Recruitment of the auditory cortex in congenitally deaf cats by long- term cochlear electrostimulation

Science

Volumn 285, Issue 5434, 1999, Pages 1729-1733

  Klinke, Rainer ^a   Kral, Andrej ^a,b   Heid, Silvia ^a   Tillein, Jochen ^a   Hartmann, Rainer ^a  

^a Physiologisches Institut III   (Germany)

^b INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY   (Slovakia)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANIMAL CELL; ANIMAL EXPERIMENT; ANIMAL MODEL; ARTICLE; AUDITORY CORTEX; CAT; COCHLEAR NERVE; CONGENITAL DEAFNESS; ELECTROSTIMULATION; HEARING; NERVE STIMULATION; NONHUMAN; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PRIORITY JOURNAL;

ACOUSTIC STIMULATION; ANIMALS; AUDITORY CORTEX; AUDITORY PATHWAYS; CATS; COCHLEA; COCHLEAR IMPLANTS; CONDITIONING (PSYCHOLOGY); DEAFNESS; ELECTRIC STIMULATION; EVOKED POTENTIALS, AUDITORY; HEARING; SYNAPSES; TIME FACTORS;

ANIMALIA; FELIS CATUS;

EID: 0033543708     PISSN: 00368075     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1126/science.285.5434.1729     Document Type: Article

References (48)

