The management of fisheries and marine ecosystems

Science

Volumn 277, Issue 5325, 1997, Pages 509-515

  Botsford, Louis W ^a   Castilla, Juan Carlos ^b   Peterson, Charles H ^c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^b PONTIFICIA UNIVERSIDAD CATÓLICA DE CHILE   (Chile)

^c UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ECOSYSTEM MANAGEMENT; FISHERY MANAGEMENT; FISHERY RESOURCES; HOLISTIC APPROACH; MANAGEMENT NEED; MARINE ECOSYSTEM; OVERFISHING; SUSTAINABILITY; SUSTAINABLE HARVESTING;

ARTICLE; ECOSYSTEM; ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT; FISHING; MARINE ENVIRONMENT; POLITICS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SOCIAL ASPECT;

EID: 0030851007     PISSN: 00368075     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1126/science.277.5325.509     Document Type: Article

References (104)

1. FAO, Fisheries Series No. 40, Fisheries Statistics Series No. 111 (1993), p. 72.
2. S. Garcia and C. Newton, in Global Trends in Fisheries Management (American Fisheries Society Monograph Series, in press).
3. FAO, Review of the State of World Marine Fishery Resources, FAO Tech. Paper 335 (1994).
4. G. Sugihara et al., in Exploitation of Marine Communities, R. M. May, Ed. (Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1984), pp. 131-153; S. Appolonio, Rev. Fish. Sci. 2, 157 (1994); National Research Council, Improving the Management of U.S. Marine Fisheries (National Academy Press, Washington, DC, 1994).
5. G. Sugihara et al., in Exploitation of Marine Communities, R. M. May, Ed. (Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1984), pp. 131-153; S. Appolonio, Rev. Fish. Sci. 2, 157 (1994); National Research Council, Improving the Management of U.S. Marine Fisheries (National Academy Press, Washington, DC, 1994).
6. G. Sugihara et al., in Exploitation of Marine Communities, R. M. May, Ed. (Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1984), pp. 131-153; S. Appolonio, Rev. Fish. Sci. 2, 157 (1994); National Research Council, Improving the Management of U.S. Marine Fisheries (National Academy Press, Washington, DC, 1994).
7. N. L. Christensen et al., Ecol. Appl. 6, 664 (1996).
8. D. Pauly and V. Christensen, Nature 374, 225 (1995).
9. D. Ludwig, R. Hilborn, C. Walters, Science 260, 17 (1993).
10. P. K. Dayton et al., Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems (Wiley, New York, 1995), vol. 5, pp. 205-232.
11. G. Murphy, in J. A. Gulland, Ed., Fish Population Dynamics (Wiley, Chichester, UK, 1977), pp. 283-308; J. Csirke, ibid., pp. 271-302.
12. G. Murphy, in J. A. Gulland, Ed., Fish Population Dynamics (Wiley, Chichester, UK, 1977), pp. 283-308; J. Csirke, ibid., pp. 271-302.
13. J. A. Hutchings, Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 53, 943 (1996); R. A. Meyers et al., Ecol. Appl. 7, 91 (1997).
14. J. A. Hutchings, Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 53, 943 (1996); R. A. Meyers et al., Ecol. Appl. 7, 91 (1997).
15. D. Policansky, in The Exploitation of Evolving Resources, T. K. Stokes et al., Eds. (Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1993), pp. 2-18; G. W. Boehlert, Oceanography 9, 28 (1996).
16. D. Policansky, in The Exploitation of Evolving Resources, T. K. Stokes et al., Eds. (Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1993), pp. 2-18; G. W. Boehlert, Oceanography 9, 28 (1996).
17. L. Kaufman and P. Dayton, in Nature's Services, G. C. Daily, Ed. (Island, Washington, DC, 1997), pp. 275-293.
18. C. M. Roberts, Conserv. Biol. 9, 988 (1995); B. J. Rothschild et al., Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 111, 29 (1994); H. S. Lenihan and C. H. Peterson, Ecol. Appl., in press; C. H. Peterson, H. C. Summerson, S. R. Fegley, Fish. Bull. 85, 281 (1987); S. Northridge, The Environmental Impacts of Fisheries in the European Community Waters (MRAG, 1991), pp. 1-42; K. Reise, Neth. J. Sea Res. 16, 29 (1982).
