Mass and flavor mixing schemes of quarks and leptons

Volumn 45, Issue 1, 2000, Pages 1-81

  Fritzsch, Harald ^a   Xing, Zhi Zhong ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MUNICH   (Germany)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ELEMENTARY PARTICLES; MATRIX ALGEBRA; OSCILLATIONS; SPECTROSCOPY;

FERMION MASS; FLAVOR MIXING PHENOMENA; FLAVOR SYMMETRIES; LEPTON MASS MATRICES; LEPTONS; MESON; QUARK MASS MATRICES; QUARKS;

HIGH ENERGY PHYSICS;

EID: 0033716809     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0146-6410(00)00102-2     Document Type: Review

References (177)

1. Particle Data Group, C. Caso et al., Eur. Phys. J. C 3 (1998) 1.
2. S. Weinberg, Phys. Rev. D 5 (1972) 1962;
3. A. Zee, Phys. Lett. B 93 (1980) 389.
4. H. Fritzsch, Phys. Lett. B 70 (1977) 436;
5. S. Weinberg, in Transactions of the New York Academy of Sciences, 38 (1977) 185;
6. F. Wilczek and A. Zee, Phys. Lett. B 70 (1977) 418.
7. H. Fritzsch, Phys. Lett. B 73 (1978) 317.
8. H. Harari, H. Haut, and J. Weyers, Phys. Lett. B 78 (1978) 459.
9. C.D. Froggatt and H.B. Nielsen, Nucl. Phys. B 147 (1979) 277.
10. M. Gell-Mann, P. Ramond, and R. Slansky, in Supergravity, edited by F. van Nieuwenhuizen and D. Freedman (North Holland, Amsterdam, 1979), p.315;
11. T. Yanagida, in Proceedings of the Workshop on Unified Theory and the Bayon Number of the Universe, KEK, Japan, 1979.
12. H. Fritzsch and Z.Z. Xing, Nucl. Phys. B 556 (1999) 49; and references therein.
13. H. Fritzsch, Phys. Lett. B 184 (1987) 391.
14. J. Gasser and H. Leutwyler, Phys. Rep. C 87 (1982) 77.
15. H. Leutwyler, Phys. Lett. B 378 (1996) 313.
16. S. Narison, hep-ph/9911454; and references therein.
17. The two-loop result can be found: N. Gray, D.J. Broadhurst, W. Grafe, and K. Schilcher, Z. Phys. C 48 (1990) 673.
18. CDF Collaboration, F. Abe et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 80 (1998) 2767;
19. D0 Collaboration, B. Abbott et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 80 (1998) 2063; and references therein.
20. B. Kayser, F. Gibrat-Debu, and F. Perrier, The Physics of Massive Neutrinos, World Scientific, 1989.
21. H. Fritzsch and P. Minkowski, Phys. Lett. B 62 (1976) 72.
22. H.V. Klapdor-Kleingrothaus, hep-ex/9901021;Heidelberg-Moscow Collaboration, L. Baudis et al., hep-ex/9902014.
23. Y. Fukuda et al., Phys. Lett. B 436 (1998) 33;
24. Phys. Rev. Lett. 81 (1998) 1562;
25. Y. Suzuki, talk given at the 17th International Workshop on Weak Interactions and Neutrinos, Cape Town, South Africa, January 1999; and references therein.
26. S.P. Mikheyev and A.Yu. Smirnov, Sov. J. Nucl. Phys. 42 (1985) 913;
27. L. Wolfenstein, Phys. Rev. D 17 (1978) 2369.
28. sun ∼ O(1), is allowed with a poor probability and is often excluded from discussions. See, e.g., J.N. Bahcall, P.I. Krastev, and A.Yu. Smirnov, hep-ph/9911248.
29. CHOOZ Collaboration, M. Apollonio et al., Phys. Lett. B 420 (1998) 397.
30. LSND Collaboration, C. Athanassopoulos, et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 75 (1995) 2650.
31. B. Zeitnitz, talk given at Neutrino ’98, Takayama, Japan, June 1998.
32. See, e.g., G. Barenboim and F. Scheck, Phys. Lett. B 440 (1998) 332; and references therein.
33. N. Okada and O. Yasuda, Int. J. Mod. Phys. A 12 (1997) 3669;
34. V. Barger, S. Pakvasa, T.J. Weiler, and K. Whisnant, Phys. Rev. D 58 (1998) 093016;
35. S.M. Bilenky, C. Giunti, and W. Grimus, Eur. Phys. J. C 1 (1998) 247; and references therein.
36. N. Bahcall and X. Fan, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95 (1998) 5956; D.O. Caldwell, hep-ph/9910349; M.S. Turner, astro-ph/9912211.
