Frontal-striatal circuits in cognitive aging: Evidence for caudate involvement

Aging, Neuropsychology, and Cognition

Volumn 6, Issue 4, 1999, Pages 241-259

  Rubin, David C ^a  

^a DUKE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AGING; BRAIN CORTEX LESION; CAUDATE NUCLEUS; COGNITION; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; FRONTAL LOBE; HUMAN; NEUROANATOMY; PATHOLOGICAL ANATOMY; REVIEW;

EID: 0033492963     PISSN: 13825585     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1076/1382-5585(199912)06:04;1-B;FT241     Document Type: Review

References (124)

1. Albert, M. S., & Kaplan, E. (1980). Organic implications of neuropsychological deficits in the elderly. In L. W. Poon, J. L. Fozard, L. S. Cermak, D. Arenberg, & L. W. Thompson (Eds.), New directions in memory and aging: Proceedings of the George A. Talland Memorial Conference (pp. 403-432). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
2. Alexander, G. E., & Crutcher, M. D. (1990). Functional architecture of basal ganglia circuits: Neural substrates of parallel processing. Trends in Neuroscience, 13, 266-271.
3. Alexander, G. E., Delong, M. R., & Strick, P. L. (1986). Parallel organization of functionally segregated circuits linking basal ganglia and cortex. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 9, 357-381.
4. Alivisatos, B., & Milner, B. (1989). Effects of frontal or temporal lobectomy on the use of advance information in a choice reaction time task. Neuropsychologia, 27, 495-503.
5. 11C-raclopride. Archives of Neurology, 50, 474-480.
6. Ardila, A., & Rosselli, M. (1989). Neuropsychological characteristics of normal aging. Developmental Neuropsychology, 5, 307-320.
7. Bäckman, L., Ginovart, N., Dixon, R. A., Robins-Wahlin, T.-B., Whalin, Å., Halldin, C., & Farde, L. (in press). Age related cognitive deficits are mediated by changes in the striatal dopaminergic system. American Journal of Psychiatry.
8. Bäckman, L., Robins-Wahlin, T.-B., Lundin, A., Ginovart, N., & Farde, L. (1997). Cognitive deficits in Huntington's disease are predicted by dopaminergic PET markers and brain volumes. Brain, 120, 2207-2217.
9. Baddeley, A. (1986). Working memory. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
10. Baltes, P. B., & Lindenberger, U. (1997). Emergence of a powerful connection between sensory and cognitive functions across the adult life span: A new window to the study of cognitive aging. Psychology and Aging, 12, 12-21.
11. Benton, A. (1968). Differential behavioral effects in frontal lobe disease. Neuropsychologia, 6, 53-60.
12. Birren, J. E., & Fisher, L. M. (1995). Aging and speed of behavior: Possible consequences for psychological functioning. Annual Review of Psychology, 46, 329-353.
13. Brandt, J. A., & Bylsma, F. W. (1993). The dementia of Huntington's disease. In R. W. Parks, R. F. Zec, & R. S. Wilson (Eds.), Neuropsychology of Alzheimer's disease and other dementias (pp. 265-282). New York: Oxford University Press.
14. Brennan, M., Welsh, M. C., & Fisher, C. B. (1997). Aging and executive function skills: An examination of a community-dwelling older adult population. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 84, 1187-1197.
15. Brown, R. G., & Marsden, C. D. (1988). An investigation of the phenomenon of "Set" in Parkinson's disease. Movement Disorders, 3, 152-161.
16. Brown, R. G., & Marsden, C. D. (1990). Cognitive function in Parkinson's disease: From description to theory. Trends in Neuroscience, 13, 21-29.
17. Brown, R. G., & Marsden, C. D. (1991). Dual task performance and processing resources in normal subjects and patients with Parkinson's disease. Brain, 114, 215-231.
18. Butters, N. (1984). The clinical aspects of memory disorders: Contributions from experimental studies of amnesia and dementia. Journal of Clinical Neuropsychology 6, 17-36.
19. Butters, N., Salmon, D. P., Heindel, W., & Granholm, E. (1988). Episodic, semantic, and procedural memory: Some comparisons of Alzheimer and Huntington disease patients. In R. D. Terry (Ed.), Aging and the Brain (pp. 63-87). New York: Raven Press.
