London, 1993), p.119; and Dell, Schuman Plan, p.277. See also R. Ranieri, 'Attempting an Unlikely Union: The British Steel Industry and the ECSC, 1950-54', in P. Stirk and S. Willis (eds.), Shaping Postwar Europe (London, 1992), pp.112-23.
68. Lord, Absent, p.45; R. Ranieri, 'Inside or Outside the Magic Circle? The Italian and British Steel Industries Face to Face with the Schuman Plan and the European Coal Iron and Steel Community', in A. Milward et al. (eds.), The Frontier of National Sovereignty: History and Theory, 1945-1992 (London, 1993), p.119; and Dell, Schuman Plan, p.277. See also R. Ranieri, 'Attempting an Unlikely Union: The British Steel Industry and the ECSC, 1950-54', in P. Stirk and S. Willis (eds.), Shaping Postwar Europe (London, 1992), pp.112-23.
69. Lord, Absent, p.45; R. Ranieri, 'Inside or Outside the Magic Circle? The Italian and British Steel Industries Face to Face with the Schuman Plan and the European Coal Iron and Steel Community', in A. Milward et al. (eds.), The Frontier of National Sovereignty: History and Theory, 1945-1992 (London, 1993), p.119; and Dell, Schuman Plan, p.277. See also R. Ranieri, 'Attempting an Unlikely Union: The British Steel Industry and the ECSC, 1950-54', in P. Stirk and S. Willis (eds.), Shaping Postwar Europe (London, 1992), pp.112-23.
70. Lord, Absent, pp.43-4; Ranieri, 'Inside or Ouside?', p.134. See also M. Schaad, 'Plan G - A "Counterblast"? British Policy Towards the Messina Countries, 1956', Contemporary European History, Vol.7 (1998), p.41.
71. Lord, Absent, pp.43-4; Ranieri, 'Inside or Ouside?', p.134. See also M. Schaad, 'Plan G - A "Counterblast"? British Policy Towards the Messina Countries, 1956', Contemporary European History, Vol.7 (1998), p.41.
72. Lord, Absent, pp.43-4; Ranieri, 'Inside or Ouside?', p.134. See also M. Schaad, 'Plan G - A "Counterblast"? British Policy Towards the Messina Countries, 1956', Contemporary European History, Vol.7 (1998), p.41.
73. Ranieri, 'Inside or Outside?', pp.144-50.
74. See M. Kipping, Zwischen Kartellen und Konkurrenz: Der Schuman Plan und die Ursprunge der europaischen Einigung 1944-1952 (Berlin, 1996).
75. Ranieri, 'Inside or Outside?', p.149; and K. Middlemas, Power, p.241.
76. Ranieri, 'Inside or Outside?', p.149; and K. Middlemas, Power, p.241.
77. MRC, MSS 200/F/1/1/191, Grand Council meeting, 13 Oct. 1952.
78. Ibid., Grand Council meeting, 10 Feb. 1954.
79. For British views on German competition after the First World War, see P. Cline, 'Winding down the War Economy: British Plans for Post-War Recovery 1916-19', in K. Burk (ed.), War and the State (London, 1982), pp.157-81.
80. I.D. Turner, 'British Policy towards German Industry, 1945-9: Reconstruction, Restriction or Exploitation?', in I.D. Turner (ed.), Reconstruction in Post-War Germany: British Occupation Policy and the Western Zones, 1945-55 (Oxford, 1989), pp.67-91. See also A. Kramer, The West German Economy, 1945-1955 (Oxford, 1991); A.K. Cairncross, The Price of War (Oxford, 1986).
81. I.D. Turner, 'British Policy towards German Industry, 1945-9: Reconstruction, Restriction or Exploitation?', in I.D. Turner (ed.), Reconstruction in Post-War Germany: British Occupation Policy and the Western Zones, 1945-55 (Oxford, 1989), pp.67-91. See also A. Kramer, The West German Economy, 1945-1955 (Oxford, 1991); A.K. Cairncross, The Price of War (Oxford, 1986).
82. I.D. Turner, 'British Policy towards German Industry, 1945-9: Reconstruction, Restriction or Exploitation?', in I.D. Turner (ed.), Reconstruction in Post-War Germany: British Occupation Policy and the Western Zones, 1945-55 (Oxford, 1989), pp.67-91. See also A. Kramer, The West German Economy, 1945-1955 (Oxford, 1991); A.K. Cairncross, The Price of War (Oxford, 1986).
