A reinterpretation of mid-Cretaceous shallow marine temperatures through model-data comparison

Paleoceanography

Volumn 14, Issue 6, 1999, Pages 679-697

  Poulsen, Chris J ^a,d   Barron, Eric J ^a   Peterson, William H ^a   Wilson, Paul A ^b,c  

^a PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE   (United Kingdom)

^c NATIONAL OCEANOGRAPHY CENTRE   (United Kingdom)

^d UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CRETACEOUS; OCEANIC GENERAL CIRCULATION MODEL; PALEOCEANOGRAPHY; PALEOTEMPERATURE;

EID: 0033496894     PISSN: 08838305     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1029/1999PA900034     Document Type: Article

References (107)

1. Anderson, T.F., and M.A Arthur, Stable isotopes of oxygen and carbon and their application to sedimentologic and environmental problems, in Stable Isotopes in Sedimentary Geology, edited by M.A. Arthur, T.F. Anderson, I.R. Kaplan, J. Veizer, and L.S. Land, Soc. Sed. Geol., Tulsa, OK, pp. 1-151, 1983.
2. Anderson, T.F., B.N. Popp, A.C. Williams, L.-Z. Ho, and J.D. Hudson, The stable isotopic records of fossils from the Peterborough Member, Oxford Clay Formation (Jurassic), UK: Paleaeoenvironmental implications, J. Geol. Soc. London, 151, 125-138, 1994.
3. Barron, E.J., Cretaceous plate tectonic reconstructions, Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol., 59. 3-29, 1987a.
4. Barron, H.J., Global Cretaceous paleogeography-international geologic correlation program project 191, Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol., 59, 207-214, 1987b.
5. 2: Natural Variations Archean to Present, edited by E.T. Sundquist and W.S. Broecker, Geophys. Monogr. Ser., vol. 32, pp. 546-553, AGU, Washington, D.C., 1985.
6. Barron, E.J., S.L. Thompson, and S.H. Schneider, An ice-free Cretaceous? Results from climate model simulations, Science, 212, 501-508, 1981.
7. Barron, E.J., P.J. Fawcett, W.H, Peterson, D. Pollard, and S. Thompson, Model simulations of Cretaceous climates: The role of geography and carbon dioxide, Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London, 341, 307-316, 1993.
8. Barron, E.J., P.J. Fawcett, W.H. Peterson, D. Pollard, and S. Thompson, A "simulation" of mid-Cretaceous climate, Paleoceanography, 10, 953-962, 1995.
9. Bemis, B.E., H.J. Spero, J. Bijma, and D.W. Lea, Reevaluation of the oxygen isotopic composition of planktonic foraminifera: Experimental results and revised paleotemperature equations, Pateoceanography, 13, 150-160, 1998.
10. 2 over Phanerozoic time, Am. J. Sci., 291, 339-376, 1991.
11. 2 over Phanerozoic time, Am. J. Sci., 294, 56-91, 1994.
12. Berner, R.A , A.C. Lasaga, and R.M. Garrels, The carbonate-silicate geochemical cycle and its effect on the atmospheric carbon dioxide over the past 100 million years. Am. J. Sci., 283, 641-683, 1983.
13. Bice, K.L., An investigation of early Eocene deep water warmth using uncoupled atmosphere and ocean general circulation models: Model sensitivity to geography, initial temperatures, atmospheric forcing, and continental runoff, Ph.D. thesis, Pa. State Univ., University Park, 1997.
14. Bice, K.L., E.J. Barron, and W.H. Peterson, Continental runoff and early Cenozoic bottom-water sources, Geology, 25, 951-954, 1997.
15. Bice, K.L., L.C. Sloan, and E.J. Barron, An early Eocene ocean general circulation model simulation: Comparison of the three-dimensional temperature field with isotopic paleotemperatures, in Warm Climates in Earth History, edited by B.T. Huber, K.G. MacLeod, and S.L. Wing, Cambridge Univ. Press, New York, in press, 1999.
16. Brady, E.G., R.M. DeConto, and S.L. Thompson, Deep water formation and poleward ocean heat transport in the warm climate extreme of the Cretaceous (80 Ma), Geophys. Res. Lett., 25, 4205-4208, 1998.
17. Broecker, W.S., The salinity contrast between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans during glacial time, Paleoceanography, 4, 207-212, 1989.
18. Bryan, K., Climate and the ocean circulation, Mon. Weather Rev., 97(11), 806-827, 1969.