20. Butters, N., Wolfe, J., Granholm, E., & Martone, M. (1986). An assessment of verbal recall, recognition and procedural memory. Cortex, 22, 11-32.
21. Cain, E., Ebert, M., & Weingartner, H. (1977). An outline for the analysis of dementia: The memory disorder of Huntington's disease. Neurology, 27, 1087-1092.
22. Cerella, J. (1985). Information processing rates in the elderly. Psychological Bulletin, 98, 67-83.
23. Cerella, J. (1991). Age effects may be global, not local: Comment on Fisk and Rogers (1991). Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 120, 215-223.
24. Cooper, J. A., Sagar, H. J., Jordan, N., Harvey, N. S., & Sullivan, E. V. (1991). Cognitive impairment in early, untreated Parkinson's disease and its relationship to motor disability. Brain, 114, 2095-2122.
25. Cooper, J. R., Bloom, F. E., & Roth, R. H. (1996). The biochemical basis of neuropharmacology. New York: Oxford University Press.
26. Craik, F. I. M., & Byrd, M. (1982). Aging and cognitive deficits: The role of attentional resources. In F. I. M. Craik & S. Trehub (Eds.), Aging and cognitive processes (pp. 191-211). New York: Plenum Press.
27. Craik, F. I. M., & Jennings, J. M. (1992). Human memory. In F. I. M. Craik & T. A. Salthouse (Eds.), The handbook of aging and cognition (pp. 51-110). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
28. Cummings, J. L. (1993). Frontal-subcortical circuits and human behavior. Archives of Neurology, 50, 873-880.
29. Daigneault, S., & Braun, C. M. (1993). Working memory and the Self-Ordered Pointing Task: Further evidence of early prefrontal decline in normal aging. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 16, 881-895.
30. Daigneault, S., Braun, C. M. J., & Whitaker, H. A. (1992). Early effects of normal aging on perseverative and non-perseverative prefrontal measures. Developmental Neuropsychology, 8, 99-114.
31. Dalrymple-Alford, J. C., Kalders, A. S., Jones, R. D., & Watson, R. W. (1994). A central executive deficit in patients with Parkinson's disease. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, & Psychiatry, 57, 360-367.
32. de la Fuente-Fernandez, R., Kishore, A., Snow, B. J., Schulzer, M., Lee, C. S., Ruth, A. J., & Stoessl, A. J. (1998). Effects of age on caudate dopaminergic function in Idiopathic Parkinsonism. Parkinsonism and Related Disorders, 4, 1-5.
33. Dempster, F. N. (1992). The rise and fall of the inhibitory mechanism: Toward a unified theory of cognitive development and aging. Developmental Review, 12, 45-75.
34. Divac, I., Rosvold, H. E., & Szwarcbart, M. K. (1967). Behavioral effects of selective ablation of the caudate nucleus. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 63, 184-190.
35. Dubois, B., Boller, F., Pillon, B., & Agid, Y. (1991). Cognitive deficits in Parkinson's disease. In S. Corkin, J. Grafman, & F. Boller (Eds.) Handbook of Neuropsychology, Vol. 6. (pp. 195-240). New York: Elsevier.
36. Duncan, J., Johnson, R., Swales, M., & Freer, C. (1997). Frontal lobe deficits after head injury: Unity and diversity of function. Cognitive Neuroscience, 14, 713-741.
37. Eggers, R., Haug, H., & Fischer, D. (1984). Preliminary report on macroscopic age changes in the human prosencephalon: A stereologic investigation. Journal fuer Hirnforschung, 25, 129-139.
38. Finch, C. E. (1979). The relationship of aging changes in the basal ganglia to manifestations of Huntington's Chorea. Annals of Neurology, 7, 406-411.
39. Gabrieli, J. (1995). Contribution of the basal ganglia to skill learning and working memory in humans. In J. C. Houk, J. L. Davis, & D. G. Beiser (Eds.), Models of information processing in the basal ganglia (pp. 287-294). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
40. Gabrieli, J. D. E., Singh, J., Stebbins, G. T., & Goetz, C. G. (1996). Reduced working memory span in Parkinson's disease: Evidence for the role of a frontalstriatal system in working and strategic memory. Neuropsychology, 10, 322-332.
41. Goldman-Rakic, P. S., & Selemon, L. D. (1990). New frontiers in basal ganglia research. Trends in Neuroscience, 13, 240-243.
