Political reform in the Gulf: The case of Qatar

Middle Eastern Studies

Volumn 36, Issue 4, 2000, Pages 47-62

  Rathmell, Andrew ^a   Schulze, Kirsten ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

POLITICAL PARTICIPATION; POLITICAL REFORM; POLITICAL SYSTEM; SOCIOECONOMIC CONDITIONS;

QATAR;

EID: 0033693173     PISSN: 00263206     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/00263200008701331     Document Type: Article

References (66)

1. Gary Sick, The Coming Crisis in the Persian Gulf, in Gary G. Sick and Lawrence G. Potter (eds.), The Persian Gulf at the Millennium (London: Macmillan, 1997), pp.11-30; Jill Crystal, Oil and Politics in the Gulf (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995), pp.187-205; The New 'Oil Shock:' Political Instability is Next'. Petroleum Intelligence Weekly, 1 Feb. 1999; M.C. Dunn, 'Is the Sky Falling? Saudi Arabia's Economic Problems and Political Stability', Middle East Policy. Vol.III, No.4, April 1995, pp.29-39; F. Gregory Gause III, Oil Monarchies: Domestic and Security Challenges in the Arab Gulf States (New York: Council on Foreign Relations Press, 1994), pp.147-160; Nazih Ayubi, Over-stating the Arab State: Politics and Society in the Middle East (London: I.B. Tauris, 1995), p.253.
2. Gary Sick, The Coming Crisis in the Persian Gulf, in Gary G. Sick and Lawrence G. Potter (eds.), The Persian Gulf at the Millennium (London: Macmillan, 1997), pp.11-30; Jill Crystal, Oil and Politics in the Gulf (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995), pp.187-205; The New 'Oil Shock:' Political Instability is Next'. Petroleum Intelligence Weekly, 1 Feb. 1999; M.C. Dunn, 'Is the Sky Falling? Saudi Arabia's Economic Problems and Political Stability', Middle East Policy. Vol.III, No.4, April 1995, pp.29-39; F. Gregory Gause III, Oil Monarchies: Domestic and Security Challenges in the Arab Gulf States (New York: Council on Foreign Relations Press, 1994), pp.147-160; Nazih Ayubi, Over-stating the Arab State: Politics and Society in the Middle East (London: I.B. Tauris, 1995), p.253.
3. Gary Sick, The Coming Crisis in the Persian Gulf, in Gary G. Sick and Lawrence G. Potter (eds.), The Persian Gulf at the Millennium (London: Macmillan, 1997), pp.11-30; Jill Crystal, Oil and Politics in the Gulf (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995), pp.187-205; The New 'Oil Shock:' Political Instability is Next'. Petroleum Intelligence Weekly, 1 Feb. 1999; M.C. Dunn, 'Is the Sky Falling? Saudi Arabia's Economic Problems and Political Stability', Middle East Policy. Vol.III, No.4, April 1995, pp.29-39; F. Gregory Gause III, Oil Monarchies: Domestic and Security Challenges in the Arab Gulf States (New York: Council on Foreign Relations Press, 1994), pp.147-160; Nazih Ayubi, Over-stating the Arab State: Politics and Society in the Middle East (London: I.B. Tauris, 1995), p.253.
4. Gary Sick, The Coming Crisis in the Persian Gulf, in Gary G. Sick and Lawrence G. Potter (eds.), The Persian Gulf at the Millennium (London: Macmillan, 1997), pp.11-30; Jill Crystal, Oil and Politics in the Gulf (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995), pp.187-205; The New 'Oil Shock:' Political Instability is Next'. Petroleum Intelligence Weekly, 1 Feb. 1999; M.C. Dunn, 'Is the Sky Falling? Saudi Arabia's Economic Problems and Political Stability', Middle East Policy. Vol.III, No.4, April 1995, pp.29-39; F. Gregory Gause III, Oil Monarchies: Domestic and Security Challenges in the Arab Gulf States (New York: Council on Foreign Relations Press, 1994), pp.147-160; Nazih Ayubi, Over-stating the Arab State: Politics and Society in the Middle East (London: I.B. Tauris, 1995), p.253.
