Evaluating the optic disc and retinal nerve fiber layer in glaucoma I: Clinical examination and photographic methods

Seminars in Ophthalmology

Volumn 15, Issue 4, 2000, Pages 194-205

  Bowd, C ^a   Weinreb, R N ^a   Zangwill, L M ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BIOMICROSCOPY; CLINICAL EXAMINATION; GLAUCOMA; HUMAN; MICROSCOPIC ANATOMY; OPHTHALMOSCOPY; OPTIC DISK; OPTIC NERVE DISEASE; PHOTOGRAPHY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RETINA; REVIEW;

EID: 0033637236     PISSN: 08820538     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3109/08820530009037871     Document Type: Review

References (147)

1. Global data on blindness
2. Size of glaucomatous optic discs
3. The variation and covariation of cup and disc diameters
4. Optic disc rim area is related to disc size in normal subjects
5. Racial differences in optic nerve head parameters
6. Optic disc, cup and neuroretinal rim size, configuration and correlations in normal eyes
7. Variability of the real dimensions of normal human optic discs
8. Racial variation of optic disc size
9. The size and shape of the optic disc in normal human eyes
10. Elliptical features of the human optic nerve head
11. Correlation of nerve head and blind spot elliptical features
12. Configuration, width and area of the neuroretinal rim of normal optic disks
13. The alteration and asymmetry of cup and disc diameters
14. The area of the neuroretinal rim of the optic nerve in normal eyes
15. Distribution of axonal and glial elements in the rhesus optic nerve head studied by electron microscopy
16. Ultrastructure of human and monkey lamina cribrosa and optic nerve head
17. Histologic studies of the vasculature of the anterior optic nerve
18. Microvasculature of the human optic nerve
19. Microvasculature of the anterior optic nerve
20. Angioarchitecture of the optic nerve. II. Lamina cribosa
21. Pattern of glaucomatous neuroretinal rim loss
22. Optic disc morphometry in simple optic nerve atrophy
23. Non-quantitative morphologic features in normal and glaucomatous optic discs
24. Clinical recognition of glaucomatous cupping
25. Human optic nerve fiber count and optic disc size
26. Histomorphometry of the human optic nerve
27. Relation between optic nerve axon number and axon diameter to scleral canal area
28. Larger optic nerve heads have more nerve fibers in normal monkey eyes
29. Age-related decline of disc rim area in visually normal subjects
30. The course of axons through the retina and optic nerve head
31. The histology of retinal nerve fiber layer bundles and bundle defects
32. The organization of nerve fiber bundles in the primate optic nerve head
33. Funduscopy of nerve fiber layer defects in glaucoma
34. Quantitative studies of retinal nerve fiber layer defects
35. Thickness of the retinal nerve fiber layer in primate eyes
36. The effect of age on normal human optic nerve fiber number and diameter
37. The effect of age on the nerve fiber population of the human optic nerve
38. The normal human optic nerve. Axon count and axon diameter distribution
39. Histopathology of the optic nerve head and retinal nerve fiber layer in glaucoma
40. Neuroretinal rim area in suspected glaucoma and early chronic open-angle glaucoma. Correlation with parameters of visual function
41. Measurements of peripapillary nerve fiber layer contour in glaucoma
42. The early structural and functional disturbances of chronic open-angle glaucoma. Robert N. Shaffer lecture
43. Ophthalmoscopic evaluation of the optic nerve head
44. The mode of progressive disc cupping in ocular hypertension and glaucoma
45. Optic nerve damage in human glaucoma. II. The site of injury and susceptibility to damage
46. Initial glaucomatous optic disk and retinal nerve fiber layer abnormalities and their progression
47. Chronic human glaucoma causing selectively greater loss of large optic nerve fibers
48. Morphological aspects of normal optic disc and early signs of glaucomatous alterations
49. The optic disc in glaucoma. Pathogenic correlation of five patterns of cupping in chronic open-angle glaucoma
50. Vertical elongation of the optic cup in glaucoma
51. Regional differences in the structure of the lamina cribrosa and their relation to glaucomatous optic nerve damage
52. Anatomy of the lamina cribrosa in human eyes
53. The cup/disc ratio. The findings of tonometry and tonography in the normal eye
54. The normal cup-disk ratio
55. The Framingham eye study monograph. An ophthalmological and epidemiological study of cataract, glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy, macular degeneration, and visual acuity in a general population of 2631 adults, 1973-1975
56. Asymmetry in optic disc parameters. The Blue Mountains Eye Study
57. Measurement of progressive disc change in glaucoma
58. Contemporary clinical evaluation of the optic nerve in glaucoma
59. Parapapillary retinal vessel diameter in normal and glaucoma eyes. I. Morphometric data
60. Parapapillary retinal vessel caliber. II. Caliber reduction in eyes with glaucoma (a papillometric study of 309 eyes with chronic simple glaucoma compared with 264 normal eyes)
61. Visibility of the normal retinal nerve fiber layer correlated with rim width and vessel caliber
62. 1981 Optic disc hemorrhages analysis of stereophotographs and clinical data of 112 patients
63. Disc haemorrhage and glaucoma
64. Prevalence and significance of optic disc hemorrhage in a longitudinal study of glaucoma
65. Disc hemorrhages in the glaucomas
66. The significance of disc hemorrhage in open-angle glaucoma
67. Early glaucoma changes in patients with and without an optic disc hemorrhage
68. Are optic disc haemorrhages a common finding in all glaucoma patients?
69. Incidence of optic disc haemorrhages in chronic simple glaucoma and ocular hypertension
70. The importance of disc hemorrhage in the prognosis of chronic open angle glaucoma
71. Deterioration of visual fields in patients with glaucoma with and without optic disc hemorrhages
72. Visual field and retinal nerve fibre layer in early glaucoma after optic disc haemorrhage