42. Gotham, A. M., Brown, R. G., & Marsden, C. D. (1988). 'Frontal' cognitive function in patients with Parkinson's disease 'on' and 'off' levodopa. Brain, 111, 299-321.
43. Graybiel, A. M. (1990). Neurotransmitters and neuromodulators in the basal ganglia. Trends in Neuroscience, 13, 244-253.
44. Hanes, K. R., Andrewes, D. G., & Pantelis, C. (1995). Cognitive flexibility and complex integration in Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, and schizophrenia. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 1, 545-553.
45. Hasher, L., & Zacks, R. T. (1988). Working memory, comprehension, and aging: A review and a new view. In G. H. Bower (Ed.), The psychology of learning and motivation, (Vol. 22, pp. 193-225). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
46. Hayes, A. E., Davidson, M. C., Keele, S. W., & Rafal, R. D. (1998). Toward a functional analysis of the basal ganglia. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 10, 178-198.
47. Hicks, L. H., & Birren, J. E. (1970). Aging, brain damage, and psychomotor slowing. Psychological Bulletin, 74, 377-396.
48. Hietanen, M., & Teräväinen, H. (1986). Cognitive performance in early Parkinson's disease. Acta Neurologica Scandinavia, 73, 151-159.
49. Hodges, J. R., Salmon, D. P., & Butters, N. (1990). Differential impairment of semantic and episodic memory in Alzheimer's and Huntington's disease: A controlled prospective study. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry, 53, 1089-1095.
50. Houk, J. C., Davis, J. L., & Beiser, D. G. (Eds.). (1995). Models of information processing in the basal ganglia. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
51. Hultsch, D. F. (1975). Adult age differences in retrieval: Trace-dependent and cue-dependent forgetting. Developmental Psychology, 11, 197-201.
52. Isingrini, M., & Vazou, F. (1997). Relation between fluid intelligence and frontal lobe functioning in older adults. International Journal of Aging & Human Development, 45, 99-109.
53. Janowsky, J. S., Shimamura, A. P., Kritchevsky, M., & Squire, L. R. (1989). Cognitive impairment following frontal lobe damage and its relevance to human amnesia. Behavioral Neuroscience, 103, 548-560.
54. Jernigan, T. L., Archibald, S. L., Berhow, M. T., Sowell, E. R., Foster, D. S., & Hesselink, J. R. (1991). Cerebral structure on MRI, Part I: Localization of age-related changes. Biological Psychology, 29, 55-67.
55. Jernigan, T. L., Salmon, D. P., Butters, N., & Hesselink, J. R. (1991 ). Cerebral structure on MRI, Part II: Specific changes in Alzheimer's and Huntington's diseases. Biological Psychology, 29, 68-81.
56. Kausler, D. H. (1982). Experimental psychology and human aging. New York: Wiley.
57. Kish, S. J., Zhong, X. H., Hornykiewicz, O., & Haycock, J. W. (1995) Striatal 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine decarboxylase in aging: Disparity between postmortem and positron emission tomography studies? Annals of Neurology, 38, 260-264.
58. Kozora, E., & Cullum, C. M. (1995). Generative naming in normal aging - total output and qualitative changes using phonemic and semantic constraints. Clinical Neuropsychologist, 9, 313-320.
59. Krishnan, K. R. R., Husain, M. M., McDonald, W. M., Doraiswamy, P.M., Figiel, G. S., Boyko, O. B., Ellinwood, E. H., Jr., & Nemeroff, C. B.. (1990). In vivo stereological assessment of caudate volume in man: Effect of normal aging. Life Science, 47, 1325-1329.
60. Krishnan, K. R. R., McDonald, W. M., Escalona, P. R., Doraiswamy, P. M., Chul, N., Husain, M. M., Figiel, G. S., Boyko, O. B., Ellinwood, E. H., Jr., & Nemeroff, C. B. (1992). Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the caudate nuclei in depression. Archives of General Psychiatry, 49, 553-557.
61. Lange, K. W., Sahakian, B. J., Quinn, N. P., Marsden, C. D., & Robbins, T. W. (1995). Comparison of executive and visuospatial memory function in Huntington's disease and dementia of Alzheimer type matched for degree of dementia. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry, 58, 598-608.