19. C. M. Roberts, Conserv. Biol. 9, 988 (1995); B. J. Rothschild et al., Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 111, 29 (1994); H. S. Lenihan and C. H. Peterson, Ecol. Appl., in press; C. H. Peterson, H. C. Summerson, S. R. Fegley, Fish. Bull. 85, 281 (1987); S. Northridge, The Environmental Impacts of Fisheries in the European Community Waters (MRAG, 1991), pp. 1-42; K. Reise, Neth. J. Sea Res. 16, 29 (1982).
20. C. M. Roberts, Conserv. Biol. 9, 988 (1995); B. J. Rothschild et al., Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 111, 29 (1994); H. S. Lenihan and C. H. Peterson, Ecol. Appl., in press; C. H. Peterson, H. C. Summerson, S. R. Fegley, Fish. Bull. 85, 281 (1987); S. Northridge, The Environmental Impacts of Fisheries in the European Community Waters (MRAG, 1991), pp. 1-42; K. Reise, Neth. J. Sea Res. 16, 29 (1982).
21. C. M. Roberts, Conserv. Biol. 9, 988 (1995); B. J. Rothschild et al., Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 111, 29 (1994); H. S. Lenihan and C. H. Peterson, Ecol. Appl., in press; C. H. Peterson, H. C. Summerson, S. R. Fegley, Fish. Bull. 85, 281 (1987); S. Northridge, The Environmental Impacts of Fisheries in the European Community Waters (MRAG, 1991), pp. 1-42; K. Reise, Neth. J. Sea Res. 16, 29 (1982).
22. C. M. Roberts, Conserv. Biol. 9, 988 (1995); B. J. Rothschild et al., Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 111, 29 (1994); H. S. Lenihan and C. H. Peterson, Ecol. Appl., in press; C. H. Peterson, H. C. Summerson, S. R. Fegley, Fish. Bull. 85, 281 (1987); S. Northridge, The Environmental Impacts of Fisheries in the European Community Waters (MRAG, 1991), pp. 1-42; K. Reise, Neth. J. Sea Res. 16, 29 (1982).
23. C. M. Roberts, Conserv. Biol. 9, 988 (1995); B. J. Rothschild et al., Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 111, 29 (1994); H. S. Lenihan and C. H. Peterson, Ecol. Appl., in press; C. H. Peterson, H. C. Summerson, S. R. Fegley, Fish. Bull. 85, 281 (1987); S. Northridge, The Environmental Impacts of Fisheries in the European Community Waters (MRAG, 1991), pp. 1-42; K. Reise, Neth. J. Sea Res. 16, 29 (1982).
24. E. A. Norse, Ed., Global Marine Biological Diversity Strategy (Center for Marine Conservation, Washington, DC, 1993); National Research Council, Understanding Marine Biodiversity: A Research Agenda for the Nation (National Academy Press, Washington, DC, 1995).
25. E. A. Norse, Ed., Global Marine Biological Diversity Strategy (Center for Marine Conservation, Washington, DC, 1993); National Research Council, Understanding Marine Biodiversity: A Research Agenda for the Nation (National Academy Press, Washington, DC, 1995).
26. K. H. Mann and P. A. Breen, J. Fish. Res. Bd. Can. 29, 603 (1972); C. A. Simenstad, J. A. Estes, K. W. Kenyon, Science 200, 403 (1978).
27. K. H. Mann and P. A. Breen, J. Fish. Res. Bd. Can. 29, 603 (1972); C. A. Simenstad, J. A. Estes, K. W. Kenyon, Science 200, 403 (1978).
28. M. E. Hay, Ecology 65, 446 (1984); T. P. Hughes, ibid. 77, 2256 (1996).
29. M. E. Hay, Ecology 65, 446 (1984); T. P. Hughes, ibid. 77, 2256 (1996).
30. J. C. Castilla and L. R. Duran, Oikos 45, 391 (1985); L. R. Duran and J. C. Castilla, Mar. Biol. 103, 555 (1989); J. C. Castilla et al., in Rocky Shores Exploitation in Chile and South Africa, W. R. Siegfried, Ed. (Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1994).