19. Bush, A.B.G., and S G.H. Philander, The late Cretaceous: Simulations with a coupled atmosphere-ocean general circulation model, Paleoceanography, 12, 495-516, 1997.
20. Caron, M., and P. Homewood, Evolution of early foraminifers, Mar. Micropaleontol., 7, 453-462, 1983.
21. Cerling, T.E., Carbon dioxide in the atmosphere: Evidence from Cenozoic and Mesozoic paleosols, Am. J. Sci., 291, 377-400, 1991.
22. Clarke, L.J., and H.C. Jenkyns, New oxygen isotope evidence for long-term Cretaceous climatic change in the Southern Hemisphere. Geology, 27, 699-702, 1999.
23. Covey, C., and E. Barron, The role of ocean heat transport in climatic change, Earth Sci. Rev., 24, 429-445, 1988.
24. Cox, M.D., A baroclinic numerical model of the world ocean: Preliminary results, in Numerical Models of Ocean Circulation, pp. 107-120, Natl. Acad. of Sci., Washington, D. C., 1975.
25. Craig, H., The measurement of oxygen isotope palaeotemperatures, in Stable Isotopes in Oceanographic Studies and Palaeotemperatures, edited by E. Tongiorgi, pp. 161-182, Cons. Naz. delle Rich., Lab. di Geol. Nucl., Pisa, Italy, 1965.
26. Craig, H., and L.I. Gordon, Isotopic oceanography: Deuterium and oxygen 18 variations in the ocean and marine atmosphere, in Marine Geochemistry, pp. 277-374, Narragansett Mar. Lab., Univ. of Rhode Island, 1965.
27. Creber, G.T., and W.G. Chaloner, Tree growth in the Mesozoic and early Tertiary and the reconstruction of palaeoclimates, Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol., 52, 35-60, 1985.
28. 2 changes and tropical sea surface temperatures, Paleoceanography, 6, 387-394, 1991.
29. Crowley, T.J., and J.C. Zachos, Comparison of zonal temperature profiles for past warm time periods, in Warm Climates in Earth History, edited by B.T. Huber, K.G. MacLeod, and S.L. Wing, Cambridge Univ. Press, New York, in press, 1999.
30. D'Hondt, S., and M.A. Arthur, Interspecies variation in stable isotopic signals of Maastrichtian planktonic foraminifera, Paleoceanography, 10, 123-135, 1995.
31. D'Hondt, S., and M.A. Arthur, Late Cretaceous oceans and the cool tropic paradox. Science, 271, 1838-1841, 1996.
32. Ditchfield, P.W., J.D. Marshall, and D. Pirrie, High latitude palaeotemperature variation: New data from the Tithonian to Eocene of James Ross Island, Antarctica, Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol., 107, 79-101, 1994.
33. Douglas, J.G., and G.E. Williams, Southern polar forests: The early Cretaceous floras of Victoria and their palaeoclimatic significance, Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol., 39, 171-185, 1982.
34. Douglas, R.G., and S.M. Savin, Oxygen and carbon isotope analyses of Cretaceous and Tertiary foraminifera from the central North Pacific, Initial Rep. Deep Sea Drill. Proj., 17, 591-605, 1973.
35. Douglas, R.G., and S.M. Savin, Oxygen and carbon isotope analyses of Tertiary and Cretaceous microfossils from Shatsky Rise and other sites in the North Pacific Ocean, Initial Rep. Deep Sea Drill. Proj., 32, 509-520, 1975.
36. Douglas, R.G., and S.M. Savin, Oxygen isotopic evidence for the depth stratification of Tertiary and Cretaceous planktic foraminifera, Marine Micropaleontol., 3, 175-196, 1978.
37. 18 content of waters from natural sources, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 4, 213-224, 1953.
38. Epstein, S., R. Buchsbaum, H.A. Lowenstam, and H.C. Urey, Carbonate water isotopic temperature scale, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 62, 417-425, 1951.
39. Erez, J., and B. Luz, Experimental paleotemperature equation for planktonic foraminifera, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 47, 1025-1031, 1983.
40. Fairbanks, R.G., M. Sverdlove, R. Free, P.H. Wiebe, and A.W.H. Be, Vertical distribution and isotopic fractionation of living planktonic foraminifera from the Panama Basin, Nature, 295, 841-844, 1982.
41. Fairbanks, R.G., C.D. Charles, and J.D. Wright, Origin of global meltwater pulses, in Radiocarbon After Four Decades, edited by R.E. Taylor, A. Long, and R.S. Kra, pp. 473-500, Springer-Verlag, New York, 1992.
