Linkage disequilibrium and recombination in hominid mitochondrial DNA

Science

Volumn 286, Issue 5449, 1999, Pages 2524-2525

  Awadalla, Philip ^a   Eyre Walker, Adam ^b   Smith, John Maynard ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF EDINBURGH   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY OF SUSSEX   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

MITOCHONDRIAL DNA;

ARTICLE; DNA RECOMBINATION; GENE FREQUENCY; GENE LINKAGE DISEQUILIBRIUM; GENE SEQUENCE; HUMAN; INHERITANCE; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RESTRICTION FRAGMENT LENGTH POLYMORPHISM; SEQUENCE ANALYSIS;

ANIMALS; DNA, MITOCHONDRIAL; EVOLUTION, MOLECULAR; FATHERS; FEMALE; HOMINIDAE; HUMANS; LINKAGE DISEQUILIBRIUM; MALE; NADH DEHYDROGENASE; PAN TROGLODYTES; POLYMORPHISM, RESTRICTION FRAGMENT LENGTH; RECOMBINATION, GENETIC;

HOMINIDAE; MAMMALIA; PAN TROGLODYTES;

EID: 0033601201     PISSN: 00368075     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1126/science.286.5449.2524     Document Type: Article

References (44)

1. L. B. Jorde, M. Bamshad, A. R. Rogers, Bioessays 20, 126 (1998).
2. B. Thygaran, R. A. Padua, C. Campbell, J. Biol. Chem. 271, 27536 (1996).
3. F. Ankel-Simons and J. M. Cummins, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 93, 13859 (1996).
4. H. Shitara et al., Genetics 148, 851 (1998).
5. D. C. Wallace, C. Stugard, D. Murdock, T. Schurr, M. D. Brown, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 94, 14900 (1997).
6. E. Hagelberg et al., Proc. R. Soc. London Ser. B Biol. Sci. 266, 485 (1999).
7. A. Eyre-Walker, N. H. Smith, J. Maynard Smith, Proc. R. Soc. London Ser. B. Biol. Sci. 266, 477 (1999).
8. V. Macaulay, M. Richards, B. Sykes, Proc. R. Soc. London Ser. B Biol. Sci. 266, 2037 (1999).
9. A. Eyre-Walker, N. H. Smith, J. Maynard Smith, Proc. R. Soc. London Ser. B Biol. Sci. 266, 2041 (1999).
10. N. M. Miyashita and C. H. Langley, Genetics 120, 199 (1988).
11. B. W. Schaeffer and E. L. Miller, Genetics 135, 541 (1993).
12. D. J. Conway et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 96, 4506 (1999).
13. P. Awadalla and D. Charlesworth, Genetics 152, 413 (1999).
14. W. G. Hill and A. Robertson, Theor. Appl. Genet. 31, 881 (1968).
15. B. Weir and W. G. Hill, Am. J. Hum. Genet. 38, 776 (1986).
16. 2). and so forth].
17. Forty-five complete, or nearly complete, human mtDNA sequences were taken from Genbank (accession numbers X93334 and D38112) or the literature [D. C. Wallace et al., Science 242, 1427 (1988); M. Yoneda et al., Biochem. Int. 21, 789 (1990); Y. Kobayashi et al., J. Hum. Genet. 49, 590 (1991); T. Ozawa et al., Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 177, 518 (1991); M. D. Brown, A. S. Voljavec, M. L. Lott, I. MacDonald, D. C. Wallace, FASEB J. 6, 2791 (1992); M. D. Brown et al., Genetics 130, 163 (1992); F. M. Reid, G. A. Vernham, H. T. Jacobs, Hum. Mol. Genet. 3, 1435 (1994); T. Ozawa et al., Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 207, 613 (1995); I. Nishino et al., Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 225, 180 (1996); M. J. Rieder, S. L. Taylor, V. O. Tobe, D. A. Nickerson, Nucleic Acids Res. 26, 967 (1998); K. Polyak et al., Nature Genet. 20, 291 (1998); R. M. Andrews et al., Nature Genet., in press]. The data set is different than the one we used previously (7); the data given by S. Marzuki et al. [Hum. Genet. 88, 139 (1991)] were removed because they are thought to be incorrect [N. Howell et al., Am. J. Hum. Genet. 50, 1333 (1992)].