5. Gary Sick, The Coming Crisis in the Persian Gulf, in Gary G. Sick and Lawrence G. Potter (eds.), The Persian Gulf at the Millennium (London: Macmillan, 1997), pp.11-30; Jill Crystal, Oil and Politics in the Gulf (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995), pp.187-205; The New 'Oil Shock:' Political Instability is Next'. Petroleum Intelligence Weekly, 1 Feb. 1999; M.C. Dunn, 'Is the Sky Falling? Saudi Arabia's Economic Problems and Political Stability', Middle East Policy. Vol.III, No.4, April 1995, pp.29-39; F. Gregory Gause III, Oil Monarchies: Domestic and Security Challenges in the Arab Gulf States (New York: Council on Foreign Relations Press, 1994), pp.147-160; Nazih Ayubi, Over-stating the Arab State: Politics and Society in the Middle East (London: I.B. Tauris, 1995), p.253.
6. Gary Sick, The Coming Crisis in the Persian Gulf, in Gary G. Sick and Lawrence G. Potter (eds.), The Persian Gulf at the Millennium (London: Macmillan, 1997), pp.11-30; Jill Crystal, Oil and Politics in the Gulf (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995), pp.187-205; The New 'Oil Shock:' Political Instability is Next'. Petroleum Intelligence Weekly, 1 Feb. 1999; M.C. Dunn, 'Is the Sky Falling? Saudi Arabia's Economic Problems and Political Stability', Middle East Policy. Vol.III, No.4, April 1995, pp.29-39; F. Gregory Gause III, Oil Monarchies: Domestic and Security Challenges in the Arab Gulf States (New York: Council on Foreign Relations Press, 1994), pp.147-160; Nazih Ayubi, Over-stating the Arab State: Politics and Society in the Middle East (London: I.B. Tauris, 1995), p.253.
7. Larbi Sadiki, 'Towards Arab Liberal Governance: From the Democracy of Bread to the Democracy of the Vote'. Third World Quarterly, Vol.18, No.1 (1997), pp.127-48.
8. Sadiki, 'Towards Arab Liberal Governance', p.135. Also see Jill Crystal, 'Authoritarianism and its Adversaries in the Arab World', World Politics, Jan. 1994, pp.262-89.
9. Sadiki, 'Towards Arab Liberal Governance', p.135. Also see Jill Crystal, 'Authoritarianism and its Adversaries in the Arab World', World Politics, Jan. 1994, pp.262-89.
10. Crystal, Oil and Politics in the Gulf, passim.
11. Ronald Wintrobe, The Political Economy of Dictatorship (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998), pp.7-15.
12. Gause III, Oil Monarchies, passim; Ayubi, Over-stating the Arab Stale, pp.224-54.
13. Cause III, Oil Monarchies, passim; Ayubi, Over-stating the Arab Stale, pp.224-54.
14. William B. Quandt, The Middle East on the Brink: Prospects for Change in the 21st Century', Middle East Journal, Vol.50, No. 1 (Winter 1996), pp.9-17.
15. C.B. Gabbard and G.S. Park, The Information Revolution in the Arab World: Commercial, Cultural and Political Dimensions (Santa Monica, CA: RAND, 1995); Gabriel Ben-Dor, 'Prospects of Democratization in the Arab World: Global Diffusion, Regional Demonstration, and Domestic Imperatives, in Rex Brynen, Bahgat Korany and Paul Noble (eds.), Political Liberalization and Democratization in the Arab World Volume 1, Theoretical Perspectives (London: Lynne Rienner, 1995), pp.307-29.