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12. Kittens are born with the inner ear immature. In normal animals, functional maturation starts between postnatal weeks 2 and 3, after which adult thresholds are approached [R. Romand, Development of Auditory and Vestibular Systems 2 (Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1992)]. During the first year of life in the CDC, nearly 100% of the basal auditory afferents are present [S. Heid, T. K. Jähn-Siebert, R. Klinke, R. Hartmann, G. Langner, Hear. Res. 110, 191 (1997); S. Heid, R. Hartmann, R. Klinke, ibid. 115, 101 (1998)]. In contrast, with neonatal pharmacological deafening, the number of afferents is greatly reduced (19).
13. Kittens are born with the inner ear immature. In normal animals, functional maturation starts between postnatal weeks 2 and 3, after which adult thresholds are approached [R. Romand, Development of Auditory and Vestibular Systems 2 (Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1992)]. During the first year of life in the CDC, nearly 100% of the basal auditory afferents are present [S. Heid, T. K. Jähn-Siebert, R. Klinke, R. Hartmann, G. Langner, Hear. Res. 110, 191 (1997); S. Heid, R. Hartmann, R. Klinke, ibid. 115, 101 (1998)]. In contrast, with neonatal pharmacological deafening, the number of afferents is greatly reduced (19).
14. Kittens are born with the inner ear immature. In normal animals, functional maturation starts between postnatal weeks 2 and 3, after which adult thresholds are approached [R. Romand, Development of Auditory and Vestibular Systems 2 (Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1992)]. During the first year of life in the CDC, nearly 100% of the basal auditory afferents are present [S. Heid, T. K. Jähn-Siebert, R. Klinke, R. Hartmann, G. Langner, Hear. Res. 110, 191 (1997); S. Heid, R. Hartmann, R. Klinke, ibid. 115, 101 (1998)]. In contrast, with neonatal pharmacological deafening, the number of afferents is greatly reduced (19).
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20. R. Hartmann, R. K. Shepherd, S. Heid, R. Klinke, Hear. Res. 112, 115 (1997).
21. Experiments were licensed by Hessian State Authorities.
22. The electrode array consisted of four contacts. They were formed by connecting a gold wire to a seven-strand stainless steel wire. The wire formed 200-mm leads to the signal processor and was fed percutaneously between the scapulae. The highly flexible insulated lead wires (0.001 inch; A.M.-Systems, Carlsborg, WA) were embedded in medical grade silicon rubber tube (Dow Corning). The indifferent electrode was formed by wrapping a gold wire around the silicon tube about 50 mm from the electrode tip. Electrode impedances were below 6 kiloohms at 1 kHz. Impedances were regularly checked to ensure proper function.
23. Additional control data were published in (7) and by J. Popelar, R. Hartmann, J. Syka, and R. Klinke [Hear. Res. 92, 63 (1995)]. Acute deafening of normal hearing cats was performed by intracochlear application of neomycin. Compare also M. W. Raggio and C. E. Schreiner, J. Neurophysiol. 72, 2334 (1994); C. E. Schreiner and M. W. Raggio, ibid. 75, 1283 (1996).
24. Additional control data were published in (7) and by J. Popelar, R. Hartmann, J. Syka, and R. Klinke [Hear. Res. 92, 63 (1995)]. Acute deafening of normal hearing cats was performed by intracochlear application of neomycin. Compare also M. W. Raggio and C. E. Schreiner, J. Neurophysiol. 72, 2334 (1994); C. E. Schreiner and M. W. Raggio, ibid. 75, 1283 (1996).
25. Additional control data were published in (7) and by J. Popelar, R. Hartmann, J. Syka, and R. Klinke [Hear. Res. 92, 63 (1995)]. Acute deafening of normal hearing cats was performed by intracochlear application of neomycin. Compare also M. W. Raggio and C. E. Schreiner, J. Neurophysiol. 72, 2334 (1994); C. E. Schreiner and M. W. Raggio, ibid. 75, 1283 (1996).
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28. Experimental cats were conditioned to receive food pellets upon presentation of a 437-Hz tone burst while the cat stayed in a neutral zone. The cat then had to walk to a food dispenser where a pellet was available for a 5-s time window. Getting food was defined as successful trial.
29. 2 anesthesia was maintained [A. Kral, J. Tillein, R. Hartmann, R. Klinke, Neuroreport 10, 781 (1999)]. The skull over the auditory cortex was opened, and the dura was removed. For precise reconstruction of recording positions and tracks, the surface of the cortex was photographed with a digital camera. The dorsal end of the posterior ectosylvian sulcus was used as reference point at 0.0 (Fig. 2). Recording electrodes were positioned by micromotors, with a precision of 1 μm. Electrically evoked field potentials were first recorded by ball silver electrodes, diameter 1 mm. Threshold currents were determined for pulsatile stimuli (charge-balanced, 200 μs per phase, repetition rate = 2.1 per second). Current levels were then raised by 10 dB, a value at which intensity functions start to saturate (about 400 μA peak-to-peak in most cats). The cortex was then scanned (70 to 100 points) with glass microelectrodes (impedance < 10 megaohms). Field potentials were first taken from the surface. Subsequently, depth profiles were taken (300-μm steps). The microelectrodes were also used for recording single-unit and multiunit activity after changing filter settings. Quantitative evaluation for statistical analysis was performed with potentials recorded within a region 1.5 mm by 1.0 mm around the maximal response ("hot spot"). Sample tracks were marked by iontophoretic application of HRP. Determination of layers II, III, and IV was thus reliably achieved. Because of variations in width and angle of penetration set by the location of the hot spot, layers V and Vl could not be exactly differentiated. Depth profiles were also used for CSD analyses [see U. Mitzdorf, Physiol. Rey. 65, 37 (1985)].
30. 2 anesthesia was maintained [A. Kral, J. Tillein, R. Hartmann, R. Klinke, Neuroreport 10, 781 (1999)]. The skull over the auditory cortex was opened, and the dura was removed. For precise reconstruction of recording positions and tracks, the surface of the cortex was photographed with a digital camera. The dorsal end of the posterior ectosylvian sulcus was used as reference point at 0.0 (Fig. 2). Recording electrodes were positioned by micromotors, with a precision of 1 μm. Electrically evoked field potentials were first recorded by ball silver electrodes, diameter 1 mm. Threshold currents were determined for pulsatile stimuli (charge-balanced, 200 μs per phase, repetition rate = 2.1 per second). Current levels were then raised by 10 dB, a value at which intensity functions start to saturate (about 400 μA peak-to-peak in most cats). The cortex was then scanned (70 to 100 points) with glass microelectrodes (impedance < 10 megaohms). Field potentials were first taken from the surface. Subsequently, depth profiles were taken (300-μm steps). The microelectrodes were also used for recording single-unit and multiunit activity after changing filter settings. Quantitative evaluation for statistical analysis was performed with potentials recorded within a region 1.5 mm by 1.0 mm around the maximal response ("hot spot"). Sample tracks were marked by iontophoretic application of HRP. Determination of layers II, III, and IV was thus reliably achieved. Because of variations in width and angle of penetration set by the location of the hot spot, layers V and Vl could not be exactly differentiated. Depth profiles were also used for CSD analyses [see U. Mitzdorf, Physiol. Rey. 65, 37 (1985)].
31. The stimulation was 437 Hz, with a 5-ms duration.
32. Biphasic charge-balanced pulses of 200 μs per phase, with a rate of 2.1 per second and intensity of 10 dB above field potential threshold of the most sensitive point.
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34. 2); they were also 30% higher than those of normal controls, but the difference between chronically stimulated deaf and normal cats was nonsignificant.
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48. The authors thank M. Behrendt, N. Krimmel, M. Pramateftakis, C. Fritzsch, K.-F. Winter, and T. Wulf for important technical contributions; M. Kock for breeding the animals; N. Birbaumer and E. Friauf for their helpful comments on an earlier version of the manuscript; and the anonymous reviewers. Supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (SFB 269).