62. Laurence, M. W. (1967). Memory loss with age: A test of two strategies for its retardation. Psychonomic Science, 9, 209-210.
63. Lawrence, A. D., Sahakian, B. J., Hodges, J. R., Rosser, A. E., Lange, K. W., & Robbins, T. W. (1996). Executive and mnemonic functions in early Huntington's disease. Brain, 119, 1633-1645.
64. Lezak, M. D. (1995). Neuropsychological assessment (3rd ed.). New York: Oxford University Press.
65. Light, L. L. (1991). Memory and aging: Four hypotheses in search of data. Annual Review of Psychology, 42, 333-376.
66. Litvan, I., Mohr, E., Williams, J., Gomez, C., & Chase, T. N. (1991). Differential memory and executive functions in demented patients with Parkinson's and Alzheimer's disease. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry, 54, 25-29.
67. Mahurin, R. K., Feher, E. P., Nance, M. L., Levy, J. K., & Pirozzolo, F. J. (1993). Cognition in Parkinson's disease and related disorders. In R. W. Parks, R. F. Zec, & R. S. Wilson (Eds.), Neuropsychology of Alzheimer's disease and other dementias (pp. 309-349). New York: Oxford University Press.
68. Malapani, C., Pillon, B., Dubois, B., & Agid, Y. (1994). Impaired simultaneous cognitive task performance in Parkinson's disease: A dopamine-related dysfunction. Neurology, 44, 319-326.
69. Maruyama, T. (1997). Deficit of explicit memory in Parkinson's disease demonstrated by auditory-verbal and visual-design learning tasks. Nippon Rinsho-Japanese Journal of Clinical Medicine, 55, 195-201.
70. Massman, P. J., Delis, D. C., Butters, N., Levin, B. E., & Salmon, D. P. (1990). Are all subcortical dementias alike? Verbal learning and memory in Parkinson's and Huntington's disease patients. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 12, 729-744.
71. Meck, W. H. (1996). Neuropharmacology of timing and time perception. Cognitive Brain Research, 3, 227-242.
72. Mendez, M. F., Adams, N. L., & Lewandoski, K. S. (1989). Neurobehavioral changes associated with caudate lesions. Neurology, 39, 349-354.
73. Milner, B. (1963). Effects of different brain lesions on card sorting. Archives of Neurology, 9, 90-100.
74. Mishkin, M., Malamut, B., & Bachevalier, J. (1984). Memories and habits: Two neural systems. In G. Lynch, J. L. McGaugh, & N. M. Weinberger (Eds.), Neurobiology of Memory (pp. 65-77). New York: Guilford Press.
75. Mittenberg, W., Seidenberg, M., O'Leary, D. S., & DiGiulio, D. V. (1989). Changes in cerebral functioning associated with normal aging. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 11, 918-922.
76. Moscovitch, M., & Winocur, G. (1992). The neuropsychology of memory and aging. In F. I. M. Craik & T. A. Salthouse (Eds.), The handbook of aging and cognition (pp. 315-372). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
77. Moss, M. B., Albert, M. S., Butters, N., & Payne, M. (1986). Differential patterns of memory loss among patients with Alzheimer' s disease, Huntington's disease and alcoholic Korsakoff's syndrome. Archives of Neurology, 43, 239-246.
78. Nelson, H. E. (1976). A modified card sorting test sensitive to frontal lobe deficits. Cortex, 12, 313-324.
79. Noble, C. E., Baker, B. L., & Jones, T. A. (1964). Age and sex parameters in psychomotor learning. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 19, 935-945.
80. Owen, A. M., Downes, J. J., Sahakian, B. J., Polkey, C. E., & Robbins, T. W. (1990). Planning and spatial working memory following frontal lobe lesions in man. Neuropsychologia, 28, 1021-1034.
81. Owen, A. M., Roberts, A. C., Hodges, J. R., Summers, B. A., Polkey, C. E., & Robbins, T. W. (1993). Contrasting mechanisms of impaired attentional set-shifting in patients with frontal lobe damage or Parkinson's disease. Brain, 116, 1159-1175.
82. Parent, A., & Hazrati, L-N. (1995). Functional anatomy of the basal ganglia. I. The cortico-basal ganglia-thalamo-cortical loop. Brain Research Review, 20, 91-127.
