메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 130, Issue 12, 1999, Pages 995-1004

Toward evidence-based medical statistics. 1: The P value fallacy

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANALYTICAL ERROR; DATA ANALYSIS; EVIDENCE BASED MEDICINE; MEDICAL RESEARCH; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; STATISTICAL ANALYSIS;

EID: 0033564491     PISSN: 00034819     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.7326/0003-4819-130-12-199906150-00008     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (967)

References (89)
  • 1
    • 0028318390 scopus 로고
    • Statistical aspects of prognostic factor studies in oncology
    • Simon R, Altman DG. Statistical aspects of prognostic factor studies in oncology [Editorial]. Br J Cancer. 1994;69:979-85.
    • (1994) Br J Cancer , vol.69 , pp. 979-985
    • Simon, R.1    Altman, D.G.2
  • 2
    • 0030024848 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • False-positive results in clinical trials: Multiple significance tests and the problem of unreported comparisons
    • Tannock IF. False-positive results in clinical trials: multiple significance tests and the problem of unreported comparisons. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1996;88: 206-7.
    • (1996) J Natl Cancer Inst , vol.88 , pp. 206-207
    • Tannock, I.F.1
  • 3
    • 0033564152 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Toward evidence-based medical statistics. 2: The Bayes factor
    • Goodman SN. Toward evidence-based medical statistics. 2: The Bayes factor. Ann Intern Med. 1999;130:1005-13.
    • (1999) Ann Intern Med , vol.130 , pp. 1005-1013
    • Goodman, S.N.1
  • 4
    • 0032581975 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Low-dose hydrocortisone for treatment of chronic fatigue syndrome: A randomized controlled trial
    • McKenzie R, O'Fallon A, Dale J, Demitrack M, Sharma G, Deloria M, et al. Low-dose hydrocortisone for treatment of chronic fatigue syndrome: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 1998;280:1061-6.
    • (1998) JAMA , vol.280 , pp. 1061-1066
    • McKenzie, R.1    O'Fallon, A.2    Dale, J.3    Demitrack, M.4    Sharma, G.5    Deloria, M.6
  • 15
    • 0027471290 scopus 로고
    • P values, hypothesis tests, and likelihood: Implications for epidemiology of a neglected historical debate
    • Goodman SN. p values, hypothesis tests, and likelihood: implications for epidemiology of a neglected historical debate. Am J Epidemiol. 1993;137: 485-96.
    • (1993) Am J Epidemiol , vol.137 , pp. 485-496
    • Goodman, S.N.1
  • 18
    • 0023240324 scopus 로고
    • Are all significant P values created equal? The analogy between diagnostic tests and clinical research
    • Browner W, Newman T. Are all significant P values created equal? The analogy between diagnostic tests and clinical research. JAMA. 1987;257: 2459-63.
    • (1987) JAMA , vol.257 , pp. 2459-2463
    • Browner, W.1    Newman, T.2
  • 19
    • 0020681692 scopus 로고
    • Clinical trials and statistical verdicts: Probable grounds for appeal
    • Diamond GA, Forrester JS. Clinical trials and statistical verdicts: probable grounds for appeal. Ann Intern Med. 1983;98:385-94.
    • (1983) Ann Intern Med , vol.98 , pp. 385-394
    • Diamond, G.A.1    Forrester, J.S.2
  • 20
    • 0029790158 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The statistical basis of public policy: A paradigm shift is overdue
    • For debate
    • Lilford RJ, Braunholtz D. For debate: The statistical basis of public policy: a paradigm shift is overdue. BMJ. 1996;313:603-7.
    • (1996) BMJ , vol.313 , pp. 603-607
    • Lilford, R.J.1    Braunholtz, D.2
  • 21
    • 0027239848 scopus 로고
    • The role of p-values in analysing trial results
    • Freeman PR. The role of p-values in analysing trial results. Stat Med. 1993; 12:1442-552.
    • (1993) Stat Med , vol.12 , pp. 1442-1552
    • Freeman, P.R.1
  • 22
    • 0028902137 scopus 로고
    • Placing trials in context using Bayesian analysis
    • GUSTO revisited by Reverend Bayes
    • Brophy JM, Joseph L. Placing trials in context using Bayesian analysis. GUSTO revisited by Reverend Bayes. JAMA. 1995;273:871-5.