18. Forty-five complete, or nearly complete, human mtDNA sequences were taken from Genbank (accession numbers X93334 and D38112) or the literature [D. C. Wallace et al., Science 242, 1427 (1988); M. Yoneda et al., Biochem. Int. 21, 789 (1990); Y. Kobayashi et al., J. Hum. Genet. 49, 590 (1991); T. Ozawa et al., Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 177, 518 (1991); M. D. Brown, A. S. Voljavec, M. L. Lott, I. MacDonald, D. C. Wallace, FASEB J. 6, 2791 (1992); M. D. Brown et al., Genetics 130, 163 (1992); F. M. Reid, G. A. Vernham, H. T. Jacobs, Hum. Mol. Genet. 3, 1435 (1994); T. Ozawa et al., Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 207, 613 (1995); I. Nishino et al., Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 225, 180 (1996); M. J. Rieder, S. L. Taylor, V. O. Tobe, D. A. Nickerson, Nucleic Acids Res. 26, 967 (1998); K. Polyak et al., Nature Genet. 20, 291 (1998); R. M. Andrews et al., Nature Genet., in press]. The data set is different than the one we used previously (7); the data given by S. Marzuki et al. [Hum. Genet. 88, 139 (1991)] were removed because they are thought to be incorrect [N. Howell et al., Am. J. Hum. Genet. 50, 1333 (1992)].
19. Forty-five complete, or nearly complete, human mtDNA sequences were taken from Genbank (accession numbers X93334 and D38112) or the literature [D. C. Wallace et al., Science 242, 1427 (1988); M. Yoneda et al., Biochem. Int. 21, 789 (1990); Y. Kobayashi et al., J. Hum. Genet. 49, 590 (1991); T. Ozawa et al., Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 177, 518 (1991); M. D. Brown, A. S. Voljavec, M. L. Lott, I. MacDonald, D. C. Wallace, FASEB J. 6, 2791 (1992); M. D. Brown et al., Genetics 130, 163 (1992); F. M. Reid, G. A. Vernham, H. T. Jacobs, Hum. Mol. Genet. 3, 1435 (1994); T. Ozawa et al., Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 207, 613 (1995); I. Nishino et al., Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 225, 180 (1996); M. J. Rieder, S. L. Taylor, V. O. Tobe, D. A. Nickerson, Nucleic Acids Res. 26, 967 (1998); K. Polyak et al., Nature Genet. 20, 291 (1998); R. M. Andrews et al., Nature Genet., in press]. The data set is different than the one we used previously (7); the data given by S. Marzuki et al. [Hum. Genet. 88, 139 (1991)] were removed because they are thought to be incorrect [N. Howell et al., Am. J. Hum. Genet. 50, 1333 (1992)].
20. Forty-five complete, or nearly complete, human mtDNA sequences were taken from Genbank (accession numbers X93334 and D38112) or the literature [D. C. Wallace et al., Science 242, 1427 (1988); M. Yoneda et al., Biochem. Int. 21, 789 (1990); Y. Kobayashi et al., J. Hum. Genet. 49, 590 (1991); T. Ozawa et al., Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 177, 518 (1991); M. D. Brown, A. S. Voljavec, M. L. Lott, I. MacDonald, D. C. Wallace, FASEB J. 6, 2791 (1992); M. D. Brown et al., Genetics 130, 163 (1992); F. M. Reid, G. A. Vernham, H. T. Jacobs, Hum. Mol. Genet. 3, 1435 (1994); T. Ozawa et al., Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 207, 613 (1995); I. Nishino et al., Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 225, 180 (1996); M. J. Rieder, S. L. Taylor, V. O. Tobe, D. A. Nickerson, Nucleic Acids Res. 26, 967 (1998); K. Polyak et al., Nature Genet. 20, 291 (1998); R. M. Andrews et al., Nature Genet., in press]. The data set is different than the one we used previously (7); the data given by S. Marzuki et al. [Hum. Genet. 88, 139 (1991)] were removed because they are thought to be incorrect [N. Howell et al., Am. J. Hum. Genet. 50, 1333 (1992)].