83. Park, D. C. (1998). Cognitive aging, processing resources, and self-report. In N. Schwarz, D. C. Park, B. Knauper, & S. Sudman (Eds.), Cognition, aging, and self-reports (pp. 45-70). Philadelphia: Psychology Press.
84. Partiot, A., Vérin, M., Pillon, B., Teixeira-Ferreira, C., Agid, Y., & Dubois, B. (1996). Delayed response tasks in basal ganglia lesions in man: Further evidence for a striato-frontal cooperation in behavioural adaptation. Neuropsychologia, 34, 709-721.
85. Paulsen, J. S., Salmon, D. P., Monsch, A. U., Butters, N., Swenson, M. R., & Bondi, M. W. (1995). Discrimination of cortical from subcortical dementias on the basis of memory and problem-solving tests. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 51, 48-58.
86. Pendleton, M. G., Heaton, R. K., Lehman, R. A. W., & Hulihan, D. (1982). Diagnostic utility of the Thurstone Word Fluency Test in neuropsychological evaluations. Journal of Clinical Neuropsychology, 4, 307-317.
87. Petrides, M., & Milner, B. (1982). Deficits on subject-ordered tasks after frontal-and temporal-lobe lesions in man. Neuropsychologia, 20, 249-262.
88. Pillon, B., Dubois, B., Lhermitte, F., & Agid, Y. (1986). Heterogeneity of cognitive impairment in progressive supranuclear palsy, Parkinson's disease, and Alzheimer's disease. Neurology, 36, 1179-1185.
89. Pillon, B., Dubois, B., Ploska, A., & Agid. Y. (1991). Severity and specificity of cognitive impairment in Alzheimer's, Huntington's, and Parkinson's diseases and progressive supranuclear palsy. Neurology, 41, 634-643.
90. Raz, N. (in press). Aging of the brain and its impact on cognitive performance: Integration of structural and functional findings. In F. I. M. Craik and T. A. Salthouse (Eds.), Handbook of aging and cognition - II. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
91. Rich, J. B., Bylsma, F. W., & Brandt, J. (1996). Self-ordered pointing performance in Huntington's disease patients. Neuropsychiatry, Neuropsychology and Behavioral Neurology, 9, 99-106.
92. Robbins, T. W., James, M., Owen, A. M., Lange, K. W., Lees, A. J., Leigh, P. N., Marsden, C. D., Quinn, N. P., & Summers, B. A. (1994). Cognitive deficits in progressive supranuclear palsy, Parkinson's disease, and multiple system atrophy in tests sensitive to frontal lobe dysfunction. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry, 57, 79-88.
93. Rosen, W. G. (1980). Verbal fluency in aging and dementia. Journal of Clinical Neuropsychology, 2, 135-146.
94. Rosser, A., & Hodges, J. R. (1994). Initial letter and semantic category fluency in Alzheimer's disease, Huntington's disease, and progressive supranuclear palsy. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry, 57, 1389-1394.
95. Rothlind, J. C., & Brandt, J. (1993). A brief assessment of frontal and subcortical functions in dementia. Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 5, 73-77.
96. Rubin, D. C. (1985). Memorability as a measure of processing: A unit analysis of prose and list learning. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 114, 213-238.
97. Rubin, D. C. (1990). Directed graphs as memory representations: The case of rhyme. In R. W. Schvaneveldt (Ed.), Pathfinder associative networks: Studies in knowledge organization (pp. 121-133). Norwood, NJ: Ablex.
98. Saint-Cyr, J. A., Taylor, A. E., & Lang, A. E. (1988). Procedural learning and neostriatal dysfunction in man. Brain, 111, 941-959.
99. Salthouse, T. A. (1991). Mediation of adult age differences in cognition by reductions in working memory and speed of processing. Psychological Science, 2, 179-183.
100. Salthouse, T. A. (1992). Influence of processing speed on adult age differences in working memory. Acta Psychologica, 79, 155-170.
101. Salthouse, T. A., (1994a). Aging associations: Influence of speed on adult age differences in associative learning. Journal of Experimental Psychology, Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 20, 1486-1503.
102. Salthouse, T. A. (1994b). The nature of the influence of speed on adult age differences in cognition. Developmental Psychology, 30, 240-259.
103. Salthouse, T. A. (1996). The processing-speed theory of adult age differences in cognition. Psychological Review, 103, 403-428.
