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85033972525
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24
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Rathore, R.; Hubig, S. M.; Kochi, J. K. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1997, 119, 11468.
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The precursor or encounter complex (prior to electron transfer) and the ET transition state are assumed to be structurally similar and exhibit more or less comparable donor/acceptor interactions. See: (a) Sutin, N. Acc. Chem. Res. 1968, 1, 225.
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39
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85033948571
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note
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12 In addition, a few "partially" hindered donors are included in this study to demonstrate the effects of the (ring) position of bulky substituents on the overall steric encumbrance of the arene.
-
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40
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85033945822
-
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note
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Furthermore, the use of uncharged redox partners allows the electron transfer to be studied in aprotic polar as well as nonpolar solvents (to avoid the rather unique ionic solvation by water). Note also that the charge-delocalization and charge-transfer ability is optimized in such multiatom (expanded) redox centers of the donor/acceptor pair.
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41
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85033968461
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note
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0 being the donor-acceptor distance at van der Waals contact.
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42
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62
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85033953356
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note
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3a that is largely based on ionic (inorganic) coordination complexes by including uncharged (organic) redox systems with measurable donor/ acceptor coupling. We believe it is highly desirable to retain the classical inner-sphere/outer-sphere distinction in this modified form (to avoid inventing new terms) so that a universal and common terminology can be applied to describe electron-transfer mechanisms in all branches of inorganic chemistry, organic chemistry, and biochemistry.
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85033955410
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note
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64
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Note also that an inner-sphere/outer-sphere distinction based on orbital overlap allows for a continuum of intermediate cases to exist between the two idealized models that depend on the degree of electronic coupling. Moreover, the simultaneous occurrence of both mechanisms is readily accounted for in medium-strong interactions. See: (a) Taube, H.; Myers, H. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1954, 76, 2103.
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2 in Table 1 represents the upper limit of the second-order rate constant for electron transfer.
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85033952167
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33b unambiguously show that the hydrogen transfer can occur via (rate-determining) electron transfer followed by fast proton transfer.
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85033967717
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11 Various theoretical explanations of the "non-Marcus" behavior (i.e., the lack of the "Marcus-inverted" region) have been reported:
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0011012065
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ET values of Table 1 were shifted by α = -0.4 eV. For a theoretical explanation of the shift parameter α, see: Tamura, S.-I.; Kikuchi, K.; Kokubun, H.; Usui, Y. Z. Phys. Chem. N. F. (Wiesbaden) 1978, 111, 7.
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-1). See ref 9.
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33847087736
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9,12a As a consequence, inner-sphere ET is readily recognized by its unusually fast rates, significant deviations from the Marcus-predicted driving-force dependence, and pronounced sensitivity to steric hindrance. For earlier studies, see: (a) Fukuzumi, S.; Wong, C. L.; Kochi, J. K. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1980, 102, 2928.
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Based on molecular-mechanics calculations in ref 12a
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Based on molecular-mechanics calculations in ref 12a.
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85033958449
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85033949036
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However, the electron-transfer rate constants of the pyrene/cyanoarene systems were found to be slower than those predicted by Marcus theory for "outer-sphere" electron transfer. As such, reaction pathways other than electron transfer were invoked to account for the low rate constants of fluorescence quenching of pyrene and naphthalene by cyanoarenes. In our study, the ion-radical yields of unity for most donor/acceptor couples (see Table 1) rule out such alternative pathways.
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113
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In these electron transfers, the weak electronic coupling between the sterically encumbered redox partners leads (in its extreme) to a nonadiabatic (diabatic) electron transfer that (in the isergonic and endergonic driving-force region) results in very slow rates. For examples of nonadiabatic electron transfers due to steric hindrance, see: (a) Rau, H.; Frank, R.; Greiner, G. J. Phys. Chem. 1986, 90, 2476.
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36b] Accordingly, the observation of steric effects on the rate constants for bimolecular electron transfers in the highly exergonic driving-force region (and possibly the observation of the Marcus-inverted region) is only expected at driving forces and donor/acceptor distances at which the electron transfer is the rate-limiting step following the diffusional formation of the encounter complex. Other explanations for the lack of an inverted driving-force dependence of bimolecular electron-transfer rate constants in the exergonic region are cited in ref 36. The possibility of observing the inverted region in extremely hindered organic donors/acceptors is under investigation.
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119
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85033972943
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The electron transfer does not effect any net bond formation or bond cleavage in either reactant. Moreover, back electron transfer in acetonitrile solution completely restores the starting donor/acceptor pairs.
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