Influence of NO(x) emissions from ships on tropospheric photochemistry and climate

Nature

Volumn 402, Issue 6758, 1999, Pages 167-170

  Lawrence, Mark G ^a   Crutzen, Paul J ^a  

^a MAX PLANCK INSTITUTE FOR CHEMISTRY   (Germany)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BIOMASS; EXHAUST GASES; FOSSIL FUELS; GAS EMISSIONS; MATHEMATICAL MODELS; NITROGEN OXIDES; OZONE; TRANSPORT PROPERTIES; UPPER ATMOSPHERE;

HIGH-RESOLUTION CHEMISTRY-TRANSPORT MODELS; LOWER TROPOSPHERE;

AIR POLLUTION;

FOSSIL FUEL; METHANE; NITRIC OXIDE; OZONE;

CLIMATE; EMISSION; NITROGEN OXIDES; PHOTOCHEMISTRY; SHIPPING; TROPOSPHERE;

AIR ANALYSIS; ARTICLE; ATMOSPHERIC DISPERSION; BIOMASS; CLIMATE; COOLING; GREENHOUSE EFFECT; OCEANIC REGIONS; PHOTOCHEMISTRY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SHIP; TROPOSPHERE;

EID: 0033547327     PISSN: 00280836     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1038/46013     Document Type: Article

References (29)

1. y distributions from fossil fuel combustion emissions: A model study. J. Geophys. Res. 98, 7165-7180 (1993).
2. Crutzen, P. J. & Zimmermann, P. H. The changing photochemistry of the troposphere. Tellus 43A-B, 136-151 (1991).
3. Benkovitz, C. M. et al. Global gridded inventories of anthropogenic emissions of sulfur and nitrogen. J. Geophys. Res. 101, 29239-29253 (1996).
4. Olivier, J. G. et al. Description of EDGAR Version 2.0. A Set of Global Emission Inventories of Greenhouse Gases and Ozone-depleting Substances for all Anthropogenic and Most Natural Sources on a Per Country Basis and on 1° × 1° Grid (Rep. no. 771060 002 RIVM (National Institute of Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, 1996).
5. Crutzen, P. J. & Andreae, M. O. Biomass burning in the tropics: Impact on atmospheric chemistry and biogeochemical cycles. Science 250, 1669-1678 (1990).
6. x emissions. J. Geophys. Res. 100, 11447-11464 (1995).
7. Baughcum, S. L., Henderson, S. C., Hertel, P. S., Maggiora, D. R. & Oncina, C. A. Stratospheric Emissions Effects Database Development (CR-4592, NASA, Washington DC, 1994).
8. Lawrence, M. G., Chameides, W. L., Kasibhatla, P. S., Levy, H. & Moxim, W. in Handbook of Atmospheric Electrodynamics (ed. Volland, H.) 189-202 (CRC, Boca Raton, 1995).
9. Corbett, J. J., Fischbeck, P. S. & Pandis, S. N. Global nitrogen and sulfur inventories for oceangoing ships. J. Geophys. Res. 104, 3457-3470 (1999).
10. Carlton, J. S. et al. Marine Exhaust Emissions Research Programme (Lloyd's Register Engineering Services, London, 1995).
11. Dataset of Ships 100 GRTor Greater (Lloyd's Maritime Information Services, Stamford, Connecticut, 1996).
12. Malony, M. J. World Energy Database (Energy Information Administration (EIA), Washington DC, 1996).
13. Lawrence, M. G., Crutzen, P. J., Rasch, P. J., Eaton, B. E. & Mahowald, N. M. A model for studies of tropospheric photochemistry: Description, global distributions, and evaluation. J. Geophys. Res. (in the press).
14. Rasch, P. J., Mahowald, N. M. & Eaton, B E. Representations of transport, convection, and the hydrologic cycle in chemical transport models: Implications for the modeling of short lived and soluble species. J. Geophys. Res. 102, 28127-28138 (1997).
15. The Times Atlas of the World Comprehensive Edition 9th edn (Times Books, London, 1992).
16. International Maritime Organization (IMO) IMO Sub-Committee on Bulk Materials, 22nd Session, Agenda Item 7 (Ref. code IMO, BCH 22/INF.10, International Maritime Organization, London, 1992).
17. Houweling, S., Dentener, F. & Lelieveld, J. The impact of nonmethane hydrocarbon compounds on tropospheric photochemistry. J. Geophys. Res. 103, 10673-10696 (1998).
18. Sander, R. & Crutzen, P. J. Model study indicating halogen activation and ozone destruction in polluted air masses transported to the sea. J. Geophys. Res. 101, 9121-9138 (1996).
19. Liu, S. C. et al. Ozone production in the rural troposphere and the implications for regional and global ozone distributions. J. Geophys. Res. 92, 4191-4207 (1987).
20. Gerbig, C. et al. Fast response resonance fluorescence CO measurements aboard the C-130: Instrument characterization and measurements made during North Atlantic Regional Experiment 1993. J. Geophys. Res. 101, 29229-29238 (1996).
21. y: A comparison of data and models. Atmos. Environ. 31, 1851-1904 (1997).
22. 3 and global OH concentrations. Science 269, 187-192 (1995).
23. Krol, M., van Leeuwen, P. I. & Lelieveld, J. Global OH trend inferred from methylchloroform measurements. J. Geophys. Res. 103, 10697-10711 (1998).
24. DeMore, W. B. et al. Chemical Kinetics and Photochemical Data for Use in Stratospheric Modeling (NASA JPL (Jet Propulsion Laboratory), Pasadena, California, 1997).
25. Raes, F. Entrainment of free tropospheric aerosols as a regulating mechanism for cloud condensation nuclei in the remote marine boundary layer. J. Geophys. Res. 100, 2893-2903 (1995).
26. Capaldo, K., Corbett, I. J., Kasibhatla, P., Fischbeck, P. & Pandis, S. N. Effects of ship emissions on sulphur cycling and radiative climate forcing over the ocean. Nature 400, 743-746 (1999).
27. Hobbs, P. V. et al. Emissions from ships with respect to their effects on clouds. J. Atmos. Sci. (in the press).
28. Houghton, J. T. et al. (eds) Climate Change 1994 (Cambridge Univ. Press, 1995).
29. Kalnay, E et al. The NCEP/NCAR 40-year reanalysis project. Bull. Am. Met. Soc. 77, 437-471 (1996).