42. Fischer, A.G., and M.A. Arthur, Secular variations in the pelagic realm, in Deep-Water Carbonate Environments, edited by H.E. Cook and P. Enos, pp. 19-50, Soc. of Econ. Paleontol. and Mineral., Tulsa, Okla., 1977.
43. Frakes, LA., Climates Throughout Geologic Time, 310 pp., Elsevier Sci., New York, 1979.
44. 2 levels, Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 6, 185-198, 1992.
45. GEOSECS Executive Committee, GEOSECS Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian Ocean Expeditions, vol. 7, Shorebased Data and Graphics, 100 pp., Natl. Sci. Foundation, Washington, D.C., 1987.
46. Haney, R.L., Surface thermal boundary conditions for ocean circulation models, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 1, 241-248, 1971.
47. Hart, M.B., The recognition of Mid-Cretaceous sea-level changes by means of foraminifera, Cret. Res., 1, 289-297, 1980.
48. Hart, M.B., and H.W. Bailey, The distribution of planktonic Foraminiferida in the Mid-Cretaceous of NW Europe, in Aspekte der Kreide Europas, edited by J. Wiedmann, pp. 527-542, Intl. Union Geol. Sciences, Stuttgart, Germany, 1979.
49. Hay, W.W., Deepwater source instability-Cause of Jurassic and early Cretaceous anoxia? (abstract), 6th International Conference on Paleoceanography, Lisbon, Portugal, 121, 1998.
50. Herb, R., Cretaceous planktonic foraminifera from the eastern Indian Ocean, Initial Rep. Deep Sea Drill. Proj., 26, 745-770, 1974.
51. Horrell, M.A., Energy balance constraints on 18O based paleo-sea surface temperature estimates, Paleoceanography, 5, 338-348, 1990.
52. Huber, B.T., and D.A Hodell, Middle-Late Cretaceous climate of the southern high latitudes: Stable isotopic evidence for minimal equator-to-pole thermal gradients: Discussion and reply, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 108, 1193-1196, 1996.
53. Huber, B.T., D.A Hodell, and C.P. Hamilton, Middle-Late Cretaceous climate of the southern high latitudes: Stable isotopic evidence for minimal equator-to-pole thermal gradients, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 107, 1164-1191, 1995.
54. Jefferson, T.H., Fossil forests from the lower Cretaceous of Alexander Island, Antarctica, Palaeontology, 25(4), 681-708, 1982.
55. Kolodny, Y. and B. Luz, Oxygen isotopes in phosphates of fossil fish; Devonian to Recent, in Stable isotope geochemistry; a tribute to Samuel Epstein, edited by H.P. Taylor, Jr., J.R. O'Neil, and I.R. Kaplan, Geochem. Soc., pp. 105-119, University Park, PA, 1991.
56. Kolodny, Y., and M. Raab, Oxygen isotopes in phosphatic fish remains from Israel: Paleothermometry of tropical Cretaceous and Tertiary shelf waters, Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol., 64, 59-67, 1988.
57. Kolodny, Y., B. Luz, and O. Navon, Oxygen isotope variations in phosphate of biogenic apatites; I, Fish bone apatite; rechecking the rules of the game, Earth Planet. Science, 64, 398-404, 1983.
58. Kolodny, Y., B. Luz, M. Sander, and W.A. Clemens, Dinosaur bones; fossils or pseudomorphs? The pitfalls of physiology reconstruction from apatite fossils, Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol., 126, 161-171, 1996.
59. Krasheninnikov, V.A., and I.A. Basov, Stratigraphy of Cretaceous sediments of the Falkland Plateau based on planktonic foraminifers, Initial Rep. Deep Sea Drill. Proj., 71, 789-808, 1983.
60. Kyser, T.K., W.O.E. Caldwell, S.G. Whittaker, and A.J. Cadrin, Paleoenvironment and geochemistry of the northern portion of the Western Interior Seaway during Late Cretaceous time, in Evolution of the Western Interior Basin, edited by W.G.E. Caldwell and E.G. Kauffman, pp. 355-378, Geol. Assoc. of Can., Toronto, ON, Canada, 1993.
61. Leckie, R.M., Paleoecology of mid-Cretaceous planktonic foraminifera: A comparison of open ocean and epicontinental sea assemblages, Micropaleontology, 33, 164-176, 1987.
