Anthropogenic emissions of trichloromethane (chloroform, CHCl3) and chlorodifluoromethane (HCFC-22): Reactive Chlorine Emissions Inventory

Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres

Volumn 104, Issue D7, 1999, Pages 8405-8415

  Aucott, M L ^a   McCulloch, A ^b   Graedel, T E ^c   Kleiman, G ^d   Midgley, P ^e,g   Li, Yi Fan ^f  

^a NEW JERSEY DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION   (United States)

^b AKZO NOBEL CENTRAL RESEARCH   (Netherlands)

^c YALE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^d MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY   (United States)

^e M and D Consulting   (Germany)

^f ENVIRONMENT CANADA   (Canada)

^g M and D Consulting   (Germany)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANTHROPOGENIC SOURCE; ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION; CHLORINE; EMISSION INVENTORY; INDUSTRIAL EMISSION; PULP AND PAPER INDUSTRY;

EID: 0033586607     PISSN: 01480227     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1029/1999JD900053     Document Type: Article

References (52)

1. Alternative Fluorocarbons Environmental Acceptability Study (AFEAS), Production, Sales and Atmospheric Release of Fluorocarbons through 1995, Washington, D.C.,1997.
2. Albritton, D., R. Derwent, I. Isaksen, M. Lal, and D. Wuebbles, Radiative forcing of climate change: Trace gas radiative forcing indices, chap. 2, in Climate Change 1995, The Science of Climate Change, edited by J.T. Houghton, L.G. Meira Filho, B.A. Callander, N. Harris, A. Kattenberg, and K. Maskell, Cambridge Univ. Press, New York,1995.
3. Alperowicz, N., and A. Cox, On Course to Reform: The East European chemical industry, 1986-90, Chemicon Surv. Ltd., London, 1987.
4. Anderson, E., Chlorine producers fight back against call for chemical's phaseout, Chem. Eng. News, 71, 11, 1993.
5. Aucott, M., 1997, Chlorine atoms and the global biogeochemical chlorine cycle: Estimation of the global background tropospheric concentration of chlorine atoms and discussion of key aspects of the chlorine cycle, Ph.D. dissertation, Rutgers Univ., New Brunswick, N.J., 1997.
6. Ayres, E., Whitewash: Pursuing the truth about paper, World Watch, 5, 17-25, 1992.
7. Ayres, R. U., and L. W. Ayres, The life cycle of chlorine, part II: Conversion processes and use in the European chemical industry, J. Ind. Ecol., 1, 65-89, 1997.
8. Bakwin, P. S., D. F. Hurst, P. P. Tans, and J. W. Elkins, Anthropogenic sources of halocarbons, sulfur hexafluoride, carbon monoxide, and methane in the southeastern United States, J. Geophys. Res. 102, 15,915-15,925, 1997.
9. Ballschmiter, K., Transport and fate of organic compounds in the global environment, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl., 31, 487-515, 1992.
10. Bingemer, H. G., and P. J. Crutzen, The production of methane from solid wastes, J. Geophys. Res., 92, 2181-2187, 1987.
11. Blum, L., Recommendations of the paper task force: The minimum impact bleached kraft pulp mill, in Proceedings of the conference on The Future Uses of Chlorine: Issues in Education, Reserch and Policy, Mass. Inst. of Technol., Cambridge, Mass., 1996.
12. Charles River Associates (CRA) Inc., Assessment of the Economic Benefits of Chlor-Alkali Chemicals to the United States and Canadian Economies, Boston, Mass., 1993.
13. Chemical Marketing Reporter (CMR), Chemical profile: Calcium hypochlorite, Schnell, New York, 1995a.
14. Chemical Marketing Reporter (CMR), Chemical profile: Chlorine, Schnell, New York, 1995b.
15. Fraser P., M. Gunson, S. Penkett, F.S. Rowland, U. Schmidt, and R. Weiss, Measurements, Chap. 1, in Report on Concentrations, Lifetimes and Trends of CFCs, Halons and Related Species, edited by J. Kaye, S. Penkett, and F. Ormond, NASA Ref. Publ. 1339, 1994.
16. Graedel, T. E., and W. C. Keene, Preface: The Reactive Chlorine Emissions Inventory, J. Geophys. Res., this issue.
17. Haas, B.S., and R Herrmann, Transport of chlorinated hydrocarbons between sewage and sewer atmosphere, Water Sci. Technol., 34 (3-4), 557-564, 1996.
18. Hogan, K., J. Hoffman, and A. Thompson, Methane on the greenhouse agenda, Nature, 354, 181-182, 1991.
19. Howard, P. (Ed.), Handbook of Environmental Fate and Exposure Data for Organic Chemicals, vol. II, Solvents, Lewis, Boco Raton, Fla., 1990.
20. Isodorov V.A., I.G. Zenkhevich, and B.V. Ioffe, Volatile organic compounds in solfatiric gases, J. Atmos. Chem., 10, 329-340, 1990.
21. Jolley, R. L., G. Jones, W. W. Pitt and J. E. Thompson, Chlorination of organics in cooling waters and process effluents, in Water Chlorination: Environmental Impact and Health Effects, edited by R.L. Jolley, vol. 1, Butterworth-Heinemann, Newton, Mass., 1978.
22. 2, Chemosphere, 33 (3), 437-448, 1996.
23. Keating, G.A., T.E. McKone, and J.W. Gillett, Measured and estimated air concentrations of chloroform in showers: Effects of water temperature and aerosols, Atmos. Environ., 31 (2), 123-130, 1997.
