Equivalence in yield from marine reserves and traditional fisheries management

Science

Volumn 284, Issue 5419, 1999, Pages 1537-1538

  Hastings, Alan ^a   Botsford, Louis W ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

FISHERY MANAGEMENT; FISHERY PRODUCTION; MARINE RESOURCE;

ARTICLE; BIODIVERSITY; ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION; FISH; FISHING; MARINE ENVIRONMENT; NONHUMAN; POPULATION DYNAMICS; PRIORITY JOURNAL;

EID: 0033612243     PISSN: 00368075     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1126/science.284.5419.1537     Document Type: Article

References (23)

1. J. E. Quinn, S. R. Wing, L. W. Botsford, Am. Zool. 33, 537 (1994); D. S. Holland and R. J. Brazee, Mar. Resour. Econ. 11, 157 (1996).
2. J. E. Quinn, S. R. Wing, L. W. Botsford, Am. Zool. 33, 537 (1994); D. S. Holland and R. J. Brazee, Mar. Resour. Econ. 11, 157 (1996).
3. J. Sladek Nowlis and C. M. Roberts, Fish. Bull, in press.
4. L. W. Botsford, J. C. Castilla, C. H. Peterson, Science 277, 509 (1997); T. Lauck, C. W. Clark, M. Mangel, C. R. Munro, Ecol. Appl. 8, S72 (1998); C. W. Clark, Ecol. Appl. 6, 369 (1996).
5. L. W. Botsford, J. C. Castilla, C. H. Peterson, Science 277, 509 (1997); T. Lauck, C. W. Clark, M. Mangel, C. R. Munro, Ecol. Appl. 8, S72 (1998); C. W. Clark, Ecol. Appl. 6, 369 (1996).
6. L. W. Botsford, J. C. Castilla, C. H. Peterson, Science 277, 509 (1997); T. Lauck, C. W. Clark, M. Mangel, C. R. Munro, Ecol. Appl. 8, S72 (1998); C. W. Clark, Ecol. Appl. 6, 369 (1996).
7. We do not address relations between dispersal and spatial configuration of reserves here [M. H. Carr and D. C. Reed, Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 50, 2019 (1993); G. W. Allison, J. Lubchenco, M. H. Carr, Ecol. Appl. 8, S79 (1998)]. We assume that the fecundity of all mature individuals is the same. In the case of traditional fisheries management, we assume that the age of maturity and the age of first catch are the same.
8. We do not address relations between dispersal and spatial configuration of reserves here [M. H. Carr and D. C. Reed, Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 50, 2019 (1993); G. W. Allison, J. Lubchenco, M. H. Carr, Ecol. Appl. 8, S79 (1998)]. We assume that the fecundity of all mature individuals is the same. In the case of traditional fisheries management, we assume that the age of maturity and the age of first catch are the same.
9. Before dispersal the number of larvae produced may be density dependent. After dispersal, the number of juveniles successfully metamorphosing and surviving to the adult stage will, in general, depend on the density of larvae attempting to metamorphose and on the density of individuals, both adults and subadults, that are already present.
10. Postdispersal density-dependent recruitment without a dependence on local adults occurs typically when postmetamorphosis density is limited by available habitat, as is the case for reef fishes [M. A. Hixon and M. H. Carr, Science 277, 946 (1997); M. J. Caley et al., Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 27, 477 (1996)] and structure-dwelling benthic invertebrates [J. F. Caddy, Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 43, 2330 (1986); R. A. Wahle and R. S. Steneck, Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 69, 231 (1991)], but may not be the case for macroinvertebrates in soft sediments [E. B. Olafsson, C. H. Peterson, W. G. Ambrose Jr., Oceanogr. Mar. Biol. Annu. Rev. 32, 65 (1994)]. Postdispersal density dependence without a dependence on local adult density would result in a Beverton-Holt type of stock-recruitment relationship [R. J. H. Beverton and S. J. Holt, U.K. Minist. Agric. Fish. Fish. Invest. Ser. 2 19, 1 (1957)], which is the type most commonly observed in compendia of stock-recruitment relationships of commercially fished species [R. A. Meyers, J. Bridson, N. J. Barrowman, Can. Tech. Rep. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 2024, 1 (1995)].
11. Postdispersal density-dependent recruitment without a dependence on local adults occurs typically when postmetamorphosis density is limited by available habitat, as is the case for reef fishes [M. A. Hixon and M. H. Carr, Science 277, 946 (1997); M. J. Caley et al., Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 27, 477 (1996)] and structure-dwelling benthic invertebrates [J. F. Caddy, Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 43, 2330 (1986); R. A. Wahle and R. S. Steneck, Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 69, 231 (1991)], but may not be the case for macroinvertebrates in soft sediments [E. B. Olafsson, C. H. Peterson, W. G. Ambrose Jr., Oceanogr. Mar. Biol. Annu. Rev. 32, 65 (1994)]. Postdispersal density dependence without a dependence on local adult density would result in a Beverton-Holt type of stock-recruitment relationship [R. J. H. Beverton and S. J. Holt, U.K. Minist. Agric. Fish. Fish. Invest. Ser. 2 19, 1 (1957)], which is the type most commonly observed in compendia of stock-recruitment relationships of commercially fished species [R. A. Meyers, J. Bridson, N. J. Barrowman, Can. Tech. Rep. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 2024, 1 (1995)].
