Ant algorithms and stigmergy

Future Generation Computer Systems

Volumn 16, Issue 8, 2000, Pages 851-871

  Dorigo, Marco ^a,d   Bonabeau, Eric ^b   Theraulaz, Guy ^c,e  

^a UNIVERSITÉ LIBRE DE BRUXELLES   (Belgium)

^b EuroBios   (France)

^c UNIVERSITÉ PAUL SABATIER   (France)

^d POLITECNICO DI MILANO   (Italy)

^e AIX MARSEILLE UNIVERSITY   (France)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ALGORITHMS; DISTRIBUTED PARAMETER CONTROL SYSTEMS; HEURISTIC METHODS; MATHEMATICAL MODELS; OPTIMIZATION;

ANT ALGORITHMS; METAHEURISTICS; STIGMERGY;

DISTRIBUTED COMPUTER SYSTEMS;

EID: 0033738998     PISSN: 0167739X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0167-739X(00)00042-X     Document Type: Article

References (91)

1. A. Bauer, B. Bullnheimer, R.F. Hartl, C. Strauss, An Ant Colony Optimization approach for the single machine total tardiness problem, in: Proceedings of the 1999 Congress on Evolutionary Computation, IEEE Press, Piscataway, NJ, 1999, pp. 1445-1450.
2. E. Bonabeau, M. Dorigo, G. Theraulaz, Swarm Intelligence: From Natural to Artificial Systems, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1999.
3. E. Bonabeau, F. Henaux, S. Guérin, D. Snyers, P. Kuntz, G. Theraulaz, Routing in telecommunication networks with "Smart" ant-like agents, in: Proceedings of IATA'98, Second International Workshop on Intelligent Agents for Telecommunication Applications, Lectures Notes in Artificial Intelligence, Vol. 1437, Springer, Berlin, 1998.
4. E. Bonabeau, A. Sobkowski, G. Theraulaz, J.-L. Deneubourg, Adaptive task allocation inspired by a model of division of labor in social insects, in: D. Lundh, B. Olsson, A. Narayanan (Eds.), Biocomputation and Emergent Computing, World Scientific, Singapore, 1997, pp. 36-45.
5. E. Bonabeau, G. Theraulaz, J.-L. Deneubourg, Quantitative study of the fixed threshold model for the regulation of division of labour in insect societies, Proc. Roy. Soc. London B 263 (1996) 1565-1569.
6. O.H. Bruinsma, An analysis of building behaviour of the termite Macrotemes subhyalinus, Ph.D. Thesis, Landbouwhogeschool, Wageningen, Netherlands, 1979.
7. B. Bullnheimer, R.F. Hartl, C. Strauss, An improved Ant System algorithm for the vehicle routing problem, Technical Report POM-10/97, Institute of Management Science, University of Vienna, Austria, 1997, Ann. Oper. Res. 89 (1999).
8. B. Bullnheimer, R.F. Hartl, C. Strauss, A new rank-based version of the Ant System: a computational study, Technical Report POM-03/97, Institute of Management Science, University of Vienna, Austria, 1997.
9. B. Bullnheimer, R.F. Hartl, C. Strauss, Applying the Ant System to the vehicle routing problem, in: S. Voß, S. Martello, I.H. Osman, C. Roucairol (Eds.), Meta-heuristics: Advances and Trends in Local Search Paradigms for Optimization, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston, MA, 1999, pp. 285-296.
10. B. Bullnheimer, R.F. Hartl, C. Strauss, A new rank-based version of the Ant System: a computational study, Central Eur. J. Oper. Res. Econom. 7 (1) (1999) 25-38.
11. L. Chrétien, Organisation spatiale du matériel provenant de l'excavation du nid chez Messor Barbarus et des cadavres d'ouvrières chez Lasius Niger, Ph.D. Thesis, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, 1996.
12. A. Colorni, M. Dorigo, V. Maniezzo, M. Trubian, Ant System for job-shop scheduling, Belgian J. Oper. Res. Statist. Comput. Sci. 34 (1994) 39-53.
13. D. Costa, A. Hertz, Ants can colour graphs, J. Oper. Res. Soc. 48 (1997) 295-305.
14. M. den Besten, T. Stützle, M. Dorigo, Scheduling single machines by ants, Technical Report IRIDIA/99-16, IRIDIA, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium, 1999.
