The origin and evolution of Canadian Shield brines: Evaporation or freezing of seawater? New lithium isotope and geochemical evidence from the Slave craton

Chemical Geology

Volumn 155, Issue 3-4, 1999, Pages 295-320

  Bottomley, D J ^a   Katz, A ^b   Chan, L H ^c   Starinsky, A ^b   Douglas, M ^d   Clark, I D ^d   Raven, K G ^e  

^a CANADIAN NUCLEAR SAFETY COMMISSION   (Canada)

^b HEBREW UNIVERSITY OF JERUSALEM   (Israel)

^c LOUISIANA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^d UNIVERSITY OF OTTAWA   (Canada)

^e Duke Engineering and Services   (Canada)

Author keywords

Brines; Isotopes; Lithium; Seawater; Shield

Indexed keywords

BRINE; HYDROCHEMISTRY; ISOTOPIC ANALYSIS; LITHIUM; MARINE SEDIMENT;

CANADA;

EID: 0033594228     PISSN: 00092541     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0009-2541(98)00166-1     Document Type: Article

References (76)

1. Aitken J.D. Two late Proterozoic glaciations Mackenzie Mountains, northwestern Canada. Geology. 19:1991;445-448.
2. Bachu, S., Underschultz, J.R., Hitchon, B., Cotterill, D., 1993. Regional-scale subsurface hydrogeology in northeast Alberta. Alberta Research Council Bull. 61, 44 pp.
3. Bein A., Arad A. Formation of saline groundwaters in the Baltic region through freezing of seawater during glacial periods. Journal of Hydrology. 140:1992;75-87.
4. Bottomley D., Gregoire D.C., Raven K.G. Saline groundwaters and brines in the Canadian Shield: geochemical and isotopic evidence for a residual evaporite brine component. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta. 58:1994;1483-1498.
5. Boyle, R.W., 1961. The geology, geochemistry, and origin of the gold deposits of the Yellowknife district. Geological Survey of Canada Memoir, 310, 193 pp.
6. Broecker, W.S., Peng, T.H., 1982. Tracers in the Sea. Eldigio Press, Pallisades, New York, 690 pp.
7. 86Sr through Phanerozoic time Geology. 10:1982;516-519.
8. Carpenter A.B. Origin and chemical evolution of brines in sedimentary basins. Oklahoma Geological Survey Circular. 79:1978;60-77.
9. Carpenter A.B., Trout M.L., Pickett E.E. Preliminary report on the origin and chemical evolution of lead and zinc rich oil field brines in central Mississippi. Economic Geology. 69:1974;1191-1206.
10. Chan L.H. Lithium isotope analysis by thermal ionization mass spectrometry of lithium tetraborate. Analytical Chemistry. 59:1987;2662-2665.
11. Chan L.H., Edmond J.M. Variation of lithium isotope composition in the marine environment: a preliminary report. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta. 52:1988;1711-1717.
12. Chan L.H., Edmond J.M., Thompson G., Gillis K. Lithium isotope composition of submarine basalts - implications for the lithium cycle in the oceans. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 108:1992;151-160.
13. Chan L.H., Edmond J.M., Thompson G. A lithium isotope study of hot springs and metabasalts from mid-ocean ridge hydrothermal systems. Journal of Geophysical Research. 98(B6):1993;9653-9659.
14. Chan L.H., Gieskes J.M., You C.F., Edmond J.M. Lithium isotope geochemistry of sediments and hydrothermal fluids of the Guaymas Basin, Gulf of California. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta. 58:1994;4443-4454.
15. Claypool G.E., Holser W.T., Kaplan I.R., Sakai H., Zak I. The age curves of sulfur and oxygen isotopes in marine sulfate and their mutual interpretation. Chemical Geology. 28:1980;199-260.
16. Connolly C.A., Walter L.M., Baadsgaard H., Longstaffe F.J. Origin and evolution of formation waters, Alberta Basin, Western Canada Sedimentary Basin: 1. Chemistry. Applied Geochemistry. 5:1990;375-395.
17. Connolly C.A., Walter L.M., Baadsgaard H., Longstaffe F.J. Origin and evolution of formation waters, Alberta Basin, Western Canada Sedimentary Basin: 2. Isotope systematics and water mixing. Applied Geochemistry. 5:1990;397-413.