37. H. Fritzsch and Z.Z. Xing, Phys. Lett. B 372 (1996) 265.
38. H. Fritzsch and Z.Z. Xing, Phys. Lett. B 440 (1998) 313.
39. See, e.g., A. Yu. Smirnov, talk given at the 28th International Conference on High Energy Physics, Warsaw, July 1996; and references therein.
40. See, e.g., G. Gelmini and E. Roulet, Rep. Prog. Phys. 58 (1995) 1207;
41. R.N. Mohapatra and P.B. Pal, Massive Neutrinos in Physics and Astrophysics (second edition), World Scientific, 1997; and references therein.
42. R.N. Mohapatra, hep-ph/9910365;P. Langacker, hep-ph/9811460; and references therein.
43. N. Cabibbo, Phys. Rev. Lett. 10 (1963) 531.
44. M. Kobayashi and T. Maskawa, Prog. Theor. Phys. 49 (1973) 652.
45. P. Langacker, S.T. Petcov, G. Steigman, and S. Toshev, Nucl. Phys. B 282 (1987) 589.
46. For earlier references, see: J. Schechter and J.W.F. Valle, Phys. Rev. D 22 (1980) 2227;
47. S.M. Bilenky, J. Hosek, and S.T. Petcov, Phys. Lett. B 94 (1980) 495.
48. C. Jarlskog, Phys. Rev. Lett. 55 (1985) 1039; in CP Violation, edited by C. Jarlskog (World Scientific, Singapore, 1989), p.3.
49. K. Sasaki, Z. Phys. C 32 (1986) 149.
50. G.C. Branco, M.N. Rebelo, and J.I. Silva-Marcos, Phys. Rev. Lett. 82 (1999) 683.
51. Z.Z. Xing, Nucl. Phys. B (Proc. Suppl.) 50 (1996) 24;
52. Nuovo Cimento A 109 (1996) 115.
53. L. Wolfenstein, Phys. Rev. Lett. 51 (1983) 1945.
54. H. Fritzsch and Z.Z. Xing, hep-ph/9909304 (to appear in Phys. Rev. D); and references therein.
55. See, e.g., T.K. Kuo and J. Pantaleone, Phys. Lett. B 198 (1987) 406;
56. S.M. Bilenky and S.T. Petcov, Rev. Mod. Phys. 59 (1987) 671; and references therein.
57. See, e.g., L. Maiani, in Proceedings of the International Symposium on lepton and Photon Interactions at High Energies (DESY, Hamburg, 1977), p. 867;
58. L.L. Chau and W.Y. Keung, Phys. Rev. Lett. 53 (1984) 1802;
59. H. Harari and M. Leurer, Phys. Lett. B 181 (1986) 123;
60. H. Fritzsch and J. Plankl, Phys. Rev. D 35 (1987) 1932.
61. H. Fritzsch and Z.Z. Xing, Phys. Lett. B 413 (1997) 396.
62. H. Fritzsch and Z.Z. Xing, Phys. Rev. D 57 (1998) 594.
63. See, e.g., Z.Z. Xing, Phys. Rev. D 51 (1995) 3958;
64. P. Paganini, F. Parodi, P. Roudeau, and A. Stocchi, Physica Scripta 58 (1998) 556.
65. See, e.g., J.D. Bjorken and I. Dunietz, Phys. Rev. D 36 (1987) 2109;
66. G.C. Branco and L. Lavoura, Phys. Rev. D 38 (1988) 2259;
67. G. Bélanger, C. Hamzaoui, and Y. Koide, Phys. Rev. D 45 (1992) 4186;
68. D.D. Wu and Z.Z. Xing, Phys. Lett. B 341 (1995) 386;
69. R.F. Lebed, Phys. Rev. D 55 (1997) 348; and references therein.
70. F. Parodi, P. Roudeau, and A. Stocchi, hep-ph/9802289; hep-ex/9903063.
71. H. Fritzsch and Z.Z. Xing, Phys. Lett. B 353 (1995) 114.
72. For a brief review, see: S. Raby, hep-ph/9501349 (unpublished).
73. For a systematic analysis of removable and unremovable phases in quark mass matrices, see: A. Kusenko and R. Shrock, Phys. Rev. D 50 (1994) 30.
