-
1
-
-
85080587046
-
-
note
-
This phrase has been chosen with some consideration, and a number of other options were available. Our intention is to refer to polymorphs that are observed in the crystallization medium, usually simultaneously, although we do not rule out the possibility that they occur in stages, a later modification replacing an earlier one. This is compatible with the choice of "concomitant", which is defined as "accompanying, or happening together". Another possibility was "cocrystallizing", but this term is already in use with reference to the formation of solid solutions of enantiomers and also in the formation of crystalline complexes of two or more molecules, usually as a result of hydrogen bonding. Other options (with definitions) included concurrent (happening together), concrescent (the growing together of related parts), convergent (becoming similar or identical), simultaneously crystallizing (crystallizing at the same time). None of these portrayed more aptly than "concomitant" the phenomenon we wish to describe here.
-
-
-
-
3
-
-
85080551348
-
-
This is probably the most widely used and widely accepted definition. However, there are aspects of polymorphism which may require further consideration and perhaps limitation of the definition. See, for instance, references [4] and [5]
-
This is probably the most widely used and widely accepted definition. However, there are aspects of polymorphism which may require further consideration and perhaps limitation of the definition. See, for instance, references [4] and [5].
-
-
-
-
5
-
-
37049075067
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T. Threlfall, Analyst 1995, 120, 2435-2460.
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Threlfall, T.1
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6
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0000002798
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J. Hulliger, Angew. Chem. 1994, 106, 151-170; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1994, 33, 143-162.
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Hulliger, J.1
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33748237501
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J. Hulliger, Angew. Chem. 1994, 106, 151-170; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1994, 33, 143-162.
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9
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revised and rewritten by A. N. Campbell and N. O. Smith, Dover Publications, New York
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A. F. Findlay, The Phase Rule and Its Applications, 9th ed., revised and rewritten by A. N. Campbell and N. O. Smith, Dover Publications, New York, 1963.
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Findlay, A.F.1
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(Eds.: D. Fox, M. M. Labes, A. Weissberger), Interscience, New York
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(Eds.: R. Smoluchowski, J. E. Mayer, W. A. Weyl), Wiley, New York
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M. J. Buerger in Phase Transformations in Solids (Eds.: R. Smoluchowski, J. E. Mayer, W. A. Weyl), Wiley, New York, 1951, pp. 183-211.
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Buerger, M.J.1
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85080483098
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Fachbereich Chemie, Universität-GH Essen, Germany
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J.-O. Henck, Diplomarbeit, Fachbereich Chemie, Universität-GH Essen, Germany, 1993.
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24
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0010233752
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See also a) R. Davey, Faraday Discuss, 1993, 95, 160-162; b) P. T. Cardew, R. Davey, Tailoring of Crystal Growth, Symposium Papers, Number 2. Institute of Chemical Engineers, North Western Branch, 1982, pp. 1.1-1.8.
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Davey, R.1
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0344766374
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Symposium Papers, Institute of Chemical Engineers, North Western Branch
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See also a) R. Davey, Faraday Discuss, 1993, 95, 160-162; b) P. T. Cardew, R. Davey, Tailoring of Crystal Growth, Symposium Papers, Number 2. Institute of Chemical Engineers, North Western Branch, 1982, pp. 1.1-1.8.
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Cardew, P.T.1
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26
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0345196854
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A more modern typical example may be found in the experimental section of M. Ciechanowicz, A. C. Skapski, P. G. H. Troughton, Acta Crystallogr. Sect. B 1976, 32, 1673-1679.
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32
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0141963285
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translated by H. Marshall, Gurnery & Jackson, London
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P. H. R. von Groth, An Introduction to Chemical Crystallography, translated by H. Marshall, Gurnery & Jackson, London, 1906, pp. 28-31.
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(Eds.: J. A. K. Howard, F. H. Allen, G. P. Shields), NATO Science Series E: Applied Sciences, Kluwer Academic, Dordrecht
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For a critical evaluation of these procedures, see S. L. Price in Implication of Molecular and Materials Structure for New Technologies (Eds.: J. A. K. Howard, F. H. Allen, G. P. Shields), NATO Science Series E: Applied Sciences, Kluwer Academic, Dordrecht, 1999, pp. 315-320.
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Price, S.L.1
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46
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85080484796
-
-
note
-
[11, 30] although in general it has not been widely adopted by others. In view of the body of literature already extant and the questions surrounding the definition of a polymorph, it is clearly not practical to define strict rules for labeling polymorphs. The Kofler method has some obvious advantages, since the melting point identifier may eliminate some questions of identity; hence its use should be encouraged. The important point for those studying polymorphic systems is to be fully aware of previous work, to try to identify the correspondence between their own polymorphic discoveries and those of earlier workers, and to avoid flippancy in the use of nomenclature in the naming of truly new polymorphs. In this review we have carried over the nomenclature adopted by the original workers.
-
-
-
-
48
-
-
85080585585
-
-
From our own experience working with benzamide, the rapidity of the transformation from the metastable to the stable modification mitigates the isolation of the former and the precise determination of its melting point. Hence, there is some doubt about the currently quoted value of 115 C
-
From our own experience working with benzamide, the rapidity of the transformation from the metastable to the stable modification mitigates the isolation of the former and the precise determination of its melting point. Hence, there is some doubt about the currently quoted value of 115 C.
-
-
-
-
56
-
-
0000829350
-
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More recent work shows that, in fact, three polymorphs of D-mannitol crystallize concomitantly from a water solution evaporated to dryness on a watch glass. L. Walter-Levy, C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris 1968, 267, 1779-1782.
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Walter-Levy, L.1
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Reference [27], Vol. 4, pp. 104-105.
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65
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85080569966
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[27] Barker died in 1931 before the initiation of the work, which was undertaken by M. W. Porter and R. C. Spiller. The compilation turned out to be very time-consuming, and being interrupted by World War II, was not completed (in stages beginning in 1951) until 1956. By that time the seven-volume Barker Index had become essentially obsolete as a reference for the identification of crystals, due to the advances in X-ray diffraction and other analytical methods.
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[2] The description of the synthesis indicates thai these two "polymorphs" came from the same reaction mixture. One of the authors of ref. [76] has written to J.B. regarding this question: "...the two forms of the [13] dimer grow from the same pot. In the vapor the dimers dissociate into radicals, and both crystalline forms (face-to-face dimers and centrosymmetric dimers) come from - and go to - the same radical in the vapor. The crystals decompose (>200 C) before melting, but to the extent that they dissolve in organic media (sparingly), there is a single species involved." These do not seem to contradict the conditions required to call these two cocrystallized modifications polymorphs.
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