16. C.B. Gabbard and G.S. Park, The Information Revolution in the Arab World: Commercial, Cultural and Political Dimensions (Santa Monica, CA: RAND, 1995); Gabriel Ben-Dor, 'Prospects of Democratization in the Arab World: Global Diffusion, Regional Demonstration, and Domestic Imperatives, in Rex Brynen, Bahgat Korany and Paul Noble (eds.), Political Liberalization and Democratization in the Arab World Volume 1, Theoretical Perspectives (London: Lynne Rienner, 1995), pp.307-29.
17. The need to assuage Congressional critics of Kuwaiti 'feudalism' has been cited as a major factor in the decision of the Al Sabah to convene the National Assembly in 1992. Heather Deegan, The Middle East and Problems of Democracy (Buckingham: Open University Press, 1993), pp.40-41.
18. Augustus Richard Norton, The Future of Civil Society in the Middle East', Middle East Journal, Vol.47, No.2 (Spring 1993), pp.205-16. For a critique of this approach, see Peter Gibbon. 'Some Reflections on 'Civil Society' and Political Change', in Lars Rudebeck, Olle Törnquist and Virgilio Rojas, Democratization in the Third World (London: Macmillan, 1998), pp.23-56.
19. Augustus Richard Norton, The Future of Civil Society in the Middle East', Middle East Journal, Vol.47, No.2 (Spring 1993), pp.205-16. For a critique of this approach, see Peter Gibbon. 'Some Reflections on 'Civil Society' and Political Change', in Lars Rudebeck, Olle Törnquist and Virgilio Rojas, Democratization in the Third World (London: Macmillan, 1998), pp.23-56.
20. Sadiki, Towards Arab Liberal Governance' p.143.
21. Rex Brynen, Bahgat Korany and Paul Noble. 'Introduction: Theoretical Perspectives on Arab Liberalization and Democratization', in Brynen, Korany and Noble (eds.), Political Liberalization, p.16.
22. John V. Mitchell, 'Global Setting and Trends for Oil and Gas', in Rosemary Hollis (ed.), Oil and Regional Developments in the Gulf (London: RIIA, 1998), pp.12-33.
23. Brynen, Korany and Noble, 'Introduction', p.3.
24. Gerd Nonneman, 'Oman and Yemen', in Tim Niblock and Emma Murphy (eds.), Economic and Political Liberalization in the Middle East (London: British Academic Press, 1993), pp.256-75.
25. Abdullah Juma Al-Haj, The Politics of Participation in the Gulf Cooperation Council States: The Omani Consultative Council', Middle East Journal, Vol.50, No.4 (Autumn 1996), pp.560-71.
26. Madawi al-Rasheed, 'God, the King and the Nation: Political Rhetoric in Saudi Arabia in the 1990s', Middle East Journal, Vol.50, No.3 (Summer 1996), pp.359-71.
27. Liesl Graz, The Turbulent Gulf: People, Politics and Power, 2nd edition (London: I.B.Tauris, 1992), pp.147-57.
28. Reuters, 3 July 1995.
29. Reuters, 28 Feb. 1998.
30. Reuters, 20 April 1998.
31. 'Qatar dissolves information ministry to ease press curbs'. Reuters, 31 March 1998.
32. The station has been used, for instance, to give a platform to opponents of the Bahraini government at a time when relations between Doha and Manama were poor. Meanwhile, al-Jazeera has refrained from investigating sensitive areas of Qatari political life. 'Qatar's liberalization drive wins applause', Mideast Mirror, 9 May 1997; 'Daring Qatari TV station jolts Arab world', Reuters, 21 May 1999.
33. The station has been used, for instance, to give a platform to opponents of the Bahraini government at a time when relations between Doha and Manama were poor. Meanwhile, al-Jazeera has refrained from investigating sensitive areas of Qatari political life. 'Qatar's liberalization drive wins applause', Mideast Mirror, 9 May 1997; 'Daring Qatari TV station jolts Arab world', Reuters, 21 May 1999.
34. 'End in sight to Qatari ruling family feud', Mideast Mirror, 17 Oct. 1996; 'Qatar: Financial settlement heralds return of former ruler', Mideast Mirror, 21 Oct. 1996.