18. Cookenboo H.O., Orchard M.J., Daoud D.K. Remnants of Paleozoic cover on the Archean Canadian Shield: limestone xenoliths from kimberlite in the central Slave craton. Geology. 26:1998;391-394.
19. Douglas, M., 1997. Mixing and temporal variations of groundwater inflow at the Con Mine, Yellowknife, Canada; An analogue for a radioactive waste repository. Unpublished MSc thesis, Dept. of Geology, University of Ottawa, 101 pp.
20. Dredge, L.A., Cowan, W.R., 1989. Quaternary geology of the Southwestern Canadian Shield. In: Fulton, R.J. (Ed.), Quaternary Geology of Canada and Greenland. Geological Survey of Canada Geology of Canada, No. 1, pp. 214-249.
21. Dyke, A.S., Dredge, L.A. 1989. Quaternary geology of the Northwestern Canadian Shield. In: Fulton, R.J. (Ed.), Quaternary Geology of Canada and Greenland. Geological Survey of Canada, Geology of Canada, No. 1, pp. 189-214.
22. Edmunds, W.M., Kay, R.L.F., Miles, D.L., Cook, J.M., 1987. The origin of saline groundwaters in the Carmenellis Granite, Cornwall (U.K.): further evidence from minor and trace elements. In: Fritz, P., Frape, S.K. (Eds.), Saline Water and Gases in Crystalline Rocks. Geological Association of Canada Special Paper, 33, pp. 211-223.
23. Falkner K., Church M., Measures C.I., LeBaron G., Thouron D., Jeandel C., Stordal M.C., Gill G.A., Mortlock R., Froelich P., Chan L.H. Minor and trace element chemistry of Lake Baikal, its tributaries and surrounding hot springs. Limnology and Oceanography. 42(2):1998;329-345.
24. 86Sr values in the Eye-Dashwa Lakes pluton Canada: Evidence for plagioclase-water reaction Chemical Geology. 86:1991;111-122.
25. Frape, S.K., Fritz, P. 1987. Geochemical trends for groundwaters from the Canadian Shield. In: Fritz, P., Frape, S.K. (Eds.), Saline Water and Gases in Crystalline Rocks. Geological Association of Canada Special Paper, 33, pp. 211-223.
26. Frape S.K., Fritz P., McNutt R.H. The role of water-rock interactions in the chemical evolution of groundwaters from the Canadian Shield. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta. 48:1984;1617-1627.
27. Frape, S.K., Blomqvist, R., McNutt, R.H., Kamineni, D.C., 1993. The use of inorganic chemistry in understanding the origin and evolution of hydrogeochemical flow systems. In: Paleohydrogeological Methods and their Application: Proceedings of a NEA Workshop, Paris, 9-10 Nov., 1992, pp. 85-101.
28. Fritz P., Frape S.K., Drimmie R.J., Appleyard E.C., Hattori K. Sulfate in brines in the crystalline rocks of the Canadian Shield. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta. 58:1994;57-65.
29. Garven G. The role of regional fluid flow in the genesis of the Pine Point deposits Western Canada Sedimentary Basin. Economic Geology. 80:1985;307-324.
30. Gascoyne, M., Davison, C.C., Ross, J.D., Pearson, R. 1987. Saline groundwaters and brines in plutons in the Canadian Shield. In: Fritz, P., Frape, S.K. (Eds.), Saline Water and Gases in Crystalline Rocks. Geological Association of Canada Special Paper, 33, pp. 53-68.
31. Gonfiantini, R., 1986. Environmental isotopes in lake studies. In: Fritz, P., Fontes, J.-Ch. (Eds.), Handbook of Environmental Isotope Geochemistry, Vol. 2, The Terrestrial Environment. Elsevier, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, pp. 113-168.
32. Green D.C., Baadsgaard H., Cumming G.L. Geochronology of the Yellowknife area, Northwest Territories Canada. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences. 5:1968;725-735.
33. Heckel P.H., Witzke B.J. Devonian world paleogeography determined from distribution of carbonates and related lithic paleoclimatic indicators. Special Papers in Paleontology. 23:1979;99-123.
34. Helmstaedt H., Padgham W.A. A new look at the stratigraphy of the Yellowknife Supergroup at Yellowknife, N.W.T. - implications for the age of gold-bearing shear zones and Archean basin evolution. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences. 23:1986;454-475.