74. H. Fritzsch, Nucl. Phys. B 155 (1979) 189.
75. See, e.g., H. Fritzsch, in Proceedings of the Europhysics Topical Conference on Flavor Mixing in Weak Interactions, Erice, 1984, edited by L.L. Chau (Plenum, New York, 1984), p. 717;
76. C. Jarlskog, in Proceedings of the International Symposium on Production and Decay of Heavy Hadrons, Heidelberg, 1986, edited by K.R. Schubert and R. Waldi (DESY, Hamburg, 1986), p. 331;
77. Y. Koide, Z. Phys. C 45 (1989) 39;
78. M. Tanimoto, Phys. Rev. D 42 (1990) 252;
79. P. Kaus and S. Meshkov, Phys. Rev. D 42 (1990) 1863;
80. H. Fritzsch and J. Plankl, Phys. Lett. B 237 (1990) 451;
81. H. Fritzsch and D. Holtmanspötter, Phys. Lett. B 338 (1994) 290;
82. H. Lehmann, C. Newton, and T.T. Wu, Phys. Lett. B 384 (1996) 249;
83. Z.Z. Xing, J. Phys. G 23 (1997) 1563;
84. K. Kang and S.K. Kang, Phys. Rev. D 56 (1997) 1511;
85. T. Shinohara, H. Tanaka, and I.S. Sogami, Prog. Theor. Phys. 100 (1998) 615; V.V. Kiselev, hep-ph/9806523;
86. A Mondragón and E. Rodriguez-Jáuregui, Phys. Rev. D 59 (1999) 093009;
87. S.L. Adler, Phys. Rev. D 59 (1999) 015012.
88. D. Du and Z.Z. Xing, Phys. Rev. D 48 (1993) 2349;
89. P.S. Gill and M. Gupta, Phys. Rev. D 56 (1997) 3143;
90. J.L. Chkareuli and C.D. Froggatt, Phys. Lett. B 450 (1999) 158;
91. H. Nishiura, K. Matsuda, and T. Fukuyama, hep-ph/9902385; D. Falcone, hep-ph/9905316.
92. −0.44 is consistent very well with the standard-model expectation.
93. R. Barbieri, L.J. Hall, and A. Romanino, Nucl. Phys. B 551 (1999) 93.
94. V. Giménez and G. Martinelli, Phys. Lett. B 398 (1997) 135.
95. M. Shin, Phys. Lett. B 145 (1984) 285.
96. D. Delépine, J.M. Gérard, R.G. Felipe, and J. Weyers, Phys. Lett. B 411 (1997) 167.
97. L. Ibáñez and G.G. Ross, Phys. Lett. B 332 (1994) 100.
98. T. Kobayashi and Z.Z. Xing, Mod. Phys. Lett. A 12 (1997) 561;
99. Int. J. Mod. Phys. A 13 (1998) 2201.
100. P. Ramond, R.G. Roberts, and G.G. Ross, Nucl. Phys. B 406 (1993) 19.
101. Y. Nambu, in Proceedings of International Workshop on Electroweak Symmetry Breaking, November 1991, Hiroshima, Japan, p. 1; and references therein.
102. H. Fritzsch, hep-ph/9605300 (talk given at the Conference on Physics at the Turn of the Century, Warsaw, 1996).
103. H. Fritzsch and P. Minkowski, Nuovo Cim. A 30 (1975) 393;
104. H. Fritzsch and Z.Z. Xing, in Proceedings of the Ringberg Euroconference on New Trends in Neutrino Physics, Tegernsee, 1998, edited by B.A. Kniehl, G.G. Raffelt, and N. Schmitz (World Scientific, Singapore, 1999), p. 137; hep-ph/9807234.