35. 'End in sight to Qatari ruling family feud', Mideast Mirror, 17 Oct. 1996; 'Qatar: Financial settlement heralds return of former ruler', Mideast Mirror, 21 Oct. 1996.
36. 'Qatar determined to increase popular participation in government', AFP, 26 May 1998.
37. Ibid.
38. 'Women to participate in Qatari municipal vote'. Mideast Mirror. 1 Dec. 1997.
39. 'Qatar's first elected council set to start work', AFP, 16 May 1999.
40. 'Qatar Polls Open in Rare Taste of Gulf Democracy', Reuters, 8 March 1999; 'All Six Women Defeated in Landmark Qatari Elections', AP, 8 March 1999.
41. 'Qatar Polls Open in Rare Taste of Gulf Democracy', Reuters, 8 March 1999; 'All Six Women Defeated in Landmark Qatari Elections', AP, 8 March 1999.
42. 'Qatar emir breaks with tradition in poll'. Reuters, 20 Sept. 1998; 'New Leader Transforming Qatar', AP, 15 May 1999.
43. 'Qatar emir breaks with tradition in poll'. Reuters, 20 Sept. 1998; 'New Leader Transforming Qatar', AP, 15 May 1999.
44. 'Qatar takes first step toward setting up elected parliament', Middle East Mirror, 14 July 1999.
45. 'Qatari FM testifies in coup trial', AFP, 21 Oct. 1998.
46. 'Qatar adds new layers to legal system', AFP, 9 May 1999; A. Nizar Hamzeh, 'Qatar: the Duality of the Legal System', Middle Eastern Studies, Vol.30, No. 1 (Jan. 1994), pp.79-90.
47. 'Qatar adds new layers to legal system', AFP, 9 May 1999; A. Nizar Hamzeh, 'Qatar: the Duality of the Legal System', Middle Eastern Studies, Vol.30, No. 1 (Jan. 1994), pp.79-90.
48. 'Qatar cuts back', Reuters, 4 May 1999.
49. Reflected in Standard and Poor's 1999 assessment that rated Qatar's credit as 'stable' and noted that this 'reflects the strengthening of oil and gas prices'. 'Standard and Poor's says Qatar's credit outlook is stable', AFP, 13 May 1999.
50. Crystal, Oil and Politics in the Gulf, p.119.
51. Persian Gulf Residency (Bahrain) to Ernest Bevin. Foreign Office, 1 Sept. 1949, FO 371/94944, Public Records Office, Kew, London (PRO)
52. Persian Gulf Residency (Bahrain) to B.A.B. Burrows, Foreign Office, 13 Sept. 1949, FO 371/74944.
53. Administration Report of the British Agency, Doha, from Aug. to Dec., 1949, as reported by Mr. A.J. Wilton, Political Officer, Qatar, FO 371/82003, PRO.
54. Administration Report of the British Agency, Doha, from Aug. to Dec., 1949, as reported by Mr. A.J. Wilton, Political Officer, Qatar, FO 371/82003, PRO.
55. British Residency, Bahrain, 8 April 1950, FO 371/82004, PRO.
56. Political Agency (Doha) to M.C.G. Man, British Residency (Bahrain), 27 June 1960, FO 371/14914.
57. Ali Bin Abdullah al-Thani to Political Resident in the Persian Gulf (Bahrain), 8 Aug. 1960, FO 371/14914.
58. George Middleton, British Residency (Bahrain) to R.A. Beaumont, Foreign Office, 26 April 1960, FO 371/148913.
59. A.F. Ward, Political Agency (Doha) to M.C.G. Man, British Residency (Bahrain), 21 Sept. 1960.
60. Ali Khalifa al-Kuwari, Oil Revenues in the Gulf Emirates (Boulder, CO: Westview, 1978), p.117.
61. Middle East and African Economist, June 1972, Vol.XXVI, No.6, p.81.
62. Crystal, Oil and Politics in the Gulf, p.156.
63. Financial Times, 16 Feb. 1981.
64. Middle East Economic Digest, Aug. 1983, p.27.
65. Financial Times, 24 April 1999.
66. David Pool's cautionary observations on the uncertain links between economic and political liberalization are valid here. David Pool, 'The links between economic and political liberalization', in Niblock and Murphy (eds.), Economic and Political Liberalisation in the Middle East, pp.40-54.