62. Lettole, R., C.V. Grazzini, and C. Pierre, Oxygen and carbon isotopes from bulk carbonates and foraminiferal shells at DSDP sites 400, 401, 402, 403, and 406, Initial Rep. Deep Sea Drill. Proj., 45, 741-755, 1979.
63. Levitus, S., Climatological Atlas of the World, 163 pp., U.S. Gov. Print. Off, Washington, D.C., 1982.
64. Lohmann, G.P., A model for variation in the chemistry of planktonic foraminifera due to secondary calcification and selective dissolution, Paleoceanography, 10, 445-457, 1995.
65. Longinelli, A., and S. Nuti, Oxygen isotopic composition of phosphorites from marine formations, Earth Planet. Sci., 5, 13-16, 1968.
66. Marshall, JD., Climatic and oceanographic isotopic signals from the carbonate and rock record and their preservation, Geol. Mag., 129, 143-160, 1992.
67. Martill, D.M., M.A. Taylor, and K.L. Duff, The trophic structure of the biota of the Peterborough Member, Oxford Clay Formation (Jurassic), UK, J. Geol. Soc. London, 151, 173-194, 1994.
68. McArthur, J.M. and A.L. Herczeg, Diagenetic stability of the isotopic composition of phosphate-oxygen; paleoenvironmental implications, in International Geological Correlation Project, 11th and final international field workshop and symposium, Project 156, Phosphorites, edited by A.J.G. Notholt and I. Jarvis, pp. 119-124, Geol. Soc. London, London, UK, 1990.
69. McElhinney, M., Paleomagnetism and Plate Tectonics, 358 pp., Cambridge Univ. Press, New York, 1973.
70. Norris, R.D., Symbiosis is an evolutionary innovation in the radiation of the Paleocene planktic foraminifera, Paleobiology, 22, 461-480, 1996.
71. Norris, R.D., and P.A. Wilson, Low-latitude sea-surface temperatures for the mid-Cretaceous and the evolution of planktic foraminifera, Geology, 26, 823-826, 1998.
72. Orr, W.N., Secondary calcification in the foraminiferal genus Globorotalia, Science, 157, 1554-1555, 1967.
73. Pirrie, D., P. Doyle, J.D. Marshall, and G. Ellis, Cool Cretaceous climates; New data from the Albian of Western Australia, J. Geol. Soc. London, 152, 739-742, 1995.
74. Price, G.D., Isotopic variation in fossils and matrix of the Cretaceous red chalk at Speeton and South Ferriby, Yorkshire, England, Proc. Yorkshire Geol. Soc., 52, 107-112, 1998.
75. Price, G.D., B.W. Sellwood, and D. Pirrie, Middle-Late Cretaceous climate of the southern high latitudes: Stable isotope evidence for minimal equator-to-pole thermal gradients: Discussion and reply, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 108, 1192-1193, 1996.
76. Price, G.D., B.W. Sellwood, R.M. Corfield, L. Clarke, and J.E. Cartlidge, Isotopic evidence for palaeotemperatures and depth stratification of Middle Cretaceous planktonic foraminifera from the Pacific Ocean, Geol. Mag., 135, 183-191, 1998.
77. Rich, P. V., T.H. Rich, B.E. Wagstaff, J.M. Mason, C.B. Douthitt, R.T. Gregory, and E.A. Felton, Evidence for low temperatures and biologic diversity in Cretaceous high latitudes of Australia, Science, 242, 1403-1406, 1988.
78. Savin, S., and R. Douglas, Stable isotope and magnesium geochemistry of recent planktonic foraminifera from the South Pacific, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 84, 2327-2342, 1973.
79. Shemesh, A., Y. Kolodny, and B. Luz, Oxygen isotope variations in phosphate of biogenic apatites, II, Phosphorite rocks, Earth Planet. Science, 64, 405-416, 1983.
80. Schmidt, G.A., and L.A. Mysak, Can increased poleward oceanic heat flux explain the warm Cretaceous climate?, Paleoceanography, 11, 579-593, 1996.
81. 2: Natural Variations Archeart to Present, edited by E.T. Sundquist and W.S. Broecker, Geophys. Monogr. Ser., vol. 32, pp. 554-559, AGU, Washington, D.C., 1985.
82. Schrag, D.P., D.J. DePaolo, and F.M. Richter, Oxygen isotope exchange in a two-layer model of oceanic crust, Earth Planet. Sci., 111, 305-317, 1992.
83. Schrag, D.P., D.J. DePaolo, and F.M. Richter, Reconstructing past sea surface temperatures; correcting for diagenesis of bulk marine carbon, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 59, 2265-2278, 1995.