15. J.-L. Deneubourg, Application de l'ordre par fluctuations à la description de certaines étapes de la construction du nid chez les termites, Insectes Sociaux 24 (1977) 117-130.
16. J.-L. Deneubourg, S. Aron, S. Goss, J.-M. Pasteels, The self-organizing exploratory pattern of the Argentine ant, J. Insect Behav. 3 (1990) 159-168.
17. J.-L. Deneubourg, S. Goss, Collective patterns and decision making, Ethol. Ecol. Evol. 1 (1989) 295-311.
18. J.-L. Deneubourg, S. Goss, N. Franks, A. Sendova-hanks, C. Detrain, L. Chrétien, The dynamics of collective sorting: robot-like ants and ant-like robots, in: J.-A. Meyer, S.W. Wilson (Eds.), Proceedings of the First International Conference on Simulation of Adaptive Behavior: From Animals to Animals, MIT Press/Bradford Books, Cambridge, MA, 1991, pp. 356-363.
19. J.-L. Deneubourg, S. Goss, J.M. Pasteels, D. Fresneau, J.-P. Lachaud, Self-organization mechanisms in ant societies II: learning in foraging and division of labour, Experientia Suppl. 54 (1987) 177-196.
20. G. Di Caro, M. Dorigo, AntNet: a mobile agents approach to adaptive routing, Technical Report IRIDIA/97-12, IRIDIA, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium, 1997.
21. G. Di Caro, M. Dorigo, AntNet: distributed stigmergetic control for communications networks, J. Artificial Intelligence Res. 9 (1998) 317-365.
22. G. Di Caro, M. Dorigo, Extending AntNet for best-effort quality-of-service routing, in: ANTS'98 - From Ant Colonies to Artificial Ants: First International Workshop on Ant Colony Optimization, October 15-16, 1998, Unpublished presentation (http://iridia.ulb.ac.be/ants98/ants98.html).
23. G. Di Caro, M. Dorigo, Two ant colony algorithms for best-effort routing in datagram networks, in: Proceedings of the 10th IASTED International Conference on Parallel and Distributed Computing and Systems (PDCS'98), IASTED/ACTA Press, Anheim, 1998, pp. 541-546.
24. M. Dorigo, Optimization, learning and natural algorithms, Ph.D. Thesis, Dipartimento di Elettronica, Politecnico di Milano, Italy, 1992 (in Italian).
25. M. Dorigo, G. Di Caro, The ant colony optimization meta-heuristic, in: D. Come, M. Dorigo, F. Glover (Eds.), New Ideas in Optimization, McGraw-Hill, London, UK, 1999, pp. 11-32.
26. M. Dorigo, G. Di Caro, L.M. Gambardella, Ant algorithms for discrete optimization, Artificial Life 5 (2) (1999) 137-172.
27. M. Dorigo, L.M. Gambardella, Ant colonies for the traveling salesman problem, BioSystems 43 (1997) 73-81.
28. M. Dorigo, L.M. Gambardella, Ant colony system: a cooperative learning approach to the traveling salesman problem, IEEE Trans. Evol. Comput. 1 (1) (1997) 53-66.
29. M. Dorigo, V. Maniezzo, A. Colorni, Positive feedback as a search strategy, Technical Report 91-016, Dipartimento di Elettronica, Politecnico di Milano, Italy, 1991.
30. M. Dorigo, V. Maniezzo, A. Colorni, The ant system: optimization by a colony of cooperating agents, IEEE Trans. Systems Man Cybernet. B 26 (1) (1996) 29-41.
31. J.-H. Fabre, Souvenirs Entomologiques, Librairie Delagrave, Paris, 1925.
32. L.M. Gambardella, M. Dorigo, Ant-Q: a reinforcement learning approach to the traveling salesman problem, in: Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Machine Learning, ML-95, Morgan Kaufmann, Palo Alto, CA, 1995, pp. 252-260.
33. L.M. Gambardella, M. Dorigo, Solving symmetric and asymmetric TSPs by ant colonies, in: Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Evolutionary Computation, ICEC'96, IEEE Press, New York, 1996, pp. 622-627.