21. Forty-five complete, or nearly complete, human mtDNA sequences were taken from Genbank (accession numbers X93334 and D38112) or the literature [D. C. Wallace et al., Science 242, 1427 (1988); M. Yoneda et al., Biochem. Int. 21, 789 (1990); Y. Kobayashi et al., J. Hum. Genet. 49, 590 (1991); T. Ozawa et al., Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 177, 518 (1991); M. D. Brown, A. S. Voljavec, M. L. Lott, I. MacDonald, D. C. Wallace, FASEB J. 6, 2791 (1992); M. D. Brown et al., Genetics 130, 163 (1992); F. M. Reid, G. A. Vernham, H. T. Jacobs, Hum. Mol. Genet. 3, 1435 (1994); T. Ozawa et al., Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 207, 613 (1995); I. Nishino et al., Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 225, 180 (1996); M. J. Rieder, S. L. Taylor, V. O. Tobe, D. A. Nickerson, Nucleic Acids Res. 26, 967 (1998); K. Polyak et al., Nature Genet. 20, 291 (1998); R. M. Andrews et al., Nature Genet., in press]. The data set is different than the one we used previously (7); the data given by S. Marzuki et al. [Hum. Genet. 88, 139 (1991)] were removed because they are thought to be incorrect [N. Howell et al., Am. J. Hum. Genet. 50, 1333 (1992)].
22. Forty-five complete, or nearly complete, human mtDNA sequences were taken from Genbank (accession numbers X93334 and D38112) or the literature [D. C. Wallace et al., Science 242, 1427 (1988); M. Yoneda et al., Biochem. Int. 21, 789 (1990); Y. Kobayashi et al., J. Hum. Genet. 49, 590 (1991); T. Ozawa et al., Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 177, 518 (1991); M. D. Brown, A. S. Voljavec, M. L. Lott, I. MacDonald, D. C. Wallace, FASEB J. 6, 2791 (1992); M. D. Brown et al., Genetics 130, 163 (1992); F. M. Reid, G. A. Vernham, H. T. Jacobs, Hum. Mol. Genet. 3, 1435 (1994); T. Ozawa et al., Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 207, 613 (1995); I. Nishino et al., Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 225, 180 (1996); M. J. Rieder, S. L. Taylor, V. O. Tobe, D. A. Nickerson, Nucleic Acids Res. 26, 967 (1998); K. Polyak et al., Nature Genet. 20, 291 (1998); R. M. Andrews et al., Nature Genet., in press]. The data set is different than the one we used previously (7); the data given by S. Marzuki et al. [Hum. Genet. 88, 139 (1991)] were removed because they are thought to be incorrect [N. Howell et al., Am. J. Hum. Genet. 50, 1333 (1992)].
23. Forty-five complete, or nearly complete, human mtDNA sequences were taken from Genbank (accession numbers X93334 and D38112) or the literature [D. C. Wallace et al., Science 242, 1427 (1988); M. Yoneda et al., Biochem. Int. 21, 789 (1990); Y. Kobayashi et al., J. Hum. Genet. 49, 590 (1991); T. Ozawa et al., Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 177, 518 (1991); M. D. Brown, A. S. Voljavec, M. L. Lott, I. MacDonald, D. C. Wallace, FASEB J. 6, 2791 (1992); M. D. Brown et al., Genetics 130, 163 (1992); F. M. Reid, G. A. Vernham, H. T. Jacobs, Hum. Mol. Genet. 3, 1435 (1994); T. Ozawa et al., Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 207, 613 (1995); I. Nishino et al., Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 225, 180 (1996); M. J. Rieder, S. L. Taylor, V. O. Tobe, D. A. Nickerson, Nucleic Acids Res. 26, 967 (1998); K. Polyak et al., Nature Genet. 20, 291 (1998); R. M. Andrews et al., Nature Genet., in press]. The data set is different than the one we used previously (7); the data given by S. Marzuki et al. [Hum. Genet. 88, 139 (1991)] were removed because they are thought to be incorrect [N. Howell et al., Am. J. Hum. Genet. 50, 1333 (1992)].