83. MRC, MSS 200/F/1/1/146, German Committee meeting, 11 Nov. 1947.
84. Milward, European Rescue, pp.403-7.
85. MRC, MSS200/F/1/1/189, Kipping at Grand Council meeting, 8 Dec. 1948. See MRC MSS200/F/3/D2/1/11 for papers of the panel.
86. PRO, T236/3486-8, informal meetings with both sides of industry on the export drive, Dec. 1952-March 1953; and PRO, BT11/5090, informal advisory group on exports to the President of the Board of Trade, Nov. 1953-March 1954.
87. PRO, CAB130/91, GEN.441/39 (final), 'German Competition with particular reference to the Engineering Industries', Report by the Working Party on United Kingdom Export Trends, 2 Nov. 1954. The working party completed a further report on the same subject in May 1956, see PRO, CAB130/93. See Milward and Brennan, Britain's Place, Appendix IV, for a review of the competitiveness of different sectors of manufacturing.
88. PRO, CAB130/91, GEN.441/39 (final), 'German Competition with particular reference to the Engineering Industries', Report by the Working Party on United Kingdom Export Trends, 2 Nov. 1954. The working party completed a further report on the same subject in May 1956, see PRO, CAB130/93. See Milward and Brennan, Britain's Place, Appendix IV, for a review of the competitiveness of different sectors of manufacturing.
89. MRC, MSS200/F/3/D3/6/50, Kipping to Rene Arnaud, Secretary of CEIF, 31 Dec. 1952, and meeting FBI/BDI, 22 April 1953. See also MRC, MSS200/F/1/1/146, minutes of German Committee; various Grand Council meetings from 13 May 1953, MRC MS200/F/1/1/192; Milward, European Rescue, pp.148-9.
90. PRO, BT11/5090, L. Robinson, a Ministry of Supply official, to P. Harris, a Board of Trade official, 2 Nov. 1953. See also M. Kipping, '"Operation Impact": Converting European Employers to the American Creed', in M. Kipping and O. Bjarnar (eds.), The Americanisation of European Business (London, 1998), pp.55-73.
91. J. Moon, European Integration in British Politics, 1950-1963: A Study of Issue Change (Aldershot, 1985), pp.130-31.
92. Kipping, Summing Up, p.154.
93. MRC, MSS200/F/1/1/192: Grand Council meeting, 22 July 1953.
94. PRO, BT213/8, F. Schon, director of Marchon Products Lid, note of a meeting, 18 June 1957, Sir Graham Hayman, chairman of BTR, a director of Distillers and recently retired FBI President, to G.H. Andrew, Second Secretary in the Board of Trade, 22 May 1957, and Hastilow, of Docker Brothers, to Andrew, 8 May 1957.
95. Ibid., Worboys to Andrew, 22 May 1957.
96. Ibid., E.N. Hague to Andrew, 18 June 1957.
97. PRO, BT11/5524, memorandum from the British Cycle and Motor Cycle Industries Association Ltd to A.R.W. Low, the Minister of State, Board of Trade, 5 Oct. 1956, and note of a meeting of representatives of the motor cycle manufacturing industry with the minister, 17 Oct. 1956.
98. PRO, BT213/88, note of a meeting on 17 June 1957 between Mr Wheldon and Mr Alfred of Courtaulds with Andrew, 27 June 1957. This particular case related to Japanese rather than German competition.
99. Economist Intelligence Unit, Britain and Europe: A Study of the Effects on British Manufacturing of a Free Trade Area and the Common Market (London, 1957), pp.14-16.
100. M. Charlton, The Price of Victory (London, 1983). p.177.
101. PRO, BT11/5852, 'The Development of Policy about the Common Market', p.15.
102. Burgess and Edwards, 'Six Plus One', p.405.
103. Charlton, Price of Victory, pp.193-4.
104. MRC, MSS200/F/3/D3/5/44, 'Office Memorandum on European Economic Integration', by Tennant, 24 Feb. 1956. A copy of the memorandum was sent to Sir Frank Lee by Kipping. See also PRO, BT11/5852, 'The Development of Policy about the Common Market', p.19. The correspondence was reprinted in Kipping, Summing Up, pp.315-23.