84. Sclater, J.G., R.N. Anderson, and M.L. Bell, Elevation of ridges and evolution of the central eastern Pacific, J. Geophys. Res., 76, 7888-7915, 1971.
85. Scotese, C.R., and J. Golonka, Paleogeographic Atlas, Univ. of Tex., Arlington, 1992.
86. Sellwood, B.W., G.D. Price, and P.J. Valdes, Cooler estimates of Cretaceous temperatures, Nature, 370, 453-455, 1994.
87. Semtner, A.J., Finite-difference formulation of a world ocean model, in Advanced Physical Oceanographic Numerical Modeling, edited by J.J. O'Brien, pp. 187-202, D. Reidel, Norwell. Mass., 1986.
88. Semtner, A.J., and R.M Chervin, A simulation of the global ocean circulation with resolved eddies, J. Geophys. Res., 93, 15,502-15,522, 1988.
89. Semtner, A.J., and R.M. Chervin, Ocean general circulation from a global eddy-resolving model, J. Geophys. Res., 97, 5493-5550, 1992.
90. Shackleton, N.J., and J.P. Kennen. Paleotemperature history of the Cenozoic and the initiation of Antarctic glaciation: Oxygen and carbon isotope analysis in DSDP sites 277, 279, and 280, Initial Rep. Deep Sea Drill. Proj., 29, 743-755, 1975.
91. Sliter, W.V., Cretaceous foraminifers-Depth habitats and their origin, Nature, 239, 514-515, 1972.
92. Sliter, W.V., Cretaceous foraminifers from the southwestern Atlantic Ocean, leg 36, Deep Sea Drilling Project, Initial Rep. Deep Sea Drill. Proj., 36, 519-573, 1976.
93. Sloan, L.C., J.C.G. Walker, and T.C. Moore, Jr., Possible role of oceanic heat transport in early Eocene climate, Paleoceanography, 10, 347-356, 1995.
94. Spaeth, C., J. Hoefs, and U. Vetter, Some aspects of isotopic composition of Belemnites and related paleotemperatures, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 82, 3139-3150, 1971.
95. Spero, H.J., and D.W. Lea, Experimental determination of stable isotope variability in Globigerina bulloides: Implications for paleoceanographic reconstruction, Mar. Micropaleontol., 28, 231-246, 1996.
96. Spero, H.J., and D.F. Williams, Opening the carbon isotope "vital effect" black box, I, Seasonal temperatures in the euphotic zone, Paleoceanography 4, 593-601, 1989.
97. Spero, H.J., J. Bijma, D.W. Lea, and B.E. Bemis, Effect of seawater carbonate concentration on foraminiferal carbon and oxygen isotopes, Nature, 390, 497-500, 1997.
98. Spicer, R.A , and R M. Corfield. A review of terrestrial and marine climates in the Cretaceous with implications for modelling the "Greenhouse Earth", Geol. Mag., 129, 169-180, 1992.
99. Spicer, R.A., and J.T. Parrish, Paleobotanical evidence for cool north polar climates in middle Cretaceous (Albian-Cenomanian) time. Geology, 14, 703-706, 1986.
100. Thompson, S.L., and D. Pollard, A global climate model (GENESIS) with a land-surface transfer scheme (LSX), I. Present climate simulation. J. Clim., 8, 732-761, 1995.
101. 2 from the GENESIS version-2 global climate model, J. Clim., 10, 871-900, 1907.
102. Williams, D.F., A E.H. Be, and R.G Fairbanks, Seasonal stable isotopic variations in living planktomc tbraminifera from Bermuda plankton tows, Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol., 33, 71-102, 1981.
103. Wilson, P.A. and J.A.D Dickson, Radiaxial calcite: alteration product of and petrography proxy for magnesian calcite marine cement, Geology, 24, 945-948, 1996.
104. Wilson, P.A. and B.N. Opdyke, Equatorial sea-surface temperatures for the Maastrichtian revealed through remarkable preservation of metastable carbonate, Geology, 24, 555-558, 1996.
105. Woo, K.S., T.G. Anderson, L.B. Railsback, and P.A. Sandberg, Oxygen isotope evidence for high-salinity surface seawater in the mid-Cretaceous Gulf of Mexico: Implications for warm, saline deepwater formation. Paleoceanography, 7, 673-685, 1992.
106. Yurtsever, Y., and J. R. Gat, Atmospheric waters, in Stable Isotope Hydrology, edited by J.R. Gat and R. Gonfiantini, Int. At. Energy Agency, Vienna, 1981.
107. Zachos, J., L.D. Stott, and K.C. Lohmann, Evolution of early Cenozoic marine temperatures, Paleoceanography, 9, 353-387, 1994.