31. J. C. Castilla and L. R. Duran, Oikos 45, 391 (1985); L. R. Duran and J. C. Castilla, Mar. Biol. 103, 555 (1989); J. C. Castilla et al., in Rocky Shores Exploitation in Chile and South Africa, W. R. Siegfried, Ed. (Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1994).
32. J. C. Castilla and L. R. Duran, Oikos 45, 391 (1985); L. R. Duran and J. C. Castilla, Mar. Biol. 103, 555 (1989); J. C. Castilla et al., in Rocky Shores Exploitation in Chile and South Africa, W. R. Siegfried, Ed. (Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1994).
33. R. P. van der Elst, Environ. Biol. Fish. 4, 349 (1979); Y. Zaitsev, Fish. Oceanogr. 1, 180 (1992).
34. R. P. van der Elst, Environ. Biol. Fish. 4, 349 (1979); Y. Zaitsev, Fish. Oceanogr. 1, 180 (1992).
35. N. Daan, Rapp. P. V. Reun. Cons. Int. Explor. Mer. 177, 405 (1980); P. E. Smith and H. G. Moser, Cal. Coop. Oceanic Fish. Invest. Rep. 29, 66 (1988); M. J. Fogarty, E. B. Cohen, W. L. Michaels, W. M. Morse, ICES Mar. Sci. Symp. 193, 120 (1991).
36. N. Daan, Rapp. P. V. Reun. Cons. Int. Explor. Mer. 177, 405 (1980); P. E. Smith and H. G. Moser, Cal. Coop. Oceanic Fish. Invest. Rep. 29, 66 (1988); M. J. Fogarty, E. B. Cohen, W. L. Michaels, W. M. Morse, ICES Mar. Sci. Symp. 193, 120 (1991).
37. N. Daan, Rapp. P. V. Reun. Cons. Int. Explor. Mer. 177, 405 (1980); P. E. Smith and H. G. Moser, Cal. Coop. Oceanic Fish. Invest. Rep. 29, 66 (1988); M. J. Fogarty, E. B. Cohen, W. L. Michaels, W. M. Morse, ICES Mar. Sci. Symp. 193, 120 (1991).
38. R. M. Laws, Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London Ser. B. 279, 81 (1977).
39. D. G. Ainley et al., in A Century of Avifaunal Changes in Western North America, J. R. Jehl and N. K. Johnson, Eds. (Allen, Lawrence, KS, for the Cooper Ornithological Society, 1994), pp. 119-133.
40. National Research Council, The Bering Sea Ecosystem (National Academy Press, Washington, DC, 1996).
41. A. Bakun, Patterns in the Ocean (California Sea Grant, La Jolla, CA, 1996).
42. R. T. Barber and F. R. Chavez, Nature 319, 279 (1986).
43. D. B. Chelton, P. A. Bernal, J. A. McGowan, J. Mar. Res. 40, 1095 (1982).
44. S. L. Johnson, Fish. Res. 6, 105 (1988); M. Sinclair, M. J. Tremblay, P. Bernal, Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 42, 602 (1985).
45. S. L. Johnson, Fish. Res. 6, 105 (1988); M. Sinclair, M. J. Tremblay, P. Bernal, Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 42, 602 (1985).
46. D. A. Cole and D. R. McLain, U.S. Department of Commerce, NOAA Tech. Memo., NOAA-TM-NMFS-SWFC-125 (1989); N. E. Graham, Clim. Dyn. 10, 135 (1994); A. J. Miller, D. R. Cayan, T. P. Barnett, N. E. Graham, J. M. Oberhuber, ibid. 9, 287 (1994).
47. D. A. Cole and D. R. McLain, U.S. Department of Commerce, NOAA Tech. Memo., NOAA-TM-NMFS-SWFC-125 (1989); N. E. Graham, Clim. Dyn. 10, 135 (1994); A. J. Miller, D. R. Cayan, T. P. Barnett, N. E. Graham, J. M. Oberhuber, ibid. 9, 287 (1994).
48. D. A. Cole and D. R. McLain, U.S. Department of Commerce, NOAA Tech. Memo., NOAA-TM-NMFS-SWFC-125 (1989); N. E. Graham, Clim. Dyn. 10, 135 (1994); A. J. Miller, D. R. Cayan, T. P. Barnett, N. E. Graham, J. M. Oberhuber, ibid. 9, 287 (1994).