104. Salthouse, T. A., Fristoe, B. N., & Rhee, S. H. (1996). How localized are age-related effects on neuropsychological measures? Neuropsychology, 10, 272-285.
105. Shimamura, A. P. (1994). Neuropsychological perspectives on memory and cognitive decline in normal human aging. Seminars in the Neurosciences, 6, 387-394.
106. Shimamura, A. P. (1995). Memory and frontal lobe function. In M. S. Gazzaniga (Ed.), The cognitive neurosciences (pp. 803-813). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
107. Shimamura, A. P., & Jurica, P. J. (1994). Memory interference effects and aging: Findings from a test of frontal lobe function. Neuropsychology, 8, 408-412.
108. Sprengelmeyer, R., Lange, H., & Hömberg, V. (1995). The pattern of attentional deficits in Huntington's disease. Brain, 118, 145-152.
109. Sprengelmeyer, R., Canavan, A. G. M., Lange, H. W., & Hömberg, V. (1995). Associative learning in degenerative neostriatal disorders: Contrasts in explicit and implicit remembering between Parkinson's and Huntington's diseases. Movement Disorders, 10, 51-65.
110. Suhr, J. A., & Jones, R. D. (1998). Letter and semantic fluency in Alzheimer's, Huntington's, and Parkinson' s dementias. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 13, 447-454.
111. Tachibana, H., Aragane, K., Miyata, Y, & Sugita, M. (1997). Electrophysiological analysis of cognitive slowing in Parkinson's disease. Journal of Neurological Sciences, 149, 47-56.
112. Taylor, A. E., & Saint-Cyr, J. A. (1995). The neuropsychology of Parkinson' s disease. Brain and Cognition, 28, 281-296.
113. Taylor, A. E., Saint-Cyr, J. A., & Lang, A. E. (1986). Frontal lobe dysfunction in Parkinson's disease. Brain, 109, 845-883.
114. Tomer, R., & Levin, B. E. (1993). Differential-effects of aging on 2 verbal fluency tasks. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 76, 465-466.
115. Troyer, A. K., Moscovitch, M., Winocur, G., Alexander, M. P., & Stuss, D. (1998). Clustering and switching on verbal fluency: The effects of focal frontal-and temporal-lobe lesions. Neuropsychologia, 36, 499-504.
116. Vakil, E., & Agmon-Ashkenazi, D. (1997). Baseline performance and learning rate of procedural and declarative memory tasks: Younger versus older adults. Journals of Gerontology Series B-Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 52, 229-234.
117. Van Gorp, W. G., & Mahler, M. (1990). Subcortical features of normal aging . In J. L. Cummings (Ed.), Subcortical dementia (pp. 231-250). New York: Oxford University Press.
118. Volkow, N. D., Gur, R. C., Wang, G-J., Fowler, J. S., Moberg, P. J., Ding, Y-S., Hitzemann, R., Smith, G., & Logan, J. (1998). Association between decline in brain dopamine activity with age and cognitive and motor impairment in healthy individuals. American Journal of Psychiatry, 155, 344-349.
119. Wang, J., Thomas, J. R., & Stelmach, G. E. (1998). A meta-analysis on cognitive slowing in Parkinson's disease: Are simple and choice reaction times differentially impaired? Parkinsonism and Related Disorders, 4, 17-29.
120. Wang, Y, Chan, G. L., Holden, J. E., Dobko, T., Mak, E., Schulzer, M., Huser, J. M., Snow, B. J., Ruth, T. J., Calne, D. B., & Stoessl, A.J. (1998). Age-dependent decline of dopamine D1 receptors in human brain: A PET study. Synapse, 30, 56-61.
121. West, R. L. (1996). An application of prefrontal cortex function theory to cognitive aging. Psychological Bulletin, 120, 272-292.
122. Whelihan, W. M., & Lesher, E. L. (1985). Neuropsychological changes in frontal functions with aging. Developmental Neuropsychology, 1, 371-380.
123. Willingham, D. B., Koroshetz, W. J., Treadwell, J. R., & Bennett, J. P. (1995). Comparison of Huntington's and Parkinson's disease patients' use of advance information. Neuropsychology, 9, 39-46.
124. Wise, S. P., Murray, E. A., & Gerfen, C. R. (1996). The frontal cortex - basal ganglia system in primates. Critical Reviews in Neurobiology, 10, 317-356.