24. Forty-five complete, or nearly complete, human mtDNA sequences were taken from Genbank (accession numbers X93334 and D38112) or the literature [D. C. Wallace et al., Science 242, 1427 (1988); M. Yoneda et al., Biochem. Int. 21, 789 (1990); Y. Kobayashi et al., J. Hum. Genet. 49, 590 (1991); T. Ozawa et al., Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 177, 518 (1991); M. D. Brown, A. S. Voljavec, M. L. Lott, I. MacDonald, D. C. Wallace, FASEB J. 6, 2791 (1992); M. D. Brown et al., Genetics 130, 163 (1992); F. M. Reid, G. A. Vernham, H. T. Jacobs, Hum. Mol. Genet. 3, 1435 (1994); T. Ozawa et al., Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 207, 613 (1995); I. Nishino et al., Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 225, 180 (1996); M. J. Rieder, S. L. Taylor, V. O. Tobe, D. A. Nickerson, Nucleic Acids Res. 26, 967 (1998); K. Polyak et al., Nature Genet. 20, 291 (1998); R. M. Andrews et al., Nature Genet., in press]. The data set is different than the one we used previously (7); the data given by S. Marzuki et al. [Hum. Genet. 88, 139 (1991)] were removed because they are thought to be incorrect [N. Howell et al., Am. J. Hum. Genet. 50, 1333 (1992)].
25. Forty-five complete, or nearly complete, human mtDNA sequences were taken from Genbank (accession numbers X93334 and D38112) or the literature [D. C. Wallace et al., Science 242, 1427 (1988); M. Yoneda et al., Biochem. Int. 21, 789 (1990); Y. Kobayashi et al., J. Hum. Genet. 49, 590 (1991); T. Ozawa et al., Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 177, 518 (1991); M. D. Brown, A. S. Voljavec, M. L. Lott, I. MacDonald, D. C. Wallace, FASEB J. 6, 2791 (1992); M. D. Brown et al., Genetics 130, 163 (1992); F. M. Reid, G. A. Vernham, H. T. Jacobs, Hum. Mol. Genet. 3, 1435 (1994); T. Ozawa et al., Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 207, 613 (1995); I. Nishino et al., Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 225, 180 (1996); M. J. Rieder, S. L. Taylor, V. O. Tobe, D. A. Nickerson, Nucleic Acids Res. 26, 967 (1998); K. Polyak et al., Nature Genet. 20, 291 (1998); R. M. Andrews et al., Nature Genet., in press]. The data set is different than the one we used previously (7); the data given by S. Marzuki et al. [Hum. Genet. 88, 139 (1991)] were removed because they are thought to be incorrect [N. Howell et al., Am. J. Hum. Genet. 50, 1333 (1992)].
26. Forty-five complete, or nearly complete, human mtDNA sequences were taken from Genbank (accession numbers X93334 and D38112) or the literature [D. C. Wallace et al., Science 242, 1427 (1988); M. Yoneda et al., Biochem. Int. 21, 789 (1990); Y. Kobayashi et al., J. Hum. Genet. 49, 590 (1991); T. Ozawa et al., Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 177, 518 (1991); M. D. Brown, A. S. Voljavec, M. L. Lott, I. MacDonald, D. C. Wallace, FASEB J. 6, 2791 (1992); M. D. Brown et al., Genetics 130, 163 (1992); F. M. Reid, G. A. Vernham, H. T. Jacobs, Hum. Mol. Genet. 3, 1435 (1994); T. Ozawa et al., Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 207, 613 (1995); I. Nishino et al., Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 225, 180 (1996); M. J. Rieder, S. L. Taylor, V. O. Tobe, D. A. Nickerson, Nucleic Acids Res. 26, 967 (1998); K. Polyak et al., Nature Genet. 20, 291 (1998); R. M. Andrews et al., Nature Genet., in press]. The data set is different than the one we used previously (7); the data given by S. Marzuki et al. [Hum. Genet. 88, 139 (1991)] were removed because they are thought to be incorrect [N. Howell et al., Am. J. Hum. Genet. 50, 1333 (1992)].