34. L.M. Gambardella, M. Dorigo, HAS-SOP: an hybrid Ant System for the sequential ordering problem, Technical Report IDSIA-11-97, IDSIA, Lugano, Switzerland, 1997.
35. L.M. Gambardella, E. Taillard, G. Agazzi, MACS-VRPTW: a multiple ant colony system for vehicle routing problems with time windows, in: D. Corne, M. Dorigo, F. Glover (Eds.), New Ideas in Optimization, McGraw-Hill, London, UK, 1999, pp. 63-76.
36. L.M. Gambardella, È.D. Taillard, M. Dorigo, Ant colonies for the QAP, Technical Report IDSIA-4-97, IDSIA, Lugano, Switzerland, 1997.
37. L.M. Gambardella, È.D. Taillard, M. Dorigo, Ant colonies for the quadratic assignment problem, J. Oper. Res. Soc. 50 (1999) 167-176.
38. S. Goss, S. Aron, J.L. Deneubourg, J.M. Pasteels, Self-organized shortcuts in the Argentine ant, Naturwissenschaften 76 (1989) 579-581.
39. P.P. Grassé, La reconstruction du nid et les coordinations interindividuelles chez bellicositermes natalensis et cubitermes sp. La théorie de la stigmergie: essai d'interprétation du comportement des termites constructeurs, Insectes Sociaux 6 (1959) 41-81.
40. W.J. Gutjahr, A Graph-based Ant System and its convergence, this issue, Future Generation Comput. Systems 16 (2000) 873-888.
41. M. Heusse, S. Guérin, D. Snyers, P. Kuntz, Adaptive agent-driven routing and load balancing in communication networks, Adv. Complex Systems 1 (1998) 234-257.
42. B. Hölldobler, E.O. Wilson, The Ants, Springer, Berlin, 1990.
43. B. Hölldobler, E.O. Wilson, Journey to the Ants: A Story of Scientific Exploration, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA, 1994.
44. M.J.B. Krieger, J.-B. Billeter, The call of duty: self-organized task allocation in a population of up to twelve mobile robots, Robot. Autonomous Systems 30 (2000) 65-84.
45. P. Kuntz, P. Layzell, A new stochastic approach to find clusters in vertex set of large graphs with applications to partitioning in VLSI technology, Technical Report LIASC, Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Télécommunications de Bretagne, 1995.
46. P. Kuntz, P. Layzell, D. Snyers, A colony of ant-like agents for partitioning in VLSI technology, in: P. Husbands, I. Harvey (Eds.), Proceedings of the Fourth European Conference on Artificial Life, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 1997, pp. 417-424.
47. P. Kuntz, D. Snyers, New results on an ant-based heuristic for highlighting the organization of large graphs, in: Proceedings of the 1999 Congress or Evolutionary Computation, IEEE Press, Piscataway, NJ, 1999, pp. 1451-1458.
48. G. Leguizamon, Z. Michalewicz, A new version of Ant System for subset problems, in: Proceedings of the 1999 Congress on Evolutionary Computation, IEEE Press, Piscataway, NJ, 1999, pp. 1459-1464.
49. Y.-C. Liang, A.E. Smith, An Ant System approach to redundancy allocation, in: Proceedings of the 1999 Congress on Evolutionary Computation, IEEE Press, Piscataway, NJ, 1999, pp. 1478-1484.
50. S. Lin, Computer solutions for the traveling salesman problem, Bell Systems J. 44 (1965) 2245-2269.
51. E. Lumer, B. Faieta, Diversity and adaptation in populations of clustering ants, in: J.-A. Meyer, S.W. Wilson (Eds.), Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Simulation of Adaptive Behavior: From Animals to Animats, Vol. 3, MIT Press/Bradford Books, Cambridge, MA, 1994, pp. 501-508.
52. M. Maeterlinck, The Life of the White Ant, George Allen & Unwin, London, 1927.
53. V. Maniezzo, Exact and approximate nondeterministic tree-search procedures for the quadratic assignment problem, Technical Report CSR 98-1, Scienze dell'Informazione, Universita di Bologna, Sede di Cesena, Italy, 1998.