12. Postdispersal density-dependent recruitment without a dependence on local adults occurs typically when postmetamorphosis density is limited by available habitat, as is the case for reef fishes [M. A. Hixon and M. H. Carr, Science 277, 946 (1997); M. J. Caley et al., Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 27, 477 (1996)] and structure-dwelling benthic invertebrates [J. F. Caddy, Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 43, 2330 (1986); R. A. Wahle and R. S. Steneck, Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 69, 231 (1991)], but may not be the case for macroinvertebrates in soft sediments [E. B. Olafsson, C. H. Peterson, W. G. Ambrose Jr., Oceanogr. Mar. Biol. Annu. Rev. 32, 65 (1994)]. Postdispersal density dependence without a dependence on local adult density would result in a Beverton-Holt type of stock-recruitment relationship [R. J. H. Beverton and S. J. Holt, U.K. Minist. Agric. Fish. Fish. Invest. Ser. 2 19, 1 (1957)], which is the type most commonly observed in compendia of stock-recruitment relationships of commercially fished species [R. A. Meyers, J. Bridson, N. J. Barrowman, Can. Tech. Rep. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 2024, 1 (1995)].
13. Postdispersal density-dependent recruitment without a dependence on local adults occurs typically when postmetamorphosis density is limited by available habitat, as is the case for reef fishes [M. A. Hixon and M. H. Carr, Science 277, 946 (1997); M. J. Caley et al., Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 27, 477 (1996)] and structure-dwelling benthic invertebrates [J. F. Caddy, Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 43, 2330 (1986); R. A. Wahle and R. S. Steneck, Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 69, 231 (1991)], but may not be the case for macroinvertebrates in soft sediments [E. B. Olafsson, C. H. Peterson, W. G. Ambrose Jr., Oceanogr. Mar. Biol. Annu. Rev. 32, 65 (1994)]. Postdispersal density dependence without a dependence on local adult density would result in a Beverton-Holt type of stock-recruitment relationship [R. J. H. Beverton and S. J. Holt, U.K. Minist. Agric. Fish. Fish. Invest. Ser. 2 19, 1 (1957)], which is the type most commonly observed in compendia of stock-recruitment relationships of commercially fished species [R. A. Meyers, J. Bridson, N. J. Barrowman, Can. Tech. Rep. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 2024, 1 (1995)].
14. Postdispersal density-dependent recruitment without a dependence on local adults occurs typically when postmetamorphosis density is limited by available habitat, as is the case for reef fishes [M. A. Hixon and M. H. Carr, Science 277, 946 (1997); M. J. Caley et al., Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 27, 477 (1996)] and structure-dwelling benthic invertebrates [J. F. Caddy, Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 43, 2330 (1986); R. A. Wahle and R. S. Steneck, Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 69, 231 (1991)], but may not be the case for macroinvertebrates in soft sediments [E. B. Olafsson, C. H. Peterson, W. G. Ambrose Jr., Oceanogr. Mar. Biol. Annu. Rev. 32, 65 (1994)]. Postdispersal density dependence without a dependence on local adult density would result in a Beverton-Holt type of stock-recruitment relationship [R. J. H. Beverton and S. J. Holt, U.K. Minist. Agric. Fish. Fish. Invest. Ser. 2 19, 1 (1957)], which is the type most commonly observed in compendia of stock-recruitment relationships of commercially fished species [R. A. Meyers, J. Bridson, N. J. Barrowman, Can. Tech. Rep. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 2024, 1 (1995)].
15. Postdispersal density-dependent recruitment without a dependence on local adults occurs typically when postmetamorphosis density is limited by available habitat, as is the case for reef fishes [M. A. Hixon and M. H. Carr, Science 277, 946 (1997); M. J. Caley et al., Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 27, 477 (1996)] and structure-dwelling benthic invertebrates [J. F. Caddy, Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 43, 2330 (1986); R. A. Wahle and R. S. Steneck, Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 69, 231 (1991)], but may not be the case for macroinvertebrates in soft sediments [E. B. Olafsson, C. H. Peterson, W. G. Ambrose Jr., Oceanogr. Mar. Biol. Annu. Rev. 32, 65 (1994)]. Postdispersal density dependence without a dependence on local adult density would result in a Beverton-Holt type of stock-recruitment relationship [R. J. H. Beverton and S. J. Holt, U.K. Minist. Agric. Fish. Fish. Invest. Ser. 2 19, 1 (1957)], which is the type most commonly observed in compendia of stock-recruitment relationships of commercially fished species [R. A. Meyers, J. Bridson, N. J. Barrowman, Can. Tech. Rep. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 2024, 1 (1995)].
