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-1, which is the minimum dosage necessary to achieve full sterility. Egg-laying and sterile females were placed in cages at 300 to 400 females per cage and two replicate cages per selection line, under conditions that were the same as those used during selection. Deaths were counted daily. Early fecundity was measured by two 3-hour egg collections on days 6 to 7, and late fecundity was measured by two 6-hour egg collections on days 24 to 25 of adult life. There were no significant differences in fecundity (Student's t test, P > 0.05, for early and late fecundity) between replicate cages, and they were combined for further analysis. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), with replicate line nested within selection regime, showed that early fecundity was significantly higher in the young selection lines (P < 0.001), whereas old-and young-line females did not differ in late fecundity (P > 0.05). We compared the total mortality rates of the lines after day 28, when fecundity was no longer greater in the young-line females. Young and old lines were assigned to matched pairs with the line numbers (1 through 5) arbitrarily allocated to them when artificial selection was initiated and which corresponded to experimental blocks. The Gompertz and the Weibull distributions showed a significant lack of fit to the data. We therefore analyzed mortality rates, avoiding assumptions about the exact form of the increase in mortality rate with age. Mortality rates for the five matched pairs of young and old lines were compared after day 28 until the young line of each pair went extinct; comparisons were made with the distribution-free log tank test (10). For the egg-laying females, the mortality rates were significantly greater in the young lines in all five paired comparisons (P < 0.0001 for four comparisons; P = 0.0031 for the fifth). In the irradiated females, in four out of five pairs the young-line females had significantly (for three, P < 0.0001; for one, P < 0.01) lower mortality rates than did the old-line females; in the fifth, the difference was in the same direction but was nonsignificant (combined P < 0.0001). The selection regimes did not differ in age-specific mortality rates. However, the total mortality rate after day 28 was significantly lower in the young lines, suggesting that they may have been more resistant to the damaging effects of x-rays (10, 11), or may have had higher levels of repair or response to stress.
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In every quartet, the post-day 28 mortality rate of the old replicate line was increased by irradiation (P < 0.0001 for all five log rank comparisons). For the young lines, mortality was increased by irradiation in two pairs (P < 0.0001), irradiation did not significantly increase mortality in two (P > 0.05), and irradiation significantly lowered mortality in one (P < 0.0001)
-
In every quartet, the post-day 28 mortality rate of the old replicate line was increased by irradiation (P < 0.0001 for all five log rank comparisons). For the young lines, mortality was increased by irradiation in two pairs (P < 0.0001), irradiation did not significantly increase mortality in two (P > 0.05), and irradiation significantly lowered mortality in one (P < 0.0001).
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27
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0343725518
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D1 derived from two different stock origins and twice backcrossed into the Dahomey genetic background. Hybrid pupae were x-irradiated as in (12), and the subsequent survival of the irradiated females in single-sex groups of 400 in population cages was compared with that of unirradiated controls from the same cultures, using the log rank test. For females carrying the mutant from either stock of origin, irradiated females had significantly (P < 0.0001) higher mortality rates throughout life and after day 28 than did the unirradiated controls.
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D in the Dahomey genetic background, to provide sterile hybrid females. Hybrid females were reared at low larval density and were set up in population cages in single-sex groups of 300 to a cage per selection line hybrid. None of these females were ever mated
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D in the Dahomey genetic background, to provide sterile hybrid females. Hybrid females were reared at low larval density and were set up in population cages in single-sex groups of 300 to a cage per selection line hybrid. None of these females were ever mated.
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31
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0343290073
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D1, log rank tests revealed that two pairs had nonsignificantly different mortality rates, in two pairs the young-line females had significantly (P < 0.01) lower mortality rates, and in one pair the old-line females had significantly (P < 0.05) lower mortality rates
-
D1, log rank tests revealed that two pairs had nonsignificantly different mortality rates, in two pairs the young-line females had significantly (P < 0.01) lower mortality rates, and in one pair the old-line females had significantly (P < 0.05) lower mortality rates.
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0343725515
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D1 was significantly (P < 0.01) greater than that of the old-line females
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D1 was significantly (P < 0.01) greater than that of the old-line females.
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We thank T. Chapman for assistance with irradiation; T. Chapman, K. Fowler, and D. Gems for helpful discussion; and J. Carey, L. Harshman, P. Harvey, S. Pletcher, and J. Vaupel for comments on the manuscript. Supported by the Natural Environment Research Council (UK)
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We thank T. Chapman for assistance with irradiation; T. Chapman, K. Fowler, and D. Gems for helpful discussion; and J. Carey, L. Harshman, P. Harvey, S. Pletcher, and J. Vaupel for comments on the manuscript. Supported by the Natural Environment Research Council (UK).
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