105. H. Fritzsch and D. Holtmanspötter, Phys. Lett. B 338 (1994) 290.
106. Z.Z. Xing, J. Phys. G 23 (1997) 1563.
107. G.C. Branco, L. Lavoura, and F. Mota, Phys. Rev. D 39 (1989) 3434.
108. See, e.g., G.C. Branco and J.I. Silva-Marcos, Phys. Lett. B 331 (1994) 390;
109. K. Harayama and N. Okamura, Phys. Lett. B 387 (1996) 614.
110. R. Häussling and F. Scheck, Phys. Rev. D 57 (1998) 6656.
111. T.K. Kuo, private communications; T.K. Kuo, S.W. Mansour, and G.H. Wu, Phys. Rev. D 60 (1999) 093004;
112. Phys. Lett. B 467 (1999) 116.
113. G.C. Branco, J.I. Silva-Marcos, and M.N. Rebelo, Phys. Lett. B 237 (1990) 446;
114. P.M. Fishbane and P. Kaus, Phys. Rev. D 49 (1994) 4780;
115. G.C. Branco, D. Emmanuel-Costa, and J.I. Silva-Marcos, Phys. Rev. D 56 (1997) 107.
116. J.I. Silva-Marcos, Phys. Lett. B 443 (1998) 276.
117. See, e.g., C.H. Albright and M. Lindner, Phys. Lett. B 213 (1988) 347.
118. K.S. Babu and Q. Shafi, Phys. Rev. D 47 (1993) 5004; and references therein.
119. H. Fritzsch and P. Minkowski, Ann. Phys. 93 (1975) 193;
120. H. Georgi, in Particles and Fields (AIP, New York, 1975).
121. H. Georgi and C. Jarlskog, Phys. Lett. B 86 (1979) 297.
122. S. Dimopoulos, L.J. Hall, and S. Raby, Phys. Rev. Lett. 68 (1992) 1984;
123. G.F. Giudice, Mod. Phys. Lett. A 26 (1992) 2429.
124. M. Fukugita and T. Yanagida, Phys. Lett. B 174 (1986) 45;
125. E.W. Kolb and M.S. Turner, The Early Universe, Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA, 1989.
126. G. Altarelli and F. Feruglio, JHEP 11 (1998) 21;
127. Phys. Rep. 320 (1999) 295.
128. V. Barger, S. Pakvasa, T.J. Weiler, and K. Whisnant, Phys. Lett. B 437 (1998) 107. For earlier references in which the idea of three-family neutrino mixing with two large (maximal or nearly maximal) mixing angles had been presented, see: H. Fritzsch and Z.Z. Xing, hep-ph/9509389; E. Torrente-Lujan, hep-ph/9604218; F. Vissani, hep-ph/9708483.
129. L.J. Hall and D. Smith, Phys. Rev. D 59 (1999) 113013.
130. R.N. Mohapatra and S. Nussinov, Phys. Lett. B 441 (1998) 299.
131. V. Barger and K. Whisnant, Phys. Lett. B 456 (1999) 54; and references therein.
132. Q.Y. Liu, private communications; C. Giunti, Phys. Rev. D 59 (1999) 077301; G.L. Fogli, E. Lisi, D. Montanino, and Palazzo, hep-ph/9912231.
133. V. Bednyakov, A. Faessler, and S. Kovalenko, Phys. Lett. B 442 (1998) 203.
134. Z.Z. Xing, in Proceedings of the International Workshop on Fermion Masses and CP Violation (Hiroshima University, 1998), p. 17; hep-ph/9804433.
135. M. Fukugita, M. Tanimoto, and T. Yanagida, Phys. Rev. D 57 (1998) 4429.
136. N. Cabibbo, Phys. Lett. B 72 (1978) 333.
137. P.F. Harrison, D.H. Perkins, and W.G. Scott, Phys. Lett. B 458 (1999) 79.
138. Y. Nomura and A Yanagida, Phys. Rev. D 59 (1999) 017303;
139. R. Barbieri, G. Ross, and A. Strumia, JHEP 9910 (1999) 020;
140. M. Jezabek and Y. Sumino, Phys. Lett. B 457 (1999) 139; B. Stech, hep-ph/9905440; Y.L. Wu, hep-ph/9908436; E. Ma, hep-ph/9909249; Z.Z. Xing, hep-ph/9909514; Q. Shafi and Z. Tavartkiladze, hep-ph/9910314; and references therein.
141. See, e.g., K.S. Babu and Q. Shafi, Phys. Lett. B 311 (1993) 172;
142. Y. Achiman and T. Greiner, Phys. Lett. B 329 (1994) 33;
143. K. Matsuda, T. Fukuyama, and H. Nishiura, hep-ph/9906433; and references therein.
144. Of course one may take the lepton flavor mixing matrix to be of the 3 × 4 form, in order to incorporate the extra sterile neutrino with has no partner in the charged lepton sector.
145. S. Burles, K.M. Nollett, J.N. Truran, and M.S. Turner, Phys. Rev. Lett. 82 (1999) 4176.
146. C. Giunti, private communications; K.A. Olive, astro-ph/9903309; E. Lisi, S. Sarkar, and F.L. Villante, Phys. Rev. D 59 (1999) 123520.