35. Herut B., Starinsky A., Katz A., Bein A. The role of seawater freezing in the formation of subsurface brines. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta. 54:1990;13-21.
36. Hitchon B., Friedman I. Geochemistry and origin of formation waters in the western Canada sedimentary basin - 1. Stable isotopes of hydrogen and oxygen. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta. 33:1969;1321-1349.
37. Hitchon B., Billings G.K., Klovan J.E. Geochemistry and origin of formation waters in the western Canada sedimentary basin - 3. Factors controlling chemical composition. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta. 36:1971;567-598.
38. Hoefs J., Sywall M. Lithium isotopic composition of Quaternary and Tertiary biogene carbonates and a global lithium isotope balance. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta. 61:1997;2679-2690.
39. Hoffman P.F. Continental transform tectonics: Great Slave Lake shear zone (ca. 1.9 Ga), northwest Canada. Geology. 15:1987;785-788.
40. Holser W.T. Mineralogy of evaporites in marine minerals. Reviews in Mineralogy (Mineralogical Society of America). 6:1979;211-294.
41. Huh Y., Chan L.H., Zhang L., Edmond J.M. Lithium and its isotopes in major world rivers: implications for weathering and the oceanic budget. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta. 62:1998;2039-2051.
42. Isachsen C.E., Bowring S.A. Evolution of the Slave craton. Geology. 22:1994;917-920.
43. Jackson, S., 1971. Pine Point lead-zinc deposits, N.W.T., Canada. PhD thesis, University of Alberta.
44. Kamineni, D.C., 1987. Halogen-bearing minerals in plutonic rocks: a possible source of chlorine in saline groundwater in the Canadian Shield. In: Fritz, P., Frape, S.K. (Eds.), Saline Water and Gases in Crystalline Rocks. Geological Association of Canada Special Paper, 33, pp. 69-79.
45. Kamineni, D.C., Gascoyne, M., Melnyk, T.W., Frape, S.K., Blomqvist, R., 1992. Cl and Br in mafic and ultramafic rocks: significance for the origin of salinity in groundwater. In: Kharaka, Y.K., Maest, A.S. (Eds.), Water-Rock Interaction. Proceedings of the 7th International Symposium on Water-Rock Interaction, Park City, UT, July 13-18, 1992, Vol. 1, 801-804. Balkema.
46. Kelly W.C., Rye R.O., Livnat A. Saline minewaters of the Keweenaw Peninsula, Northern Michigan: their natural origin and relation to similar deep waters in the Precambrian crystalline rocks of the Canadian Shield. American Journal of Science. 286:1986;281-308.
47. 2+ with aragonite between 16°C and 96°C. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta. 33:1969;1-17.
48. Knauth L.P., Beeunas M.A. Isotope geochemistry of fluid inclusions in Permian halite with implications for the isotopic history of ocean water and the origin of saline formation waters. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta. 50:1986;419-433.
49. Knauth, L.P., Roberts, S.K., 1991. The hydrogen and oxygen isotope history of the Silurian-Permian hydrosphere as determined by direct measurement of fossil water. In: Taylor, H.P., O'Neil, J.R., Kaplan, I.R. (Eds.), Stable Isotope Geochemistry: A Tribute to Samuel Epstein. The Geochemical Society, Special Publication No. 3, pp. 91-104.
50. Lachat Instruments, 1990. QuikChem method No. 10-117-07-1-E for the determination of chloride in potable and surface waters. Lachat Instruments, Milwaukee, WI, U.S.A.
51. Lachat Instruments, 1993. QuikChem method No. 30-135-21-1-A for the determination of bromide in brackish waters. Lachat Instruments, Milwaukee WI, U.S.A.
52. 86Sr values of Canadian Shield brines and fracture minerals with applications to groundwater mixing, fracture history, and geochronology Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta. 54:1990;205-215.
53. Meijer Drees, N.C., 1986. Evaporitic deposits of Western Canada. Geological Survey of Canada Paper, 85-20, 118 pp.
54. Michel F.A. Hydrogeology of the central Mackenzie Valley. Journal of Hydrology. 85:1986;379-405.