54. V. Maniezzo, A. Carbonaro, An ANTS heuristic for the frequency assignment problem, Technical Report CSR 98-4, Scienze dell'Informazione, Università di Bologna, Sede di Cesena, Italy, 1998.
55. V. Maniezzo, A. Carbonaro, An ANTS heuristic for the frequency assignment problem, Future Generation Comput. Systems, this issue.
56. V. Maniezzo, A. Colorni, The Ant System applied to the quadratic assignment problem, IEEE Trans. Knowledge Data Eng. 11 (5) (1999)769-778.
57. V. Maniezzo, A. Colorni, M. Dorigo, The Ant System applied to the quadratic assignment problem, Technical Report IRIDIA/94-28, IRIDIA, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium, 1994.
58. R. Michel, M. Middendorf, An island model based Ant System with lookahead for the shortest supersequence problem, in: A.E. Eiben, T. Back, M. Schoenauer, H.-P. Schwefel (Eds.), Proceedings of PPSN-V, Fifth International Conference on Parallel Problem Solving from Nature, Springer, Berlin, Germany, 1998, pp. 692-701.
59. R. Michel, M. Middendorf, An ACO algorithm for the shortest supersequence problem, in: D. Come, M. Dorigo, F. Glover (Eds.), New Ideas in Optimization, McGraw-Hill, London, UK, 1999, pp. 51-61.
60. F. Mondada, E. Franzi, P. Ienne, Mobile robot miniaturization: a tool for investigation in control algorithms, in: Proceedings of the Third International Symposium on Simulation on Experimental Robotics (ISER'93), 1993, pp. 501-513.
61. G. Navarro Varela, M.C. Sinclair, Ant colony optimisation for virtual-wavelength-path routing and wavelength allocation, in: Proceedings of the 1999 Congress on Evolutionary Computation, IEEE Press, Piscataway, NJ, 1999, pp. 1809-1816.
62. G.F. Oster, Modeling social insect populations. Part I: Ergonomics of foraging and population growth in bumblebees, Am. Nat. 110 (1977) 215-245.
63. G.F. Oster, E.O. Wilson, Caste and Ecology in the Social Insects, Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ, 1978.
64. R.C. Plowright, C.M.S. Plowright, Elitism in social insects: a positive feedback model, in: R.L. Jeanne (Ed.), Interindividual Behavior Variability in Social Insects, Westview Press, Boulder, CO, 1988.
65. H. Ramalhinho Lourenço, D. Serra, Adaptive approach heuristics for the generalized assignment problem, Technical Report EWP Series No. 304, Department of Economics and Management, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, 1998.
66. G.E. Robinson, Modulation of alarm pheromone perception in the honey bee: evidence for division of labour based on hormonally regulated response thresholds, J. Comput. Physiol. A 160 (1987) 613-619.
67. G.E. Robinson, Regulation of division of labor in insect societies, Ann. Rev. Entomol. 37 (1992) 637-665.
68. R. Schoonderwoerd, O. Holland, J. Bruten, Ant-like agents for load balancing in telecommunications networks, in: Proceedings of the First International Conference on Autonomous Agents, ACM, New York, 1997, pp. 209-216.
69. R. Schoonderwoerd, O. Holland, J. Bruten, L. Rothkrantz, Ant-based load balancing in telecommunications networks, Adaptive Behav. 5 (2) (1996) 169-207.
70. T.D. Seeley, Adaptive significance of the age polyethism schedule in honey bee colonies, Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 11 (1982) 287-293.
71. T. Stützle, An ant approach to the flow shop problem, Technical Report AIDA-97-07, FG Intellektik, FB Informatik, TH Darmstadt, September 1997.
72. T. Stützle, Local search algorithms for combinatorial problems: analysis, improvements, and new applications, Ph.D. Thesis, Fachbereich Informatik, TU Darmstadt, Germany, 1998.