105. MRC, MSS200/F/3/D3/5/44, 'Office Memorandum on European Economic Integration', by Tennant, 24 Feb. 1956. A copy of the memorandum was sent to Sir Frank Lee by Kipping. See also PRO, BT11/5852, 'The Development of Policy about the Common Market', p.19. The correspondence was reprinted in Kipping, Summing Up, pp.315-23.
106. MRC, MSS200/F/3/D3/5/44, 'Office Memorandum on European Economic Integration', by Tennant, 24 Feb. 1956. A copy of the memorandum was sent to Sir Frank Lee by Kipping. See also PRO, BT11/5852, 'The Development of Policy about the Common Market', p.19. The correspondence was reprinted in Kipping, Summing Up, pp.315-23.
107. Kipping, Summing Up, pp.318-19.
108. MRC, MSS200/F/3/D3/5/44, 'Office Memorandum on European Economic Integration'. Lee's reply rejected this approach; Lee to Kipping, 16 March 1956.
109. MRC, MSS200/F/1/1/193, Grand Council meetings, 13 June 1956 and 11 July 1956; Lieber, British Politics, p.58;
110. and PRO BT11/5852, 'The Development of Policy about the Common Market', by Bretherton, June 1961, p.20.
111. For the organisation of the FBI, see S.E. Finer, 'The Federation of British Industries', Political Studies Vol.4 (1956), pp.61-84; S. Blank, Industry and Government in Britain: The Federation of British Industries in Politics, 1945-65 (Farnborough, 1973), pp.47-74.
112. For the organisation of the FBI, see S.E. Finer, 'The Federation of British Industries', Political Studies Vol.4 (1956), pp.61-84; S. Blank, Industry and Government in Britain: The Federation of British Industries in Politics, 1945-65 (Farnborough, 1973), pp.47-74.
113. MRC, MSS200/F/3/D3/5/44, 'Preliminary Observations of the European Integration Panel', June 1956.
114. J. Ellison, 'Perfidious Albion? Britain, Plan G and European Integration, 1955-56', Contemporary British History, Vol.10 (1996), p.6.
115. Ibid., pp.9-12; M. Schaad, 'Plan G - A "Counterblast"? British Policy Towards the Messina Countries, 1956', Contemporary European History, Vol.7 (1998), p.47.
116. Ibid., pp.9-12; M. Schaad, 'Plan G - A "Counterblast"? British Policy Towards the Messina Countries, 1956', Contemporary European History, Vol.7 (1998), p.47.
117. Ellison, 'Perfidious Albion?', p.15; Schaad, 'Plan G', p.47.
118. Ellison, 'Perfidious Albion?', p.15; Schaad, 'Plan G', p.47.
119. Schaad, 'Plan G', p.48.
120. Camps, Britain and the European Community, p.99; Lieber, British Politics, p.59;
121. Camps, Britain and the European Community, p.99; Lieber, British Politics, p.59;
122. and 'Free Trade with Europe', Economist, 22 Sept. 1956, p.941.
123. MRC, MSS200/F/3/D3/5/44, 'Economic Integration of Western Europe: Some Issues of Concern to British Industry', 3 Sept. 1956. See also Lieber, British Politics, pp.58-9.
124. MRC, MSS200/F/3/D3/5/44, 'Economic Integration of Western Europe: Some Issues of Concern to British Industry', 3 Sept. 1956. See also Lieber, British Politics, pp.58-9.
125. MRC, MSS200/F/3/D3/5/44, 'Enquries from the Federation's Regional Councils', 29 Oct. 1956.
126. 'Industry and Freer Trade', Economist, 3 Nov. 1956, p.402.
127. MRC, MSS200/F/3/D3/5/44, Kipping to Thorneycroft, 31 Oct. 1956.
128. MRC MSS200/F/D3/3/20, Kipping, 'British Industry and the European Common Market', March 1957. See also, Lieber, British Politics, pp.57-60.
129. MRC MSS200/F/D3/3/20, Kipping, 'British Industry and the European Common Market', March 1957. See also, Lieber, British Politics, pp.57-60.