147. C. Giunti, hep-ph/9906456; and references therein.
148. S.C. Gibbons, R.N. Mohapatra, S. Nandi, and A. Raychaudhuri, Phys. Lett. B 430 (1998) 296.
149. See, e.g., B. Brahmachari, Europhys. Lett. 46 (1999) 428;
150. S. Mohanty, D.P. Roy, and U. Sarkar, Phys. Lett. B 445 (1999) 185;
151. C. Liu and J. Song, Phys. Rev. D 60 (1999) 036002; J. Gelb and S.P. Rosen, hep-ph/9909293.
152. P. Fisher, B. Kayser, and K.S. McFarland, hep-ph/9906244; and references therein.
153. R.N. Mohapatra, hep-ph/9903261; and references therein.
154. J. Ellis and S. Lola, Phys. Lett. B 458 (1999) 310.
155. P.H. Chankowski and Z. Pluciennik, Phys. Lett. B 316 (1993) 312;
156. K.S. Babu, C.N. Leung, and J. Pantaleone, Phys. Lett. B 319 (1993) 191.
157. J.A. Casas, J.R. Espinosa, A. Ibarra, and I. Navarro, Nucl. Phys. B 556 (1999) 3; hep-ph/9910420.
158. V. Barger, K. Whisnant, and R.J.N. Phillips, Phys. Rev. Lett. 45 (1980) 2084;
159. S.M. Bilenky and F. Nidermaier, Sov. J. Nucl. Phys. 34 (1981) 606.
160. See, e.g., M. Tanimoto, Phys. Rev. D 55 (1997) 322;
161. J. Arafune and J. Sato, Phys. Rev. D 55 (1997) 1653;
162. H. Minakata and H. Nunokawa, Phys. Lett. B 413 (1997) 369;
163. S.M. Bilenky, C. Giunti, and W. Grimus, Phys. Rev. D 58 (1998) 033001;
164. V. Barger, Y.B. Dai, K. Whisnant, and B.L. Young, Phys. Rev. D 59 (1999) 113010;
165. K. Dick, M. Freund, M. Lindner, and A. Romanino, hep-ph/9903308; J. Bernabéu, hep-ph/9904474; Z.Z. Xing, hep-ph/9908381 (talk given at the 6th Topical Seminar on Neutrino and Astroparticle Physics, San Miniato, 1999).
166. V. Barger, S. Geer, and K. Whisnant, hep-ph/9906487; A. De Rújula, M.B. Gavela, and P. Hernández, Nucl. Phys. B 547 (1999) 21.
167. See, e.g., J.K. Elwood, N. Irges, and P. Ramond, Phys. Rev. Lett. 81 (1998) 5064;
168. E. Ma, D.P. Roy, and U. Sarkar, Phys. Lett. B 444 (1998) 391;
169. S. Davidson and S.F. King, Phys. Lett. B 445 (1998) 191;
170. C. Jarlskog et al., Phys. Lett. B 449 (1999) 240;
171. Q. Shafi and Z. Tavartkiladze, Phys. Lett. B 451 (1999) 129;
172. C. Wetterich, Phys. Lett. B 451 (1999) 397;
173. C.H. Albright and S.M. Barr, Phys. Lett. B 461 (1999) 218;
174. Z. Berezhiani and A. Rossi, JHEP 03 (1999) 002; R. Barbieri, L. Hall, G.L. Kane, G.G. Ross, hep-ph/9901228; K. Kang, S.K. Kang, and U. Sarkar, hep-ph/9906486; R.N. Mohapatra, S. Nandi, and A. Perez-Lorenzana, hep-ph/9907520; A. Aranda, C.D. Carone, and R.F. Lebed, hep-ph/9910392; P.H. Frampton and A. Rasin, hep-ph/9910522; J. Ellis et al., hep-ph/9911459; and references therein.
175. The BaBar Physics Book, edited by P.F. Harrison and H.R. Quinn, SLAC-R-504, October 1998; and references therein.
176. see, e.g., J.M. Conrad, hep-ex/9811009; SNO Collaboration, J. Boger et al., nucl-ex/9910016; H.V. Klapdor-Kleingrothaus et al., hep-ph/9910205; W.A. Mann, hep-ph/9912007; L. DiLella, hep-ex/9912010; and references therein.
177. M. Jammer, Concepts of Mass in Classical and Modern Physics, Dover Publishing, 1997.