    • (1995) JAMA , vol.273 , pp. 871-875
    • Brophy, J.M.1    Joseph, L.2
  • 24
    • 0009423215 scopus 로고
    • 'Student' as a statistician
    • Pearson E. 'Student' as a statistician. Biometrika. 1938;38:210-50.
    • (1938) Biometrika , vol.38 , pp. 210-250
    • Pearson, E.1
  • 25
    • 0026517404 scopus 로고
    • Confidence intervals in research evaluation
    • Altman DG. Confidence intervals in research evaluation. ACP J Club. 1992; Suppl 2:A28-9.
    • (1992) ACP J Club , Issue.SUPPL. 2
    • Altman, D.G.1
  • 26
    • 0022549094 scopus 로고
    • Statistical significance and confidence intervals
    • Berry G. Statistical significance and confidence intervals [Editorial]. Med J Aust. 1986;144:618-9.
    • (1986) Med J Aust , vol.144 , pp. 618-619
    • Berry, G.1
  • 27
    • 0023949561 scopus 로고
    • Confidence intervals extract clinically useful information from data
    • Braitman LE. Confidence intervals extract clinically useful information from data [Editorial]. Ann Intern Med. 1988;108:296-8.
    • (1988) Ann Intern Med , vol.108 , pp. 296-298
    • Braitman, L.E.1
  • 28
    • 0022477197 scopus 로고
    • Confidence intervals for reporting results of clinical trials
    • Simon R. Confidence intervals for reporting results of clinical trials. Ann Intern Med. 1986;105:429-35.
    • (1986) Ann Intern Med , vol.105 , pp. 429-435
    • Simon, R.1
  • 29
    • 0000971794 scopus 로고
    • Some thoughts on statistical inference
    • Pearson E. Some thoughts on statistical inference. Annals of Mathematical Statistics. 1962;33:394-403.
    • (1962) Annals of Mathematical Statistics , vol.33 , pp. 394-403
    • Pearson, E.1
  • 32
    • 19244374781 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Multiple comparisons, explained
    • Goodman S. Multiple comparisons, explained. Am J Epidemiol. 1998;147: 807-12.
    • (1998) Am J Epidemiol , vol.147 , pp. 807-812
    • Goodman, S.1
  • 33
    • 0028820673 scopus 로고
    • Multiple comparisons and related issues in the interpretation of epidemiologic data
    • Savitz DA, Olshan AF. Multiple comparisons and related issues in the interpretation of epidemiologic data. Am J Epidemiol. 1995;142:904-8.
    • (1995) Am J Epidemiol , vol.142 , pp. 904-908
    • Savitz, D.A.1    Olshan, A.F.2
  • 35
    • 0025893282 scopus 로고
    • Empirical-Bayes adjustments for multiple comparisons are sometimes useful
    • Greenland S, Robins JM. Empirical-Bayes adjustments for multiple comparisons are sometimes useful. Epidemiology. 1991;2:244-51.
    • (1991) Epidemiology , vol.2 , pp. 244-251
    • Greenland, S.1    Robins, J.M.2
  • 37
    • 0020533586 scopus 로고
    • Sequential stopping rules and sequentially adjusted P values: Does one require the other?
    • Dupont WD. Sequential stopping rules and sequentially adjusted P values: does one require the other? Controlled Clin Trials. 1983;4:3-10.
    • (1983) Controlled Clin Trials , vol.4 , pp. 3-10
    • Dupont, W.D.1
  • 39
    • 0002516459 scopus 로고
    • Sequential trials, sequential analysis and the likelihood principle
    • Cornfield J. Sequential trials, sequential analysis and the likelihood principle. American Statistician. 1966;20:18-23.
    • (1966) American Statistician , vol.20 , pp. 18-23
    • Cornfield, J.1
  • 40
    • 0001324145 scopus 로고
    • On inferences from Wei's biased coin design for clinical trials
    • Begg C. On inferences from Wei's biased coin design for clinical trials. Biometrika. 1990;77:467-84.