130. Kipping, Summing Up, p.156.
131. 'FBI Views on Free Trade', The Times, 2 Nov. 1956, p.3; and PRO CAB134/1240, ES(EI)(56)77, 6 Nov. 1956.
132. PRO, BT11/5559, 'Brief for Meeting of Palmer Group', 5 Jan. 1960.
133. FBI, European Free Trade: A Survey for Industrialists (London, 1957), pp.vii and v.
134. PRO, CAB134/1240, 'Note of a Meeting on Plan G with Representatives of the FBI', undated but November 1956. See also Chemistry and Industry, 9 Nov. 1957.
135. A. Moravcsik, The Choice for Europe (London, 1998), p.168; Sir Graham Hayman, retiring FBI President's speech to the FBI AGM, 'We Must Join in Free Trade', The Times, 11 April 1957, p.7.
136. A. Moravcsik, The Choice for Europe (London, 1998), p.168; Sir Graham Hayman, retiring FBI President's speech to the FBI AGM, 'We Must Join in Free Trade', The Times, 11 April 1957, p.7.
137. PRO, BT258/28, Sir Edgar Cohen, 11th departmental meeting, 7 March 1957.
138. PRO, BT205/261, 'TN(FT)(57)14, 'Board of Trade Progress Report no. 3', 8 March 1957.
139. PRO, BT258/28, 7th meeting, 31 Jan. 1957.
140. Ibid., report by Percival, departmental meeting, 14 Nov. 1957.
141. MRC, MSS200/F/1/1/193, Sir Hugh Beaver, FBI President and managing director of Guiness, Grand Council meeting, 13 Nov. 1957.
142. MRC, MSS200/F/3/D3/3/23, Norman Kipping, note of a telephone conversation, 18 April 1958; and PRO, BT205/262, TN(FT)(57)60, 'Board of Trade progress report no. 8', 18 Nov. 1957.
143. MRC, MSS200/F/3/S1/21/60, unsigned note (probably by D. Walker), 12 Sept. 1957. See also PRO, CAB134/1862, ES(EI)(57)253, 'Summary of report by the ABCC, FBI and NUM' by the Board of Trade, 3 Oct. 1957.
144. PRO, BT258/28, departmental meeting, 31 Oct. 1957.
145. For published breakdowns, see EIU, Britain and Europe; Clark, British Trade, pp.65-7; H.H. Liesner, 'The European Common Market and British Industry', Economic Journal, Vol.68 (1958), pp.302-16.
146. For published breakdowns, see EIU, Britain and Europe; Clark, British Trade, pp.65-7; H.H. Liesner, 'The European Common Market and British Industry', Economic Journal, Vol.68 (1958), pp.302-16.
147. PRO, BT205/262, TN(FT)(57)60.
148. PRO, BT258/229-31 for example.
149. R.T. Griffiths, 'The Failure of the Wider European Free Trade Area', EFTA Bulletin, Vol.3-4 (1991), pp.15-20.
150. MRC, MSS200/F/1/1/193, Grand Council meeting, 22 Nov. 1957.
151. J. Tratt, The Macmillan Government and Europe: A Study in the Process of Policy Development (Basingstoke, 1996), pp.43 and 52.
152. Kaiser, 'Challenge', p.13; Moravcsik, Choice, p.167.
153. Kaiser, 'Challenge', p.13; Moravcsik, Choice, p.167.
154. MRC, MSS200/F/3/E3/34/3, 'Note on the FTA deadlock', by E.M. Felgate, 25 Nov. 1958. See also MSS200/F/3/D3/23, Kipping, extract from a telephone conversation, 18 April 1958.
155. W. Kaiser, 'Challenge to the Community: The Creation, Crisis and Consolidation of the European Free Trade Association', Journal of European Integration History, Vol.3 (1997), pp.13-14.; Blank, Industry and Government, pp.145-6.
156. W. Kaiser, 'Challenge to the Community: The Creation, Crisis and Consolidation of the European Free Trade Association', Journal of European Integration History, Vol.3 (1997), pp.13-14.; Blank, Industry and Government, pp.145-6.