73. Localised wedge shaped defects of the retinal nerve fibre layer in glaucoma
74. The associations of optic disc hemorrhage with retinal nerve fiber layer defect and peripapillary atrophy in normal-tension glaucoma
75. The nerve fiber layer in the diagnosis of glaucoma
76. Clinical evaluation of nerve fiber layer atrophy as an indicator of glaucomatous optic nerve damage
77. Evaluation of the retinal nerve fiber layer
78. Preservation of nerve fiber layer by retinal vessels in glaucoma
79. Qualitative morphologic characteristics of normal and glaucomatous optic papillae
80. An evaluation of optic disc and nerve fiber layer examinations in monitoring progression of early glaucoma damage
81. The practical clinical appraisal of the optic disc in glaucoma. The natural history of cup progression and some specific disc-field correlations
82. Photogrammetric analysis of the three-dimensional geometry of normal and glaucomatous optic cups
83. The optic disc in glaucoma. I. Classification
84. Morphologic changes in the lamina cribosa correlated with neural loss in open-angle glaucoma
85. The lamina cribosa in normal and glaucomatous human eyes
86. Funduscopic and photographic characteristics of the retinal nerve fiber layer in glaucoma
87. Direct clinico-histological correlation of parapapillary chorioretinal atrophy
88. Parapapillary atrophy and retinal vessel diameter in nonglaucomatous optic nerve damage
89. Biomorphometry and histomorphometry of the optic disc with special reference to the parapapillary region
90. Glaucomatous parapapillary atrophy. Occurrence and correlations
91. Acquired peripapillary changes and progression in glaucoma
92. Parapapillary chorioretinal atrophy in patients with ocular hypertension. II. An evaluation of progressive changes
93. Parapapillary chorioretinal atrophy in patients with ocular hypertension. I. An evaluation as a predictive factor for the development of glaucomatous damage
94. Increasing peripapillary atrophy is associated with progressive glaucoma
95. Parapapillary chorioretinal atrophy in normal and glaucoma eyes. II. Correlations
96. Determinants of optic disc characteristics in a general population. The Rotterdam Study
97. Disc hemorrhage and peripapillary atrophy in apparently healthy subjects
98. Ueber die wirkug der iredectomie bei glaucom
99. Depth distortion during slitlamp biomicroscopy of the fundus
100. The use of diagrams to record changes in glaucomatous disks
101. Retinal photography
102. Photography of the retinal nerve fibre layer. An optimised procedure
103. High-resolution photography of the retinal nerve fiber layer
104. Cross-polarization photography of the nerve fiber layer
105. The spectral reflectance of the nerve fiber layer of the macaque retina
106. The use of photogrammerry in evaluating the cup of the optic nervehead for a study in chronic simple glaucoma
107. Comparative reproducibility of the digital photogrammetric procedure utilizing three methods of stereophotography
108. Comparison of photographic techniques and films used in stereophotogrammetry of the optic disk
109. Relative optic cup depth assessments using three stereo photograph viewing methods
110. Digital image analysis of optic disc topography
111. The measurement of observer agreement for categorical data
112. Agreement among optometrists, ophthalmologists, and residents in evaluating the optic disc for glaucoma
113. Intraobserver and interobserver agreement in measurement of optic disc characteristics
114. Agreement in assessing glaucomatous discs in a clinical teaching setting with stereoscopic disc photographs, plammetry, and laser scanning tomography
115. Quantitation of optic disc cupping
116. Agreement between clinicians and an image analyzer in estimating cup-to-disc ratios
117. Expert agreement in evaluating the optic disc for glaucoma
118. Observer variation in applanation tonometry and estimation of the cup disk ratio
119. Variability of expert observers in evaluating the optic disc
120. Interobserver and intraobserver variability in the detection of glaucomatous progression of the optic disc
121. The ability of scanning laser ophthalmoscopy to identify various glaucomatous optic disk appearances
122. Comparison of methods to evaluate the optic nerve head and nerve fiber layer for glaucomatous change
123. Diffuse and localized nerve fiber loss in glaucoma
124. Retinal nerve fibre layer photography in glaucomatous patients
125. Quantitative grading of nerve fiber layer photographs
126. Grading of retinal nerve fiber layer with a photographic reference set
127. Evaluation of a reference set based grading system for retinal nerve fiber layer photographs in 1941 eyes
128. A comparison of optical coherence tomography and nerve fiber layer photography for the detection of nerve fiber layer damage in glaucoma
129. Effect of aging on optic nerve appearance. A longitudinal study
130. Comparisons of methods to detect glaucomatous optic nerve damage
131. Detection of structural damage from glaucoma with confocal laser image analysis
132. Optic disc diameter influences the ability to detect glaucomatous disc damage
133. Screening for glaucoma in a medical clinic with photographs of the nerve fiber layer
134. Clinically detectable nerve fiber atrophy precedes the onset of glaucomatous field loss
135. Optic disc haemorrhages precede retinal nerve fibre layer defects in ocular hypertension
136. The mode of progressive disc cupping in ocular hypertension and glaucoma
137. Optic disc hemorrhages and progression of glaucoma
138. Rate and pattern of neuroretinal rim area decrease in ocular hypertension and glaucoma
139. Progression of disc and field damage in early glaucoma
140. Correlation between mean visual field loss and morphometric optic disk variables in the open-angle glaucomas
141. Blue-on-yellow visual field and retinal nerve fiber layer in ocular hypertension and glaucoma
142. The ocular hypertension treatment study. Design and baseline description of the participants
143. Early manifest glaucoma trial design and baseline data
144. Diagnosis of early glaucoma with flicker comparisons of serial disc photographs