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Electroencephalographic oscillations during sleep and absence epilepsy result from synchronous activity in the cerebral cortex. They depend on synaptic interactions among neurons of RTN, thalamocortical relay nuclei, and cerebral cortex [reviewed in (2)].
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0345094742
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2, 10 mM EGTA, 10 mM Hepes (pH 7.3)] and had resistances of 2.0 to 3.3 megohms. IPSCs were filtered at 1 kHz and stored on VCR tape (Neuro-corder, Cygnus Technology, Delaware Water Gap, PA). Spontaneous events were digitized with Axotape, version 2 (Axon Instruments), then were sorted and analyzed using Detector (version 4.8, J. R. Huguenard), Scan (J. R. Dempster), and Metatape (version 14.0, J. R. Huguenard). Unless otherwise noted, all statistical values indicate results of Student's t test.
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D.W), derived from these fitted curves, provide a simple means to quantify IPSC duration [M. V. Jones and G. L. Westbrook, J. Neurosci. 17, 7626 (1997)].
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0344232528
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eIPSCs were obtained by stimulating RTN with a bipolar tungsten electrode. Stimuli were 1.5 times threshold (1.5 to 4 mA; 80 to 200 μs).
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Extracellular multiunit recordings were performed as previously described using tungsten electrodes placed in RTN and the VB complex [D. Ulrich and J. R. Huguenard, Neuron 15, 909 (1995)]. Extracellular stimulus (20 to 60 V, 30 μs, 0.05 Hz) to the internal capsule evoked oscillatory responses. Signals were band-pass filtered (30 Hz to 3 kHz) and recorded at 10 kHz, using Axotape, version 2.0 (Axon Instruments, Foster City, CA). Field responses were filtered between 3 and 100 Hz. Oscillations were blocked by 10 μM bicuculline methiodide (BMI) or 50 μM picrotoxin.
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P. König, J. Neurosci. Methods 54, 31 (1994). A modified Gabor function measured distinct autocorrelogram components: a central peak (CP), an exponentially decaying cosine function (Osc), and an offset (Off). Oscillatory index was then Osc/(CP + Osc + Off) × 100%.
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0344663780
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BMI (n = 18 slices) or picrotoxin (n = 4) enhanced oscillatory output when applied locally (500 μM via pressure application pipette) to RTN (137 ± 13% of control, P < 0.0001), but not VB (13 ± 2% of control, P < 0.01).
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We thank C. Ferguson and J. Steinmiller for technical assistance and L. L. Firestone, R. W. Olsen, P. S. Buckmaster, N. A. Lambert, and D. A. Prince for support, encouragement, and helpful comments. Supported by NIH grants NS06477, NS34774, AA10422, and GM52035; the Pimley Research Fund; and the University Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine Foundation. Additional information may be obtained at http://tonto.stanford.edu/~john.
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