49. J. J. Polovina et al., Fish. Oceanogr. 3, 15 (1994); J. J. Polovina, G. T. Mitchum, G. T. Evans, Deep-Sea Res. 42, 1701 (1995).
50. J. J. Polovina et al., Fish. Oceanogr. 3, 15 (1994); J. J. Polovina, G. T. Mitchum, G. T. Evans, Deep-Sea Res. 42, 1701 (1995).
51. E. L. Venrick, J. A. McGowan, D. R. Cayan, T. L. Hayward, Science 238, 70 (1987).
52. W. G. Pearcy, Ocean Ecology of North Pacific Salmonids (Univ. of Washington Press, Seattle, WA, 1992).
53. D. L. Alverson, Rev. Aquat. Sci. 6, 203 (1992); J. F. Piatt and P. Anderson, in S. D. Rice et al., Eds., Exxon Valdez Oil Spill Symposium Proceedings, Am. Fish. Soc. Symp. 18, 720 (1997).
54. D. L. Alverson, Rev. Aquat. Sci. 6, 203 (1992); J. F. Piatt and P. Anderson, in S. D. Rice et al., Eds., Exxon Valdez Oil Spill Symposium Proceedings, Am. Fish. Soc. Symp. 18, 720 (1997).
55. D. Lluch-Beldaet al., S. Afr. J. Mar. Sci. 8, 195 (1989); T. Kawasaki et al., Eds., Long-Term Variability of Pelagic Fish Populations and their Environment (Pergamon, New York, 1991).
56. D. Lluch-Beldaet al., S. Afr. J. Mar. Sci. 8, 195 (1989); T. Kawasaki et al., Eds., Long-Term Variability of Pelagic Fish Populations and their Environment (Pergamon, New York, 1991).
57. C. T. Taggart and K. T. Frank, in Large Marine Ecosystems, K. Sherman, L. M. Alexander, B. D. Gold, Eds. (American Association for the Advancement of Science, Washington, DC, 1990), pp. 151-164.
58. R. Lasker, Fish. Bull. (U.S.) 73, 453 (1975).
59. T. M. Farell, D. Bracher, J. Roughgarden, Limnol. Oceanogr. 36, 279 (1991); S. R. Wing, L. W. Botsford, J. L. Largier, L. E. Morgan, Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 128, 199 (1995).
60. T. M. Farell, D. Bracher, J. Roughgarden, Limnol. Oceanogr. 36, 279 (1991); S. R. Wing, L. W. Botsford, J. L. Largier, L. E. Morgan, Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 128, 199 (1995).
61. C. H. Peterson and H. C. Summerson, Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 90, 257 (1992); L. W. Botsford et al., Deep-Sea Res. 41, 107 (1994).
62. C. H. Peterson and H. C. Summerson, Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 90, 257 (1992); L. W. Botsford et al., Deep-Sea Res. 41, 107 (1994).
63. T. D. Smith, Scaling Fisheries (Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, 1994).
64. M. P. Sissenwine and N. Daan, ICES Mar. Sci. Symp. 193, 6 (1991); C. W. Clark, in Exploitation of Marine Communities, R. M. May, Ed. (Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1984), pp. 303-312.
65. M. P. Sissenwine and N. Daan, ICES Mar. Sci. Symp. 193, 6 (1991); C. W. Clark, in Exploitation of Marine Communities, R. M. May, Ed. (Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1984), pp. 303-312.
66. K. Sherman, L. M. Alexander, B. D. Gold, Large Marine Ecosystems (American Association for the Advancement of Science, Washington, DC, 1990); P. A. Shelton, S. Afr. J. Mar. Sci. 12, 723 (1992); K. Sherman, Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 112, 277 (1994).
67. K. Sherman, L. M. Alexander, B. D. Gold, Large Marine Ecosystems (American Association for the Advancement of Science, Washington, DC, 1990); P. A. Shelton, S. Afr. J. Mar. Sci. 12, 723 (1992); K. Sherman, Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 112, 277 (1994).
68. K. Sherman, L. M. Alexander, B. D. Gold, Large Marine Ecosystems (American Association for the Advancement of Science, Washington, DC, 1990); P. A. Shelton, S. Afr. J. Mar. Sci. 12, 723 (1992); K. Sherman, Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 112, 277 (1994).
