Role of off-equatorial subsurface anomalies in initiating the 1991-1992 El Niño as revealed by the National Centers for Environmental Prediction ocean reanalysis data

Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans

Volumn 105, Issue C3, 2000, Pages 6327-6339

  Zhang, Rong Hua ^a,c   Rothstein, Lewis M ^b  

^a Earth Institute   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF RHODE ISLAND   (United States)

^c Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AIR-SEA INTERACTION; EL NINO; ISOPYCNAL LAYER; SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURE;

EID: 0033675158     PISSN: None     EISSN: 21699291     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1029/1999jc900316     Document Type: Review

References (35)

1. Battisti, D. S., and A. Hirst, Interannual variability in the tropical atmosphere-ocean system: Influence of the basis state, ocean geometry and nonlinearity, J. Atmos. Sci., 46, 1687-1712, 1989.
2. Chao, Y., and S. G. H. Philander, On the structure of the Southern Oscillation, J. Clim., 6, 450-469, 1993.
3. Cox, M. D., and K. Bryan, A numerical model of the ventilated thermocline, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 14, 674-687, 1984.
4. Goddard, L., and N. E. Graham, El Niño in the 1990s, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 10,423-10,436, 1997.
5. Graham, N. E., and W. B. White, The El Niño cycle: A natural oscillator of the Pacific ocean-atmosphere system, Science, 240, 1293-1302, 1988.
6. Ji, M., A. Leetmaa, and J. Derber, An ocean analysis system for seasonal and interannual climate studies, Mon. Weather Rev., 123, 460-481, 1995.
7. Jin, F.-F., An equatorial ocean recharge paradigm for ENSO, 1, Conceptual model, J. Atmos. Sci., 54, 811-829, 1997.
8. Jin, F.-F., and J. D. Neelin, Modes of interannual tropical ocean-atmosphere interaction: A unified view, I, Numerical results, J. Atmos. Sci., 50, 3477-3503, 1993.
9. Kessler, W. S., Can reflected extra-equatorial Rossby waves drive ENSO?, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 21, 444-452, 1991.
10. Kessler, W. S., and M. J. McPhaden, The 1991-93 El Niño in the central Pacific, Deep Sea Res., Part II, 42, 295-333, 1995a.
11. Kessler, W. S., and M. J. McPhaden, Oceanic equatorial waves and the 1991-93 El Niño, J. Clim., 8, 1757-1774, 1995b.
12. Levitus, S., Interpentadal variability of temperature and salinity at intermediate depths of the North Atlantic Ocean, 1970-1974 versus 1955-1959, J. Geophys. Res., 94, 6091-6131, 1989.
13. Levitus, S., T. P. Boyer, and J. Antonov, World Ocean Atlas, vol. 5, Interannual Variability of Upper Ocean Thermal Structure, U.S. Gov. Print. Off., Washington, D.C., 1994.
14. Madden, R. A., and P. R. Julian, Description of global-scale circulation cells in the tropics with a 40-50 day period, J. Atmos. Sci., 100, 1109-1123, 1972.
15. Mantua, N. J., and D. S. Battisti, Aperiodic variability in the Zebiak-Cane coupled ocean-atmosphere models: Air-sea interactions in the western equatorial Pacific, J. Clim., 8, 2897-2927, 1995.
16. McCreary, J. P., and D. L. T. Anderson, A simple model of El Niño and Southern Oscillation, Mon. Weather Rev., 112, 934-946, 1984.
17. McCreary, J. P., and P. Lu, Interaction between the subtropical and equatorial ocean circulations: The subtropical cell, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 24, 466-497, 1994.
18. McPhaden, M. J., TOGA-TAO and the 1991-93 El Nĩno-Southern Oscillation event, Oceanography, 6, 36-44, 1993.
19. Philander, S. G. H., Ocean-atmosphere interactions in the tropics: A review of recent theories and models, J. Appl. Meteorol., 31, 938-945, 1992.
20. Picaut, J., M. Loualalen, C. Menkes, T. Delcroix, and M. J. McPhaden, Mechanism of the zonal displacements of the Pacific warm pool: Implications for ENSO, Science, 274, 1486-1489, 1996.
21. Picaut, J., F. Masia, and Y. du Penhoat, An advective-reflective conceptual model for the oscillatory nature of the ENSO, Science, 277, 663-666, 1997.
22. Rasmusson, E. M., and T. H. Carpenter, Variations in tropical sea surface temperature and surface wind stress associated with the Southern Oscillation/El Niño, Mon. Weather Rev., 110, 354-384, 1982.
23. Rothstein, L. M., R.-H. Zhang, A. J. Busalacchi, and D. Chen, A numerical simulation of the mean water pathways in the subtropical and tropical Pacific Ocean, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 28, 322-343, 1998.
24. Schopf, P. S., and M. J. Suarez, Vacillations in a coupled ocean-atmosphere model, J. Atmos. Sci., 45, 549-566, 1988.
25. Tourre, Y. M. and W. B. White, ENSO signals in global upper ocean temperature, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 25, 1317-1332, 1995.
26. Wang, B., Interdecadal changes in El Niño onset in the last four decades, J. Clim., 8, 267-285, 1995.
27. Webster, P. J., and R. Lukas, TOGA COARE: The coupled ocean-atmosphere response experiment, Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 73, 1377-1416, 1992.
28. Weisberg, R. H., and C. Wang, A western Pacific oscillator paradigm for the El Niño-Southern Oscillation, Geophys. Res. Lett., 24, 779-782, 1997.
29. White, W. B., G. Meyers, J. R. Donguy, and S. E. Pazan, Short-term climate variability in the thermal structure of the Pacific Ocean during 1979-1982, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 15, 917-935, 1985.
30. White, W. B., Y. He, and S. E. Pazan, Off-equatorial westward propagating waves in the tropical Pacific During the 1982-83 and 1986-87 ENSO events, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 19, 1397-1406, 1989.
31. Wyrtki, K., El Niño-the dynamic response of the equatorial Pacific Ocean to atmospheric forcing, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 5, 572-584, 1975.
32. Yu, L., and M. M. Rienecker, Evidence of an extratropical atmospheric influence during the onset of the 1997-98 El Niño, Geophys. Res. Lett., 25, 3537-3540, 1998.
33. Zebiak, S. E., and M. A. Cane, A model ENSO, Mon. Weather Rev., 115, 2262-2278, 1987.
34. Zhang, R.-H., and S. Levitus, Structure and evolution of interannual variability of the tropical Pacific upper ocean temperature, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 20,501-20,524, 1996.
35. Zhang, R.-H., L. M. Rothstein, A. J. Busalacchi, and X. Z. Liang, The onset of the 1991-92 El Niño event in the tropical Pacific Ocean: The NECC subsurface pathways, Geophys. Res. Lett., 26, 847-850, 1999.