16. Postdispersal density-dependent recruitment without a dependence on local adults occurs typically when postmetamorphosis density is limited by available habitat, as is the case for reef fishes [M. A. Hixon and M. H. Carr, Science 277, 946 (1997); M. J. Caley et al., Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 27, 477 (1996)] and structure-dwelling benthic invertebrates [J. F. Caddy, Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 43, 2330 (1986); R. A. Wahle and R. S. Steneck, Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 69, 231 (1991)], but may not be the case for macroinvertebrates in soft sediments [E. B. Olafsson, C. H. Peterson, W. G. Ambrose Jr., Oceanogr. Mar. Biol. Annu. Rev. 32, 65 (1994)]. Postdispersal density dependence without a dependence on local adult density would result in a Beverton-Holt type of stock-recruitment relationship [R. J. H. Beverton and S. J. Holt, U.K. Minist. Agric. Fish. Fish. Invest. Ser. 2 19, 1 (1957)], which is the type most commonly observed in compendia of stock-recruitment relationships of commercially fished species [R. A. Meyers, J. Bridson, N. J. Barrowman, Can. Tech. Rep. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 2024, 1 (1995)].
17. Predispersal density dependence would most commonly be some form of density-dependent fecundity, which certainly exists in the case of marine fish and invertebrates [E. A. Trippel, O. S. Kjesbu, P. Solemdal, in Early Life History and Recruitment in Fish Populations, R. C. Chambers and E. A. Trippel, Eds. (Chapman & Hall, New York, 1997), pp. 31-62], but is rarely specifically demonstrated in stock-recruitment relationships.
18. Cannibalism would produce postdispersal density dependence in which local adult or subadult abundance was important [L. W. Botsford and R. C. Hobbs, ICES Mar. Sci. Symp. 199, 157 (1995); A. Folkvord, in Early Life History and Recruitment in Fish Populations, R. C. Chambers and E. A. Trippel, Eds. (Chapman & Hall, New York, 1997), pp. 251-278].
19. Cannibalism would produce postdispersal density dependence in which local adult or subadult abundance was important [L. W. Botsford and R. C. Hobbs, ICES Mar. Sci. Symp. 199, 157 (1995); A. Folkvord, in Early Life History and Recruitment in Fish Populations, R. C. Chambers and E. A. Trippel, Eds. (Chapman & Hall, New York, 1997), pp. 251-278].
20. Increased fecundity of older individuals, which we ignored, could increase the maximum yield under a system of reserves relative to that obtained with traditional management techniques, depending on the nature of predispersal density dependence. We also ignore the role of dispersal distance and reserve configuration. We have assumed that settlement in the reserve area declines linearly with the amount of area placed in reserves. Presumably, reserves can be placed close enough so that this assumption holds. Adult migration could have a great effect on the results here if it is large [T. Polacheck, Nat. Res. Model. 4, 327 (1990); E. E. DeMartini, Fish. Bull. 91, 414 (1993); C. G. Attwood and B. A. Bennett, S. Afr. J. Mar. Sci. 16, 227 (1995)], but highly migratory species are not under serious consideration for management by reserves. We have not considered growth/mortality trade-offs made in classical yield-per-recruit analyses, but presumably, size limits could be chosen and the same results would hold.
21. Increased fecundity of older individuals, which we ignored, could increase the maximum yield under a system of reserves relative to that obtained with traditional management techniques, depending on the nature of predispersal density dependence. We also ignore the role of dispersal distance and reserve configuration. We have assumed that settlement in the reserve area declines linearly with the amount of area placed in reserves. Presumably, reserves can be placed close enough so that this assumption holds. Adult migration could have a great effect on the results here if it is large [T. Polacheck, Nat. Res. Model. 4, 327 (1990); E. E. DeMartini, Fish. Bull. 91, 414 (1993); C. G. Attwood and B. A. Bennett, S. Afr. J. Mar. Sci. 16, 227 (1995)], but highly migratory species are not under serious consideration for management by reserves. We have not considered growth/mortality trade-offs made in classical yield-per-recruit analyses, but presumably, size limits could be chosen and the same results would hold.
22. Increased fecundity of older individuals, which we ignored, could increase the maximum yield under a system of reserves relative to that obtained with traditional management techniques, depending on the nature of predispersal density dependence. We also ignore the role of dispersal distance and reserve configuration. We have assumed that settlement in the reserve area declines linearly with the amount of area placed in reserves. Presumably, reserves can be placed close enough so that this assumption holds. Adult migration could have a great effect on the results here if it is large [T. Polacheck, Nat. Res. Model. 4, 327 (1990); E. E. DeMartini, Fish. Bull. 91, 414 (1993); C. G. Attwood and B. A. Bennett, S. Afr. J. Mar. Sci. 16, 227 (1995)], but highly migratory species are not under serious consideration for management by reserves. We have not considered growth/mortality trade-offs made in classical yield-per-recruit analyses, but presumably, size limits could be chosen and the same results would hold.
23. Supported by NSF grant OCE-9711448 and by California Sea Grant R/F169. This is contribution 1 of the Marine Reserves Working Group. Supported by the National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis, supported by NSF grant DEB-94-21535. We thank T. Grosholz and J. Lubchenco for their critical reading of the manuscript.