27. Forty-five complete, or nearly complete, human mtDNA sequences were taken from Genbank (accession numbers X93334 and D38112) or the literature [D. C. Wallace et al., Science 242, 1427 (1988); M. Yoneda et al., Biochem. Int. 21, 789 (1990); Y. Kobayashi et al., J. Hum. Genet. 49, 590 (1991); T. Ozawa et al., Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 177, 518 (1991); M. D. Brown, A. S. Voljavec, M. L. Lott, I. MacDonald, D. C. Wallace, FASEB J. 6, 2791 (1992); M. D. Brown et al., Genetics 130, 163 (1992); F. M. Reid, G. A. Vernham, H. T. Jacobs, Hum. Mol. Genet. 3, 1435 (1994); T. Ozawa et al., Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 207, 613 (1995); I. Nishino et al., Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 225, 180 (1996); M. J. Rieder, S. L. Taylor, V. O. Tobe, D. A. Nickerson, Nucleic Acids Res. 26, 967 (1998); K. Polyak et al., Nature Genet. 20, 291 (1998); R. M. Andrews et al., Nature Genet., in press]. The data set is different than the one we used previously (7); the data given by S. Marzuki et al. [Hum. Genet. 88, 139 (1991)] were removed because they are thought to be incorrect [N. Howell et al., Am. J. Hum. Genet. 50, 1333 (1992)].
28. Forty-five complete, or nearly complete, human mtDNA sequences were taken from Genbank (accession numbers X93334 and D38112) or the literature [D. C. Wallace et al., Science 242, 1427 (1988); M. Yoneda et al., Biochem. Int. 21, 789 (1990); Y. Kobayashi et al., J. Hum. Genet. 49, 590 (1991); T. Ozawa et al., Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 177, 518 (1991); M. D. Brown, A. S. Voljavec, M. L. Lott, I. MacDonald, D. C. Wallace, FASEB J. 6, 2791 (1992); M. D. Brown et al., Genetics 130, 163 (1992); F. M. Reid, G. A. Vernham, H. T. Jacobs, Hum. Mol. Genet. 3, 1435 (1994); T. Ozawa et al., Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 207, 613 (1995); I. Nishino et al., Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 225, 180 (1996); M. J. Rieder, S. L. Taylor, V. O. Tobe, D. A. Nickerson, Nucleic Acids Res. 26, 967 (1998); K. Polyak et al., Nature Genet. 20, 291 (1998); R. M. Andrews et al., Nature Genet., in press]. The data set is different than the one we used previously (7); the data given by S. Marzuki et al. [Hum. Genet. 88, 139 (1991)] were removed because they are thought to be incorrect [N. Howell et al., Am. J. Hum. Genet. 50, 1333 (1992)].
29. Forty-five complete, or nearly complete, human mtDNA sequences were taken from Genbank (accession numbers X93334 and D38112) or the literature [D. C. Wallace et al., Science 242, 1427 (1988); M. Yoneda et al., Biochem. Int. 21, 789 (1990); Y. Kobayashi et al., J. Hum. Genet. 49, 590 (1991); T. Ozawa et al., Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 177, 518 (1991); M. D. Brown, A. S. Voljavec, M. L. Lott, I. MacDonald, D. C. Wallace, FASEB J. 6, 2791 (1992); M. D. Brown et al., Genetics 130, 163 (1992); F. M. Reid, G. A. Vernham, H. T. Jacobs, Hum. Mol. Genet. 3, 1435 (1994); T. Ozawa et al., Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 207, 613 (1995); I. Nishino et al., Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 225, 180 (1996); M. J. Rieder, S. L. Taylor, V. O. Tobe, D. A. Nickerson, Nucleic Acids Res. 26, 967 (1998); K. Polyak et al., Nature Genet. 20, 291 (1998); R. M. Andrews et al., Nature Genet., in press]. The data set is different than the one we used previously (7); the data given by S. Marzuki et al. [Hum. Genet. 88, 139 (1991)] were removed because they are thought to be incorrect [N. Howell et al., Am. J. Hum. Genet. 50, 1333 (1992)].