73. T. Stützle, M. Dorigo, ACO Algorithms for the Traveling Salesman Problem, in: P. Neittaanmäki, J. Periaux, K. Miettinen, M.M. Mäkelä (Eds.), Evolutionary Algorithms in Engineering and Computer Science, Wiley, Chichester, UK, 1999, pp. 163-183.
74. T. Stützle, H. Hoos, MAX-MIN Ant System for the quadratic assignment problem, Technical Report AIDA-97-4, FG Intellektik, TH Darmstadt, July 1997.
75. T. Stützle, H. Hoos, The MAX-MIN Ant System and local search for the traveling salesman problem, in: T. Bäck, Z. Michalewicz, X. Yao (Eds.), Proceedings of IEEE-ICEC-EPS'97, IEEE International Conference on Evolutionary Computation and Evolutionary Programming Conference, IEEE Press, New York, 1997, pp. 309-314.
76. T. Stützle, H. Hoos, Improvements on the Ant System: introducing MAX-MIN Ant System, in: Proceedings of the International Conference on Artificial Neural Networks and Genetic Algorithms, Springer, Vienna, 1998, pp. 245-249.
77. T. Stützle, H. Hoos, MAX-MIN Ant System and local search for combinatorial optimization problems, in: S. Voß, S. Martello, I.H. Osman, C. Roucairol (Eds.), Meta-heuristics: Advances and Trends in Local Search Paradigms for Optimization, Kluwer Academic, Boston, MA, 1999, pp. 313-329.
78. T. Stützle, H. Hoos, MAX-MIN Ant System, Future Generation Comput. Systems, this issue.
79. D. Subramanian, P. Druschel, J. Chen, Ants and reinforcement learning: a case study in routing in dynamic networks, in: Proceedings of the International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence, Morgan Kaufmann, Palo Alto, CA, 1997, pp. 832-838.
80. G. Theraulaz, E. Bonabeau, A brief history of stigmergy, Artificial Life 5 (1999) 97-116.
81. G. Theraulaz, E. Bonabeau, J.-L. Deneubourg, Threshold reinforcement and the regulation of division of labour in insect societies, Proc. Roy. Soc. London B 265 (1998) 327-332.
82. G. Theravlaz, E. Bonabeav, J.-L. Denevbourg, The mechanisms and rules of coordinated building in social insects, in: C. Detrain, J.-L. Deneubourg, J.M. Pasteels (Eds.), Information Processing in social Insects, Birkhäuser Verlag, Basel, Switzerland, 1999, pp. 309-330.
83. G. Theraulaz, S. Goss, J. Gervet, J.-L. Deneubourg, Task differentiation in Polistes wasp colonies: a model for self-organizing groups of robots, in: J.-A. Meyer, S.W. Wilson (Eds.), Proceedings of the First International Conference on Simulation of Adaptive Behavior: From Animals to Animats, MIT Press/Bradford Books, Cambridge, MA, 1991, pp. 346-355.
84. R. van der Put, Routing in the fax factory using mobile agents, Technical Report R&D-SV-98-276, KPN Research, The Netherlands, 1998.
85. R. van der Put, L. Rothkrantz, Routing in packet switched networks using agents, Simulation Practice and Theory (1999), in press.
86. I. Wagner, Lindenbaum, F. Bruckstein, ANTS: Agents on Networks, Trees, and Subgraphs, this issue, Future Generation Computer Systems 16 (2000) 915-926.
87. B. Werber, Les fourmis, Albin Michel, 1991 (Engl. Trans., Empire of the Ants, Bantam Books, New York, 1996).
88. B. Werber, Les fourmis, Albin Michel, 1991 (Engl. Trans., Empire of the Ants, Bantam Books, New York, 1996).
89. T. White, B. Pagurek, F. Oppacher, Connection management using adaptive mobile agents, in: H.R. Arabnia (Ed.), Proceedings of the International Conference on Parallel and Distributed Processing Techniques and Applications (PDPTA '98), CSREA Press, 1998, pp. 802-809.
90. E.O. Wilson, Sociobiology, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA, 1975.
91. E.O. Wilson, The relation between caste ratios and division of labour in the ant Genus Pheidole (hymenoptera: Formicidae), Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 16 (1984) 89-98.