    • (1990) Biometrika , vol.77 , pp. 467-484
    • Begg, C.1
  • 41
    • 0027992451 scopus 로고
    • Issues in biomedical statistics: Statistical inference
    • Ludbrook J, Dudley H. Issues in biomedical statistics: statistical inference. Aust N Z J Surg. 1994;64:630-6.
    • (1994) Aust N Z J Surg , vol.64 , pp. 630-636
    • Ludbrook, J.1    Dudley, H.2
  • 44
    • 0013396289 scopus 로고
    • The fisher, Neyman-Pearson theories of testing hypotheses: One theory or two?
    • Lehmann E. The Fisher, Neyman-Pearson theories of testing hypotheses: one theory or two? Journal of the American Statistical Association. 1993;88: 1242-9.
    • (1993) Journal of the American Statistical Association , vol.88 , pp. 1242-1249
    • Lehmann, E.1
  • 49
    • 0031472453 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Problems in the "evidence" of "evidence-based medicine."
    • Feinstein AR, Horwitz RI. Problems in the "evidence" of "evidence-based medicine." Am J Med. 1997;103:529-35.
    • (1997) Am J Med , vol.103 , pp. 529-535
    • Feinstein, A.R.1    Horwitz, R.I.2
  • 50
    • 0030236432 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • "Evidence-based medicine": Terminologic lapse or terminologic arrogance?
    • Spodich DH. "Evidence-based medicine": terminologic lapse or terminologic arrogance? [Letter] Am J Cardiol. 1996;78:608-9.
    • (1996) Am J Cardiol , vol.78 , pp. 608-609
    • Spodich, D.H.1
  • 51
    • 0032438318 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The philosophical limits of evidence-based medicine
    • Tonelli MR. The philosophical limits of evidence-based medicine. Acad Med. 1998;73:1234-40.
    • (1998) Acad Med , vol.73 , pp. 1234-1240
    • Tonelli, M.R.1
  • 53
    • 0345334823 scopus 로고
    • The significance of "nonsignificant."
    • Mainland D. The significance of "nonsignificant." Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1963;12:580-6.
    • (1963) Clin Pharmacol Ther , vol.12 , pp. 580-586
    • Mainland, D.1
  • 55
    • 0022448513 scopus 로고
    • Significance questing
    • Rothman KJ. Significance questing [Editorial]. Ann Intern Med. 1986;105: 445-7.
    • (1986) Ann Intern Med , vol.105 , pp. 445-447
    • Rothman, K.J.1
  • 56
    • 0000130677 scopus 로고
    • The fallacy of the null hypothesis significance test
    • Rozeboom W. The fallacy of the null hypothesis significance test. Psychol Bull. 1960;57:416-28.
    • (1960) Psychol Bull , vol.57 , pp. 416-428
    • Rozeboom, W.1
  • 57
    • 0027345930 scopus 로고
    • Is statistical significance testing useful in interpreting data?
    • Savitz D. Is statistical significance testing useful in interpreting data? Reprod Toxicol. 1993;7:95-100.
    • (1993) Reprod Toxicol , vol.7 , pp. 95-100
    • Savitz, D.1
  • 58
    • 0030922450 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • "Significant-itis" - An obsession with the P-value
    • Chia KS. "Significant-itis" - an obsession with the P-value. Scand J Work Environ Health. 1997;23:152-4.
    • (1997) Scand J Work Environ Health , vol.23 , pp. 152-154
    • Chia, K.S.1
  • 59
    • 0030639069 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tyranny of the p-value: The conflict between statistical significance and common sense
    • Barnett ML, Mathisen A. Tyranny of the p-value: the conflict between statistical significance and common sense [Editorial]. J Dent Res. 1997;76: 534-6.
    • (1997) J Dent Res , vol.76 , pp. 534-536
    • Barnett, M.L.1    Mathisen, A.2
  • 60
    • 0023878385 scopus 로고
    • Guidelines for statistical reporting in articles for medical journals. Amplifications and explanations
    • Bailar JC 3rd, Mosteller F. Guidelines for statistical reporting in articles for medical journals. Amplifications and explanations. Ann Intern Med. 1988; 108:266-73.