30. Forty-five complete, or nearly complete, human mtDNA sequences were taken from Genbank (accession numbers X93334 and D38112) or the literature [D. C. Wallace et al., Science 242, 1427 (1988); M. Yoneda et al., Biochem. Int. 21, 789 (1990); Y. Kobayashi et al., J. Hum. Genet. 49, 590 (1991); T. Ozawa et al., Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 177, 518 (1991); M. D. Brown, A. S. Voljavec, M. L. Lott, I. MacDonald, D. C. Wallace, FASEB J. 6, 2791 (1992); M. D. Brown et al., Genetics 130, 163 (1992); F. M. Reid, G. A. Vernham, H. T. Jacobs, Hum. Mol. Genet. 3, 1435 (1994); T. Ozawa et al., Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 207, 613 (1995); I. Nishino et al., Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 225, 180 (1996); M. J. Rieder, S. L. Taylor, V. O. Tobe, D. A. Nickerson, Nucleic Acids Res. 26, 967 (1998); K. Polyak et al., Nature Genet. 20, 291 (1998); R. M. Andrews et al., Nature Genet., in press]. The data set is different than the one we used previously (7); the data given by S. Marzuki et al. [Hum. Genet. 88, 139 (1991)] were removed because they are thought to be incorrect [N. Howell et al., Am. J. Hum. Genet. 50, 1333 (1992)].
31. R. L. Cann, M. Stoneking, A. C. Wilson, Nature 325, 31 (1987). Sequence 110 was removed because this is the "Cambridge" sequence, which is chimeric. Sites whose positions were not firmly resolved were removed if the possible positions were more than 10 bp apart.
32. A. Torroni et al., Genetics 144, 1835 (1996).
33. A. Torroni et al., Am. J. Hum. Genet. 53, 591 (1993).
34. A. Torroni et al., Genetics 130, 153 (1992).
35. T. Ohta and M. Kimura, Genet. Res. 13, 47 (1969).
36. a is the sample size.
37. C. A. Wise, M. Sraml, S. Easteal, Genetics 148, 409 (1998).
38. J. Maynard Smith, Genetics 153, 1021 (1999).
39. T. Ohta, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 79, 1940 (1982).
40. J. Wakeley, J. Mol. Evol. 37, 613 (1993); M. Hasegawa, A. Di Rienzo, T. D. Kocher, A. C. Wilson, J. Mol. Evol. 37, 347 (1993); L. Excoffier and Z. Yang, Mol. Biol. Evol. 16, 1357 (1999); S. Meyer, G. Weiss, A. von Haeseler, Genetics 152, 1103 (1999).
41. J. Wakeley, J. Mol. Evol. 37, 613 (1993); M. Hasegawa, A. Di Rienzo, T. D. Kocher, A. C. Wilson, J. Mol. Evol. 37, 347 (1993); L. Excoffier and Z. Yang, Mol. Biol. Evol. 16, 1357 (1999); S. Meyer, G. Weiss, A. von Haeseler, Genetics 152, 1103 (1999).
42. J. Wakeley, J. Mol. Evol. 37, 613 (1993); M. Hasegawa, A. Di Rienzo, T. D. Kocher, A. C. Wilson, J. Mol. Evol. 37, 347 (1993); L. Excoffier and Z. Yang, Mol. Biol. Evol. 16, 1357 (1999); S. Meyer, G. Weiss, A. von Haeseler, Genetics 152, 1103 (1999).
43. J. Wakeley, J. Mol. Evol. 37, 613 (1993); M. Hasegawa, A. Di Rienzo, T. D. Kocher, A. C. Wilson, J. Mol. Evol. 37, 347 (1993); L. Excoffier and Z. Yang, Mol. Biol. Evol. 16, 1357 (1999); S. Meyer, G. Weiss, A. von Haeseler, Genetics 152, 1103 (1999).
44. We thank M. Rieder, K. Polyak, and N. Howell for providing their data; J. Hey, W. Hill, G. McVean, J. Slate, and T. Solomon for advice and encouragement; and P. Andolfatto, N. Barton, B. Charlesworth, D. Charlesworth, T. Johnson, P. Keightley, V. Macaulay, M. Turelli, M. Slatkin, N. Smith, and two anonymous referees for comments on the manuscript. P.A. is funded by a University of Edinburgh Faculty of Science and Engineering Research Scholarship. A.E.-W. is funded by the Royal Society.