24. Keene, W. C., et al., Composite global emissions of reactive chlorine from anthropogenic and natural sources: Reactive Chlorine Emissions Inventory, J. Geophys. Res., this issue.
25. 2, chlorocarbons, and hydrocarbons, Chemosphere, 20, 207-226, 1990.
26. Khalil, M. A. K., R. M. Moore, D. B. Harper, J. M. Lobert, D. J. Erickson, V. Koropalov, W. T. Sturges, and W. C. Keene, Natural emissions of chlorine-containing gases: Reactive Chlorine Emissions Inventory, J. Geophys. Res., this issue.
27. Kirschner, E. M., Closing the loop: Papermakers use new chemicals and technologies to cut bleaching effluents, Chem. Eng. News, 75, 15-17, 1997.
28. Krasner, S., M. McGuire, J. Jacangelo, N. Patania, K. Reagan, and E. Aieta, 1989, The occurrence of disinfection by-products in US drinking water, J. Am. Water Works Assoc., 81, 41-53, 1989.
29. Larson, R., and Weber, E., Reaction Mechanisms in Environmental Organic Chemistry, 433 pp., Lewis, Boca Raton, Fla., 1994.
30. Li, Y.-Fan, Global Population Distribution Database, Can. Global Emiss. Invent. Cent., Atmos. Environ. Serv., Environ. Can., Downsview, Ontario, 1996.
31. Linak E. and P. Yau, Chlorinated Methanes in Chemical Economics Handbook, SRI Int., Menlo Park, Calif., 1995.
32. Lobert, J. M., W. C. Keene, J. A. Logan, and R. Yevich, Global chlorine emissions from biomass burning: Reactive Chlorine Emissions Inventory, J. Geophys. Res., this issue.
33. McCulloch, A., P.M. Midgley, and D.A. Fisher, Distribution of emissions of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) 11, 12, 113, 114 and 115 among reporting and non-reporting countries in 1986, Atmos. Environ., 28, 2567-2582, 1994.
34. Midgley, P.M., and D.A. Fisher, The Production and release to the atmosphere of chlorodifluoromethane (HCFC-22), Atmos. Environ., 27(A), 2215-2223, 1993.
35. Midgley, P.M. and A. McCulloch, Estimated national releases to the atmosphere of chlorodifluoromethane (HCFC-22) during 1990, Atmos. Environ., 31(6), 809-811, 1997.
36. Miller Freeman Information Services (Miller Freeman), International Phillips' 97 Paper Directory, Miller Freeman Tech. Ltd., Kent, England, 1996.
37. Montzka, S.A., J.H. Butler, R.C. Myers, T.M. Thompson, T.H. Swanson, A.D. Clarke, L.T. Lock, and J.W. Elkins, Decline in the tropospheric abundance of halogen from halocarbons: Implications for stratospheric ozone depletion, Science, 272, 1318-1322, 1996.
38. National Council of the Paper Industry for Air and Stream Improvement (NCASI), Results of Field Measurements of Chloroform Formation and Release From Pulp Bleaching, Tech. Bull. 558, Nat. Counc. of the Paper Ind. for Air and Stream Imp., Inc., New York, 1988.
39. Oberthür S., Production and Consumption of Ozone-Depleting Substances 1986-1995: The data reporting system under the Montreal Protocol, D. Gesell, für Tech. Zusammenarb. (GTZ) GmbH, Eschborn, Germany, 1997.
40. Ondrey, G. and G. Parkinson, Closing the pulp-bleaching cycle, Chem. Eng. 104, 33-37, 1997.
41. Ozone Secretariat, Production and consumption of ozone depleting substances 1986-1995, ISBN 92-807-1665-4, Ozone Secret. to the UN Environ. Programme, Nairobi, Kenya, 1997.
42. Roberts, M., Structural changes in chlor-alkali, Chem. Week, 151, 36, 1992.
43. Sanhueza, E., Source gases: Trends and budgets, chap.2, in Scientific Assessment of Ozone Depletion: 1994, edited by D.L. Albritton, R.T. Watson, and P.J. Aucamp, WMO Rep. 37, Global Ozone Res. and Monit. Project, World Meteorol. Organ., Geneva, 1994.
44. Times, The Times Atlas of the World: Comprehensive Edition, Times Books, London, 1983.
45. United Nations (UN), Statistical Yearbook, 39th ed. [CD-ROM version E.95.XVII.5], UN Publ., Geneva, 1995.
46. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), Locating and Estimating Air Emissions From Sources of Chloroform, EPA-450/4-84-007c, Nat. Tech. Inf. Serv., U.S. Dep. of Comm., Springfield, Va., 1984.
47. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), EPA 1987-1992 toxic release inventory, [CD-ROM version reference EPA 749/C-94-001], Off. of Pollut. Prev. and Toxics, Washington, D.C., 1994.
48. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), 1993 toxics release inventory: Public data release, EPA 745-R-95-010, Off. of Pollut. Prev. and Toxics, Washington, D.C., 1995.
49. U. S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), 1994 toxics release inventory: Public data release, EPA 745-R-96-002,Off. of Pollut. Prev. and Toxics, Washington, D.C., 1996a.
50. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), Review draft: Chemical pulping emission factor development document, Off. of Air Qual. Plan, and Stand., Emissions Stand. Div., Research Triangle Park, N.C., 1996b.
51. van der Leeden, F., Water Resources of the World, Water Inf. Cent. Inc., Port Washington N.Y., 1975.
52. van der Leeden, F., F. Troise, and D. Todd, The Water Encyclopedia, Lewis, Boca Raton, Fla., 1990.