    • (1988) Ann Intern Med , vol.108 , pp. 266-273
    • Bailar J.C. III1    Mosteller, F.2
  • 61
    • 0020405943 scopus 로고
    • Statistical significance tests
    • Cox DR. Statistical significance tests. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 1982;14:325-31.
    • (1982) Br J Clin Pharmacol , vol.14 , pp. 325-331
    • Cox, D.R.1
  • 62
    • 0014624185 scopus 로고
    • The Bayesian outlook and its application
    • Cornfield J. The bayesian outlook and its application. Biometrics. 1969;25: 617-57.
    • (1969) Biometrics , vol.25 , pp. 617-657
    • Cornfield, J.1
  • 63
    • 0021236570 scopus 로고
    • Statistical ritual in clinical journals: Is there a cure? - I
    • Mainland D. Statistical ritual in clinical journals: is there a cure? - I. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed). 1984;288:841-3.
    • (1984) Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) , vol.288 , pp. 841-843
    • Mainland, D.1
  • 64
    • 0021263616 scopus 로고
    • Statistical ritual in clinical journals: Is there a cure? - II
    • Mainland D. Statistical ritual in clinical journals: is there a cure? - II. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed). 1984;288:920-2.
    • (1984) Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) , vol.288 , pp. 920-922
    • Mainland, D.1
  • 65
    • 0000434824 scopus 로고
    • The religion of statistics as practiced in medical journals
    • Salsburg D. The religion of statistics as practiced in medical journals. American Statistician. 1985;39:220-3.
    • (1985) American Statistician , vol.39 , pp. 220-223
    • Salsburg, D.1
  • 66
    • 0028182116 scopus 로고
    • Misuse of statistical tests in three decades of psychotherapy research
    • Dar R, Serlin RC, Omer H. Misuse of statistical tests in three decades of psychotherapy research. J Consult Clin Psychol. 1994;62:75-82.
    • (1994) J Consult Clin Psychol , vol.62 , pp. 75-82
    • Dar, R.1    Serlin, R.C.2    Omer, H.3
  • 68
    • 0023216759 scopus 로고
    • Statistical problems in the reporting of clinical trials. A survey of three medical journals
    • Pocock SJ, Hughes MD, Lee RJ. Statistical problems in the reporting of clinical trials. A survey of three medical journals. N Engl J Med. 1987;317: 426-32.
    • (1987) N Engl J Med , vol.317 , pp. 426-432
    • Pocock, S.J.1    Hughes, M.D.2    Lee, R.J.3
  • 69
    • 0004128472 scopus 로고
    • Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ Pr
    • Edwards A. Likelihood. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ Pr; 1972.
    • (1972) Likelihood
    • Edwards, A.1
  • 70
    • 0014578310 scopus 로고
    • Models, inference and strategy
    • Skellam J. Models, inference and strategy. Biometrics. 1969;25:457-75.
    • (1969) Biometrics , vol.25 , pp. 457-475
    • Skellam, J.1
  • 71
    • 0032527534 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Discussion sections in reports of controlled trials published in general medical journals: Islands in search of continents?
    • Clarke M, Chalmers I. Discussion sections in reports of controlled trials published in general medical journals: islands in search of continents? JAMA. 1998;280:280-2.
    • (1998) JAMA , vol.280 , pp. 280-282
    • Clarke, M.1    Chalmers, I.2
  • 72
    • 0032972732 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • End-point interpretation in clinical trials: The case for discipline
    • Moyé L. End-point interpretation in clinical trials: the case for discipline. Control Clin Trials. 1999;20:40-9.
    • (1999) Control Clin Trials , vol.20 , pp. 40-49
    • Moyé, L.1
  • 73
    • 0032971979 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Carvedilol and the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval process: The FDA paradigm and reflections on hypothesis testing
    • Fisher LD. Carvedilol and the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval process: the FDA paradigm and reflections on hypothesis testing. Control Clin Trials. 1999;20:16-39.