55. Mountjoy E.W., Qing H., McNutt R.H. Strontium isotopic composition of Devonian dolomites, Western Canada Sedimentary Basin: significance of sources of dolomitizing fluids. Applied Geochemistry. 7:1992;59-75.
56. Nakai S., Halliday A.N., Kesler S.E., Jones H.D., Kyle J.R., Lane T.E. Rb-Sr dating of sphalerites from Mississippi Valley-type (MVT) ore deposits. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta. 57:1993;417-427.
57. Nelson K.H., Thompson T.G. Deposition of salts from sea water by frigid concentration. Journal of Marine Research. 13(2):1954;166-182.
58. Nesbitt B.E., Muehlenbachs K. Paleohydrogeology of the Canadian Rockies and origins of brines, Pb-Zn deposits and dolomitization in the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin. Geology. 22:1994;243-246.
59. Nordstrom D.K., Ball J.W., Donahoe R.J., Whitemore D. Groundwater chemistry and water-rock interactions at Stripa. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta. 53:1989;1727-1740.
60. Porter J.W., Price R.A., McCrossan R.G. The Western Canada Sedimentary Basin. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. (London). 305:1982;169-192.
61. Raab, M., 1997. The evolution of evaporites and brines along the Dead Sea Rift. PhD dissertation, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem in Hebrew, English abstract.
62. Roedder, E., 1984. Fluid inclusions. Reviews in Mineralogy (Mineralogical Society of America), 12: 644 pp.
63. Sass E., Starinsky A. Behaviour of strontium in subsurface calcium chloride brines: southern Israel and Dead Sea rift valley. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta. 43:1979;885-895.
64. Sofer Z., Gat J.R. Activities and concentrations of oxygen-18 in concentrated aqueous salt solutions: analytical and geophysical implications. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 15:1972;232-238.
65. Spencer R.J. Origin of Ca-Cl brines in Devonian formations, Western Canada Sedimentary Basin. Applied Geochemistry. 2:1987;373-384.
66. Starinsky, A., 1974. Relationship between Ca-chloride brines and sedimentary rocks in Israel. PhD Thesis, Hebrew University of Jerusalem (in Hebrew), English abstract, 176 pp.
67. Toth J. Gravity-induced cross-formational flow of formation fluids, Red Earth region, Alberta, Canada: analysis, patterns, and evolution. Water Resources Research. 14:1978;805-843.
68. 32S variations in trace sulphide and sulphate in carbonate rocks of a Devonian reef, Alberta, Canada, and the Precambrian Siyeh Formation, Montana, U.S.A. Chemical Geology (Isotope Geoscience Section). 65:1987;383-390.
69. Van Breemen O., Davis W.J., King J.E. Temporal distribution of granitoid plutonic rocks in the Archean Slave Province, northwest Canadian Shield. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences. 29:1992;2186-2199.
70. Wanless R.K., Boyle R.W., Lowdon J.A. Sulfur isotope investigation of the gold-quartz deposits of the Yellowknife district. Economic Geology. 55:1960;1591-1621.
71. Weyer, K.U., Krouse, H.R., Horwood, W.C., 1979. Investigation of regional geohydrology south of Great Slave Lake, Canada, utilizing natural sulphur and hydrogen isotope variations. In: Isotope Hydrology, 1978, Vol. 2, pp. 252-264. IAEA, Vienna.
72. Williams G.K. Some musings on the Devonian Elk Point Basin, western Canada. Bulletin of Canadian Petroleum Geology. 32:1984;216-232.
73. Wilson T.P., Long D.T. Geochemistry and isotope chemistry of Michigan Basin brines: Devonian formations. Applied Geochemistry. 8:1993;81-100.
74. Wilson T.P., Long D.T. Geochemistry and isotope chemistry of Ca-Na-Cl brines in Silurian strata, Michigan Basin, U.S.A. Applied Geochemistry. 8:1993;507-524.
75. Wittrup M.B., Kyser T.K. The petrogenesis of brines in Devonian potash deposits of western Canada. Chemical Geology. 82:1990;103-128.
76. You C.F., Chan J.M. Precise determination of lithium isotopic composition in low concentration natural samples. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta. 60:1996;909-915.