69. K. J. Sainsbury, in Fish Population Dynamics, J. A. Gulland, Ed. (Wiley, New York, 1988), pp. 349-382.
70. R. Hilborn, C. J. Walters, D. Ludwig, Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 26, 45 (1995).
71. P. A. Larkin, Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 106, 1 (1977).
72. R. Hilborn and C. J. Walters, Quantitative Fisheries Stock Assessment: Choice, Dynamics and Uncertainty (Chapman & Hall, New York, 1992); R. Hilborn, S. Afr. J. Mar. Sci. 12, 975 (1992).
73. R. Hilborn and C. J. Walters, Quantitative Fisheries Stock Assessment: Choice, Dynamics and Uncertainty (Chapman & Hall, New York, 1992); R. Hilborn, S. Afr. J. Mar. Sci. 12, 975 (1992).
74. J. F. Caddy and R. Mahon, FAO Fish. Tech. Pap. 347 (1995).
75. Saetersdal, Rapp. P. V. Reun. Cons. Int. Explor. Mer. 177, 505 (1980); J. Caddy and J. Gulland, Mar. Policy 7, 267 (1983); V. S. Kennedy and L. L. Breisch, J. Environ. Manage. 16, 153 (1983); A. A. Rosenberg , M. J. Fogarty, M. P. Sissenwine, J. R. Beddington, J. G. Shepherd, Science 262, 828 (1993); B. Holmes, ibid. 264, 1252 (1994); M. J. Fogarty and S. A. Murawski, Ecol. Appl., in press.
76. Saetersdal, Rapp. P. V. Reun. Cons. Int. Explor. Mer. 177, 505 (1980); J. Caddy and J. Gulland, Mar. Policy 7, 267 (1983); V. S. Kennedy and L. L. Breisch, J. Environ. Manage. 16, 153 (1983); A. A. Rosenberg , M. J. Fogarty, M. P. Sissenwine, J. R. Beddington, J. G. Shepherd, Science 262, 828 (1993); B. Holmes, ibid. 264, 1252 (1994); M. J. Fogarty and S. A. Murawski, Ecol. Appl., in press.
77. Saetersdal, Rapp. P. V. Reun. Cons. Int. Explor. Mer. 177, 505 (1980); J. Caddy and J. Gulland, Mar. Policy 7, 267 (1983); V. S. Kennedy and L. L. Breisch, J. Environ. Manage. 16, 153 (1983); A. A. Rosenberg , M. J. Fogarty, M. P. Sissenwine, J. R. Beddington, J. G. Shepherd, Science 262, 828 (1993); B. Holmes, ibid. 264, 1252 (1994); M. J. Fogarty and S. A. Murawski, Ecol. Appl., in press.
78. Saetersdal, Rapp. P. V. Reun. Cons. Int. Explor. Mer. 177, 505 (1980); J. Caddy and J. Gulland, Mar. Policy 7, 267 (1983); V. S. Kennedy and L. L. Breisch, J. Environ. Manage. 16, 153 (1983); A. A. Rosenberg , M. J. Fogarty, M. P. Sissenwine, J. R. Beddington, J. G. Shepherd, Science 262, 828 (1993); B. Holmes, ibid. 264, 1252 (1994); M. J. Fogarty and S. A. Murawski, Ecol. Appl., in press.
79. Saetersdal, Rapp. P. V. Reun. Cons. Int. Explor. Mer. 177, 505 (1980); J. Caddy and J. Gulland, Mar. Policy 7, 267 (1983); V. S. Kennedy and L. L. Breisch, J. Environ. Manage. 16, 153 (1983); A. A. Rosenberg , M. J. Fogarty, M. P. Sissenwine, J. R. Beddington, J. G. Shepherd, Science 262, 828 (1993); B. Holmes, ibid. 264, 1252 (1994); M. J. Fogarty and S. A. Murawski, Ecol. Appl., in press.
80. Saetersdal, Rapp. P. V. Reun. Cons. Int. Explor. Mer. 177, 505 (1980); J. Caddy and J. Gulland, Mar. Policy 7, 267 (1983); V. S. Kennedy and L. L. Breisch, J. Environ. Manage. 16, 153 (1983); A. A. Rosenberg , M. J. Fogarty, M. P. Sissenwine, J. R. Beddington, J. G. Shepherd, Science 262, 828 (1993); B. Holmes, ibid. 264, 1252 (1994); M. J. Fogarty and S. A. Murawski, Ecol. Appl., in press.