157. MRC, MSS200/F/3/D3/5/44, 'EFTA', note of a meeting at the Board of Trade, 11 May 1959.
158. Kaiser, 'Challenge', p.15.
159. Lieber, British Politics, pp.79-80; Camps, Britain and the European Community, p.215.
160. Lieber, British Politics, pp.79-80; Camps, Britain and the European Community, p.215.
161. G. Brealey, 'The British Chemical Industry - From K.I.D. to Outer Seven', Chemistry and Industry (8 July 1961), p.1006; T. Sherwen, 'British Business Attitudes to E.F.T.A.', in H. Corbet and D. Robertson (eds.), Europe's Free Trade Experiment: E.F.T.A. and European Economic Integration (Oxford, 1970), p.195.
162. G. Brealey, 'The British Chemical Industry - From K.I.D. to Outer Seven', Chemistry and Industry (8 July 1961), p.1006; T. Sherwen, 'British Business Attitudes to E.F.T.A.', in H. Corbet and D. Robertson (eds.), Europe's Free Trade Experiment: E.F.T.A. and European Economic Integration (Oxford, 1970), p.195.
163. Camps, Britain and the European Community, p.215; N. Beloff, The General Says No (Harmondsworth, 1963), p.91; Young, Britain and European Unity, p.73; Middlemas, Power, Competition and the State, p.309; and George, Awkward Partner, p.32. Lieber gives the most cautious of these accounts, Lieber, British Politics, pp.93-6.
164. Camps, Britain and the European Community, p.215; N. Beloff, The General Says No (Harmondsworth, 1963), p.91; Young, Britain and European Unity, p.73; Middlemas, Power, Competition and the State, p.309; and George, Awkward Partner, p.32. Lieber gives the most cautious of these accounts, Lieber, British Politics, pp.93-6.
165. Camps, Britain and the European Community, p.215; N. Beloff, The General Says No (Harmondsworth, 1963), p.91; Young, Britain and European Unity, p.73; Middlemas, Power, Competition and the State, p.309; and George, Awkward Partner, p.32. Lieber gives the most cautious of these accounts, Lieber, British Politics, pp.93-6.
166. Camps, Britain and the European Community, p.215; N. Beloff, The General Says No (Harmondsworth, 1963), p.91; Young, Britain and European Unity, p.73; Middlemas, Power, Competition and the State, p.309; and George, Awkward Partner, p.32. Lieber gives the most cautious of these accounts, Lieber, British Politics, pp.93-6.
167. Camps, Britain and the European Community, p.215; N. Beloff, The General Says No (Harmondsworth, 1963), p.91; Young, Britain and European Unity, p.73; Middlemas, Power, Competition and the State, p.309; and George, Awkward Partner, p.32. Lieber gives the most cautious of these accounts, Lieber, British Politics, pp.93-6.
168. Camps, Britain and the European Community, p.215; N. Beloff, The General Says No (Harmondsworth, 1963), p.91; Young, Britain and European Unity, p.73; Middlemas, Power, Competition and the State, p.309; and George, Awkward Partner, p.32. Lieber gives the most cautious of these accounts, Lieber, British Politics, pp.93-6.
169. Tratt, Macmillan Government, p.96.
170. MRC, MSS200/F/3/D3/5/44, note of a meeting at the Board of Trade, 8 Feb. 1960; 'European Trade', a memorandum to the Grand Council, March 1960; and 'EFTA', note of a meeting of trade associations, 11 May 1960.
171. Tratt, Macmillan Government, pp.157-8.
172. Quoted in ibid., p.157.
173. FBI, British Industry and Europe (London, 1961), p.5.
174. Lieber, British Politics, p.97.
175. Ibid., p.96 from The Times, 21 July 1961.
176. FBI, Annual Report 1963, p.v; G. Wilkes, 'Eye-witness Views of the Brussels Breakdown', in G. Wilkes (ed.), Britain's Failure to Enter the European Community, 1961-63 (London, 1997), pp.246-7.
177. FBI, Annual Report 1963, p.v; G. Wilkes, 'Eye-witness Views of the Brussels Breakdown', in G. Wilkes (ed.), Britain's Failure to Enter the European Community, 1961-63 (London, 1997), pp.246-7.
178. Lieber, British Politics, pp.67-8.
179. See Grant, Business and Politics, pp.18-20 for a discussion of this.
180. Finer, 'Federation'.