    • (1999) Control Clin Trials , vol.20 , pp. 16-39
    • Fisher, L.D.1
  • 74
    • 0033011501 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Carvedilol and the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval process: An introduction
    • Fisher L, Moyé L. Carvedilol and the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval process: an introduction. Control Clin Trials. 1999;20:1-15.
    • (1999) Control Clin Trials , vol.20 , pp. 1-15
    • Fisher, L.1    Moyé, L.2
  • 75
    • 0023149041 scopus 로고
    • Beyond the confidence interval
    • Poole C. Beyond the confidence interval. Am J Public Health. 1987;77:195-9.
    • (1987) Am J Public Health , vol.77 , pp. 195-199
    • Poole, C.1
  • 78
    • 0031970663 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • P-values and confidence intervals: Two sides of the same unsatisfactory coin
    • Feinstein AR. P-values and confidence intervals: two sides of the same unsatisfactory coin. J Clin Epidemiol. 1998;51:355-60.
    • (1998) J Clin Epidemiol , vol.51 , pp. 355-360
    • Feinstein, A.R.1
  • 79
    • 0029817350 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bayesian statistical methods
    • Freedman L. Bayesian statistical methods [Editorial]. BMJ. 1996;313:569-70.
    • (1996) BMJ , vol.313 , pp. 569-570
    • Freedman, L.1
  • 80
    • 0029005781 scopus 로고
    • Bayesian statistical methods in public health and medicine
    • Etzioni RD, Kadane JB. Bayesian statistical methods in public health and medicine. Annu Rev Public Health. 1995;16:23-41.
    • (1995) Annu Rev Public Health , vol.16 , pp. 23-41
    • Etzioni, R.D.1    Kadane, J.B.2
  • 81
    • 0028788775 scopus 로고
    • Prime time for Bayes
    • Kadane JB. Prime time for Bayes. Control Clin Trials. 1995;16:313-8.
    • (1995) Control Clin Trials , vol.16 , pp. 313-318
    • Kadane, J.B.1
  • 83
    • 0023757251 scopus 로고
    • Evidence and scientific research
    • Goodman SN, Royall R. Evidence and scientific research. Am J Public Health. 1988;78:1568-74.
    • (1988) Am J Public Health , vol.78 , pp. 1568-1574
    • Goodman, S.N.1    Royall, R.2
  • 84
    • 0006518348 scopus 로고
    • The use of the likelihood function in statistical practice
    • Berkeley, CA: Univ of California Pr
    • Barnard G. The use of the likelihood function in statistical practice. In: Proceedings of the Fifth Berkeley Symposium. v 1. Berkeley, CA: Univ of California Pr; 1966:27-40.
    • (1966) Proceedings of the Fifth Berkeley Symposium , vol.1 , pp. 27-40
    • Barnard, G.1
  • 86
    • 0020361813 scopus 로고
    • Errors of intuitive logic among physicians
    • Borak J, Veilleux S. Errors of intuitive logic among physicians. Soc Sci Med. 1982;16:1939-47.
    • (1982) Soc Sci Med , vol.16 , pp. 1939-1947
    • Borak, J.1    Veilleux, S.2
  • 87
    • 0027534004 scopus 로고
    • The risk of determining risk with multivariable models
    • Concato J, Feinstein AE, Holford TR. The risk of determining risk with multivariable models. Ann Intern Med. 1993;118:201-10.
    • (1993) Ann Intern Med , vol.118 , pp. 201-210
    • Concato, J.1    Feinstein, A.E.2    Holford, T.R.3
  • 88
    • 0028342421 scopus 로고
    • Transfer of technology from statistical journals to the biomedical literature. Past trends and future predictions
    • Altman DG, Goodman SN. Transfer of technology from statistical journals to the biomedical literature. Past trends and future predictions. JAMA. 1994; 272:129-32.
    • (1994) JAMA , vol.272 , pp. 129-132
    • Altman, D.G.1    Goodman, S.N.2
  • 89
    • 0020607535 scopus 로고
    • Biostatistical trends in pediatrics: Implications for the future
    • Hayden G. Biostatistical trends in pediatrics: implications for the future. Pediatrics. 1983;72:84-7.
    • (1983) Pediatrics , vol.72 , pp. 84-87
    • Hayden, G.1


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.