81. C. J. Walters and P. H. Pearse, Rev. Fish Biol. Fish. 6, 21 (1996).
82. M. P. Sissenwine and J. G. Shepherd, Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 44, 913 (1987); P. Mace, ibid. 51, 110 (1993); R. A. Meyers et al., ICES J. Mar. Sci. 51, 191 (1994).
83. M. P. Sissenwine and J. G. Shepherd, Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 44, 913 (1987); P. Mace, ibid. 51, 110 (1993); R. A. Meyers et al., ICES J. Mar. Sci. 51, 191 (1994).
84. M. P. Sissenwine and J. G. Shepherd, Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 44, 913 (1987); P. Mace, ibid. 51, 110 (1993); R. A. Meyers et al., ICES J. Mar. Sci. 51, 191 (1994).
85. A. P. Dobson, A. D. Bradshaw, A. J. M. Baker, Science 277, 515 (1997).
86. B. A. Menge, Ecol. Monogr. 65, 21 (1995).
87. D. Tilman and J. A. Downing, Nature 367, 363 (1994).
88. R. M. Peterman and M. J. Bradford, Science 235, 354 (1987); R. M. Peterman, M. J. Bradford, N. C. H. Lo, R. D. Methot, Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 45, 8 (1988).
89. R. M. Peterman and M. J. Bradford, Science 235, 354 (1987); R. M. Peterman, M. J. Bradford, N. C. H. Lo, R. D. Methot, Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 45, 8 (1988).
90. E. Ostrom, Governing the Commons: The Evolution of Institutions for Collective Action (Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, 1990).
91. B. J. McCay, Ocean Coast: Manag. 28, 3 (1995); Special Issue: Individual Transferable Quotas, B. J. McCay, Ed., Rev. Fish Biol. Fish. 6 (1996).
92. B. J. McCay, Ocean Coast: Manag. 28, 3 (1995); Special Issue: Individual Transferable Quotas, B. J. McCay, Ed., Rev. Fish Biol. Fish. 6 (1996).
93. E. Pinkerton, Ed., Co-operative Management of Local Fisheries: New Directions for Improved Management and Community Development (Univ. of British Columbia Press, Vancouver, Canada, 1989).
94. J. C. Castilla, Ecol. Int. 21, 47 (1994); J. C. Castilla et al., Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci., in press.
95. J. C. Castilla, Ecol. Int. 21, 47 (1994); J. C. Castilla et al., Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci., in press.
96. B. J. McCay, in Limiting Access to Marine Fisheries: Keeping the Focus on Conservation, K. L. Gimbel, Ed. (Center for Marine Conservation and World Wildlife Foundation, Washington, DC, 1994), pp. 380-390; S. Hanna, ibid., pp. 391-400.
97. B. J. McCay, in Limiting Access to Marine Fisheries: Keeping the Focus on Conservation, K. L. Gimbel, Ed. (Center for Marine Conservation and World Wildlife Foundation, Washington, DC, 1994), pp. 380-390; S. Hanna, ibid., pp. 391-400.
98. S. M. Garcia, Ocean Coast. Manag. 22, 99 (1994).
99. R. M. Peterman, Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 47, 2 (1990).
100. C. Clark, Ecol Appl. 6, 369 (1996).
101. A. D. MacCall, Dynamic Geography of Marine Fish Populations (Univ. of Washington Press, Seattle, WA, 1990).
102. C. H. Peterson, Aust. J. Ecol. 18, 21 (1993).
103. M. E. Power et al., Bioscience 46, 609 (1996).
104. We thank C. M. Dewees, M. E. Power, W. G. Pearcy, S. R. Carpenter, D. R. Strong, G. Rose, F. Micheli, P. Mundy, M. Orbach, and M. Fogarty for helpful comments. J.C.C. and C.H.P. acknowledge support by the Pew Charitable Trust. J.C.C. also thanks the Center for Marine Conservation, USA. L.W.B. acknowledges support by U.S. GLOBEC and Sea Grant.